Circular Polarization Modulation for Digital Communication Systems

Conventional approaches of digital modulation schemes make use of amplitude, frequency and/or phase as modulation characteristic to transmit data. In this paper, we exploit circular polarization (CP) of the propagating electromagnetic carrier as modulation attribute which is a novel concept in digital communications. The requirement of antenna alignment to maximize received power is eliminated for CP signals and these are not affected by linearly polarized jamming signals. The work presents the concept of Circular Polarization Modulation for 2, 4 and 8 states of carrier and refers them as binary circular polarization modulation (BCPM), quaternary circular polarization modulation (QCPM) and 8-state circular polarization modulation (8CPM) respectively. Issues of modulation, demodulation, 3D symbol constellations and 3D propagating waveforms for the proposed modulation schemes are presented and analyzed in the presence of channel effects, and they are shown to have the same bit error performance in the presence of AWGN compared with conventional schemes while provide 3dB gain in the flat Rayleigh fading channel.

Circular polarisation frequency selective surface operating in Ku and Ka band

Single and double layer frequency selective surfaces (FSS) for Circular polarization (CP) operation were designed. The designed FSS provide reflection in the Ku-band (11.7 – 12.75 GHz) and transmission in the Ka-band (17.3 – 20.2 GHz). CP is conserved in each of the bands. For the double layer design over the Ku-band the reflection loss was less than 0.05 dB for TE and TM polarizations while the axial ratio was below 0.2 dB. Over the Ka-band transmission loss and axial ratio were each less than 0.25 dB.

Circular polarisation frequency selective surface operating in Ku and Ka band

A double layer circular polarization (CP) frequency selective surface (FSS) for use as a dual-band quasi-optical diplexer suitable for deployment in reflector antenna systems is described. The FSS was designed to reflect Ku band signals (11.7–12.75 GHz) while transmitting Ka band signals (17.3–20.2 GHz) and conserving CP in each of these bands. The simulated/measured reflection loss over the Ku band was less than 0.05/0.1 dB for both TE and TM polarizations, while the simulated/measured axial ratio was less than 0.2/0.75 dB. Over the Ka band, the simulated/measured transmission loss for both polarizations was below 0.25/0.4 dB and the simulated/measured axial ratio was less than 0.25/0.75 dB. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a metallo-dielectric FSS that simultaneously operates in CP for an oblique angle of incidence in both Ku and Ka bands.

2-bit polarisation agile antenna with high port decoupling

A practical method to achieve both decoupling and six polarisation states by employing the mode-based approach for a four-element antenna is presented. The eigenmode theory as well as a practical implementation scheme are presented. The resulting approach can operate with vertical, horizontal, slant +45°, slant -45°, right-hand circular polarisation, or left-hand circular polarisation. A prototype has been manufactured and measured results show good agreement with simulations.

Resolución N° 30 del 2 de marzo de 2007 ¿Cuáles son los elementos sujetos de control por parte de la Cámara de Comercio respecto de los actos sujetos a registro? ¿cuáles son los supuestos de necesarios para que opere la revocatoria directa de actos de carácter particular?

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El cura del Sagrario de Querétaro, refuta un folleto, que con el título: Lo que creen los protestantes ha hecho circular en esta ciudad, Mr. Almon W. Greeman, ministro protestante de la iglesia llamada Evangélica

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Relación que en apoyo de la representación en contra de la circular de 17 de enero próximo pasado presenta al Supremo Gobierno, el ciudadano Pedro Vander-Linden.

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Comunicación circular que el Exmo. Sr. Don Manuel de la Peña y Peña, estendió en el año de 1845, como ministro de relaciones, para dirigirla a los gobiernos y asambleas de partamentales, sobre la cuestión de paz o guerra, según el estado que guardaban en aquella época

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Circular expedida por el C. Licenciado Protasio P. Tagle, Ministro de Gobernación, en que se dan a conocer las negociaciones entabladas con el C. Lic. José María Iglesias, para dar término a la guerra civil, y que fueron rotas por su parte

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Circular del Ilmo. Sr. Doctor Don Cresencio Carrillo y Ancona Obispotitular de Lero y Coadjutor de Yucatán sobre la coronación de Ntra.Sra. de Guadalupe y sobre el jubileo sacerdotal de su Santidad el Señor León XIII y de su Señoría Ilustrisíma Dignísi

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Circular sobre la sagrada predicación

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Circular Diocesana, expedida por el Ilmo. Sr. Obispo de Cuernavaca,con motivo de la función que esta Sagrada Mitra celebrará en la Colegiata de Guadalupe...

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Circular dirigida por el Ilmo. Sr. Arzobispo de México al Ilmo. y Ve. Cabildo Metropolitano, al de la insigne Colegiata de Guadalupe, al clero secular y regular y a todos sus diocesanos

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Circular diocesana expedida por el Ilmo. Sr. Obispo de Cuernavaca, con motivo de la declaración del Exmo. y Rmo. Sr. visitador apostólico acerca de la conducta que debe observar la prensa católica.

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Circular del Illmo. Sr. Obispo de Michoacán al venerable clero de su diócesis

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