Conversion of immunosuppressive monotherapy from cyclosporin A to tacrolimus reverses bone loss in rats

Tacrolimus is used for transplant patients with refractory graft rejection and those with intolerance to cyclosporin (CsA), without the disfiguring adverse effects frequently attributed to CsA therapy. Since we have shown that CsA-associated bone loss can also affect alveolar bone, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of conversion of monotherapy from CsA to tacrolimus on alveolar bone loss in rats. Groups of rats were treated with either CsA (10 mg/kg/day, s.c.), tacrolimus (I mg/kg/day, s.c.), or drug vehicle for 60 and 120 days, and an additional group received CsA for 60 days followed by conversion to tacrolimus for a further 60-day period. Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), tartrate-resistent acid phosphatase (TRAP-5b), calcium (Ca2+), interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) concentrations were evaluated in the serum. Analyses of bone volume, bone surface, number of osteblasts, and osteoclasts were performed. Treatment with CsA for either 60 or 120 days was associated with bone resorption, represented by lower bone volume and increased number of osteoclasts; serum BALP, TRAP-5b, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were also higher in these animals. After conversion from CsA to tacrolimus, all the altered serum markers returned to control values in addition to a significant increase of bone volume and a lower number of osteoclasts. This study shows that conversion from CsA to tacrolimus therapy leads to a reversal of the CsA-induced bone loss, which can probably be mediated by downregulation of IL-1 beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha production.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE SALIVARY-GLAND ACINI IN GRIGIOTERMES-BEQUAERTI (ISOPTERA, TERMITIDAE, APICOTERMITINAE)

The salivary glands of females in Grigiotermes bequaerti (Snyder & Emerson 1949) are composed of many acini. Within the acini, the secretion is collected by canals that join into excretory ducts that open at the acini are formed of 3 classes of cells: secretory, parietal and canalicular. The secretory cells present 2 distinct types which, however, seem to be only different functional stages. Their secretion appears to be highly fluid and accumulates in vacuoles of low electron density. The morphological features of parietal cells point to an ionic transportation function, since they contain an intracellular canaliculus lined with microvilli, and are rich in mitochondria. The final product of the gland may result from the interaction of these 2 cells. The canicular cells located within the acini, in addition to constituting the way of secretion elimination, may have a support function serving as a point of aggregation an interconnection of secretory and parietal cells.

Breeding of the Scuttle Fly Megaselia scalaris in a fish Carcass and Implications for the use in Forensic Entomology (Diptera: Phoridae).

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Macrophage suppression following phagocytosis of apoptotic neutrophils is mediated by the S100A9 calcium-binding protein

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Thymic microenvironmental alterations in experimentally induced diabetes

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Culture of Candida in vinasse and molasses: Effect of acid and salt addition on biomass and raw protein production

Species of the genera Candida grown in vinasse and molasses were studied under the following conditions: agitation of containers, pH 4.6, culture time of 24 hours at 30°C. The greatest biomass production of C. krusei grown in vinasse was obtained with the addition of 0.1% H3PO4, and of C. guilliermondii and C. utilis with the addition 0.02% urea plus 0.03% H3PO4. Protein levels near 50% were found in C. utilis in vinasse supplemented either with molasses, with 0.05% MgSO4, or with 0.02% urea plus 0.03% H3PO4. © 1982 Springer-Verlag.

Thermoregulation and Respiratory Metabolism in two Brazilian Stingless Bee Subspecies of Different Climatic Distribution, Tetragonisca angustula fiebrigi and T a angustula (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Meliponinae)

The thermoregulatory capacity of colonies of the stingless bee subspecies Tetragonisca angustula fiebrigi Schwarz 1938, and Tetragonisca angustula angustula Latreille 1807, was investigated during winter and summer. The temperatures [T] inside and outside the nests were measured for 48 hh every 2 hh. In the brood area, the mean T observed for T a fiebrigi are 28.1° and 29.5° C, respectively, during winter and summer, whereas for T a angustula they are 28.6° and 31.6° C The ambient T in the same period range from 10.5° - 24.4° C (winter) and 20.1 - 36.3° C (summer). In workers, the respiratory rates [RR] increase with a rise in T, however, the differences between workers of the subspecies are not significant in contrast to the RR measured within subspecies in winter and summer. The Q10 values indicate an optimal T range from 15 - 25° C in winter, and from 20 - 30° C in summer for T a fiebrigi. For T a angustula the corresponding values were 25 - 35° C and 30 - 40° C, respectively.

Photosynthetic responses and proline content of mature and young leaves of sunflower plants under water deficit

In mature and young leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. cv. Catissol-01) plants grown in the greenhouse, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate declined during water stress independently of leaf age and recovered after 24-h rehydration. The intercellular CO 2 concentration, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and photochemical activity were not affected by water stress. However, non-photochemical quenching increased in mature stressed leaves. Rehydration recovered the levels of non-photochemical quenching and increased the F v/F m in young leaves. Drought did not alter the total Chl content. However, the accumulation of proline under drought was dependent on leaf age: higher content of proline was found in young leaves. After 24 h of rehydration the content of proline returned to the same contents as in control plants.

Local and regional ecological drivers of fish assemblages in Brazilian estuaries

Spatial patterns in assemblage structures are generated by ecological processes that occur on multiple scales. Identifying these processes is important for the prediction of impact, for restoration and for conservation of biodiversity. This study used a hierarchical sampling design to quantify variations in assemblage structures of Brazilian estuarine fish across 2 spatial scales and to reveal the ecological processes underlying the patterns observed. Eight areas separated by 0.7 to 25 km (local scale) were sampled in 5 estuaries separated by 970 to 6000 km (regional scale) along the coast, encompassing both tropical and subtropical regions. The assemblage structure varied significantly in terms of relative biomass and presence/absence of species on both scales, but the regional variation was greater than the local variation for either dataset. However, the 5 estuaries sampled segregated into 2 major groups largely congruent with the Brazilian and Argentinian biogeographic provinces. Three environmental variables (mean temperature of the coldest month, mangrove area and mean annual precipitation) and distance between estuaries explained 44.8 and 16.3%, respectively, of the regional-scale variability in the species relative biomass. At the local scale, the importance of environmental predictors for the spatial structure of the assemblages differed between estuarine systems. Overall, these results support the idea that on a regional scale, the composition of fish assemblages is simultaneously determined by environmental filters and species dispersal capacity, while on a local scale, the effect of environmental factors should vary depending on estuary-specific physical and hydrological characteristics © 2013 Inter-Research.

Estudo de dose adequada da droga RO42-1611 (Arteflene) no tratamento da malária por Plasmodium falciparum

A resistência crescente do P. falciparum aos antimaláricos habitualmente empregados, torna urgente a avaliação de novas drogas. O Ro 42-1611 é um antimalárico derivado da planta chinesa Arlabotrys uncinatus. Usado apenas na África em três trabalhos no tratamento da malária por P. falciparum, tem sua ação desconhecida em sul-americanos com esta doença. Apesar do efeito antimalárico ter sido comprovado, ainda não se encontrou a dose adequada para o tratamento supressivo do P. falciparum. Avaliar a tolerância, a toxicidade e a eficácia de três diferentes doses do Ro 42-1611 no tratamento da malária por P. falciparum é o que objetiva este trabalho. O estudo foi realizado em Marabá-Pará, caracterizando-se por ser aberto, prospectivo e randomizado; incluiu pacientes voluntário s, adultos, masculinos, de peso corporal até 80 kg; febris ou com outros sintomas constitucionais de malária e com gota espessa positiva para P. falciparum ( ≥ 200 e ≤ 50.000 parasitas/mm³ de sangue). Grupos de estudo: I -1.500 mg de 12/12 horas por 1 dia; II -1.500 mg de 12/12 horas por2 dias e III -1.500 mg de 12/12 horas por 3 dias. Todos os pacientes foram tratados em regime hospitalar, sendo avaliados no pré-tratamento através de: dados pessoais e biométricos, sinais e sintomas, uso de medicação concomitante, temperatura axilar, freqüência respiratória, pressão arterial, eletrocardiograma, parasitemia, exames hematológicos e bioquímicos. A partir do início da terapêutica, a avaliação destes parâmetros foi feita seguindo protocolo próprio, incluindo a anotação de efeitos colaterais. A análise de variância de Friedman foi usada para avaliar os valores obtidos nos exames hematológicos e bioquímicos. Foram selecionados 16 pacientes, sendo 5 alocados no grupo I, 6 no II e 5 no III. Idade variou de 17 a 41 anos (média: 26,6), peso corporal de 44 a 72 kg (média: 54,9), parasitemia assexuada inicial de 200 a 40.000 formas/mm³ de sangue, sendo os grupos homogêneos quanto a estas variáveis. A febre desapareceu no mínimo com 9 e no máximo com 48 horas a partir do início da terapêutica. A avaliação do traçado eletrocardiográfico e da pressão arterial não mostrou alterações significativas. O desaparecimento da parasitemia assexuada ocorreu em média com 53,6 horas, não se evidenciando diferenças estatísticas i significantes entre os grupos (p=0,7264). Houve uma diminuição significativa entre o pré-tratamento (D0) e o terceiro (D2) e oitavo (D7) dias de acompanhamento quanto os níveis de hematócrito (p=0,0046), um aumento no número de leucócitos entre D2 e D7 (p=0,0171) e plaquetas entre D0 e D7, assim como entre D2 e D7 (p< 0,0001). Entre D0 e D7 detectou-se diminuição nos níveis de bilirrubina total (p=0,0024), fosfatase alcalina (p=0,0195) e uréia (p=0,0168). Efeitos colaterais foram em geral leves ou moderados e de curta duração. Do total de pacientes, 87,5% obtiveram desaparecimento da parasitemia assexuada, porém apenas 2 (12,5%) curaram, ambos incluídos no grupo III. Nenhum dos esquemas posológicos usados foi adequado para a cura desta doença. Talvez em estudos posteriores usando a droga em maior dose ou por maior número de dias ou ainda associando-a a outros antimaláricos, possa obter-se eficácia adequada.

Effect of bacillus thuringiensis on the biological parameters and phytophagy of podisus nigrispinus (hemiptera: pentatomidae)

The effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 1911 var aizawai strain GC-91 (Bta) on the biological parameters and phytophagy of Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) were evaluated using the follow treatments: a) provision of deionized water and prey Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus 1758) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae); b) provision of only a solution containing Bta; and c) provision of prey and the solution containing Bta. To evaluate the phytophagy of the predator, leaves of Brassica oleraceae var acephala Linnaeus cv Manteiga da Georgia were provided and replaced every two days, and subsequently stained by immersion in 1% acid fuchsin. Staining enabled the visualization of the feeding sheath, which allowed for the quantification of punctures inflicted by P nigrispinus. The phytophagy, reproductive capacity and biological cycle in P nigrispinus were negatively affected by the presence of Bta; however, its predatory capacity was not altered.

Immunological and parasitological parameters in Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice treated with crude extract from the leaves of Mentha x piperita L.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The Th17 pathway in the peripheral lung microenvironment interacts with expression of collagen V in the late state of experimental pulmonary fibrosis

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Produção de xilanase e xilosidase por Aspergillus versicolor

Os fungos são microrganismos heterótrofos e desenvolvem-se bem sobre os mais variados substratos orgânicos. O fungo filamentoso Aspergillus versicolor foi utilizado nesse trabalho para a produção das enzimas xilanase e xilosidase. Essas enzimas são importante para algumas indústrias tais como: indústria de papel, sucos e cervejarias. Os esporos e conídios foram obtidos em meio sólido ágar-aveia e foram inóculados em meio líquido, nos quais as fontes de carbono foram xilana, pó sabugo de milho e pó bagaço de cana-de-açúcar. Houve uma maior produção de proteínas no meio intracelular (0,21 mg/mL) em relação ao meio extracelular (0,0171 mg/mL). A atividade da enzima xilanase foi maior no meio extracelular (0,177 U/mL) e em relação a enzima xilosidase foi maior no meio intracelular (0,034 U/mL). Foi possível mostrar através da cromatografia ascendente em sílica gel os produtos hidrolíticos formados. Também foi avaliado as diferenças nos perfis protéicos das amostras contendo as enzimas extracelulares e intracelulares. A boa atividade de xilosidade obtida do micélio traz perspectivas para estudos de imobilização multipontual em suportes sólidos objetivando a produção de xilose

Optimal clearance of Sporothrix schenckii requires an intact Th17 response in a mouse model of systemic infection

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)