999 resultados para Água - análise físico-química


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The decreasing availability of drinking water is a problem that has existed for a long time and continues to be aggravated, especially by the increase in population and pollution of water resources. Due to the need to find alternatives in order to ensure water supplies in sufficient quantity and quality for consumption by populations, rainwater collection arises as an alternative. The present study was developed in Ipeúna-SP, consisting of an experimental system of collection and storage of rainwater on the roofs of buildings. Samples of the same precipitation, differentiated through the initial disposal and treatment of the collected water, were stored during a period of six months and monitored through physical, chemical and microbiological analyses. With the results, the qualitative characteristics of the stored precipitation were found, the main differences among the samples were identified and the needs of treatment were studied.

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Brazilian wines are appreciated by consumers for having fruity odor and taste which are typical from Vitis labrusca cultivars. The rusticity of these cultivars, the winemaking and the physicochemical properties are some of the key factors to obtain a quality beverage. In this context, the aim of this article was to analyze the quality of three white wines from wineries located in northwest region of São Paulo state by determining physicochemical properties and sensory profile. Data were analyzed by statistical tests and by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). It was possible to observe statistical differences (P<0,05) in most physicochemical properties. Furthermore, the PCA showed that the attributes body and color significantly explained the variance of the first and second component, respectively, higlighting the Vitis vinifera wine. Thus the connection between the physicochemical and sensory properties of white wines was important for characterization of these beverages produced in the northwest of São Paulo.

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The dulce de leche or milk candy is a food widely consumed in Brazil, which shows typical characteristics of taste, color, flavor and texture. The lady-finger red pepper is regularly present on the Brazilian people table as this product contains a pungent flavor favoring various spices; and it is also rich in ascorbic acid (vitamin C) which is an excellent antioxidant. This study aimed at developing a dulce de leche containing lady-finger red pepper, and to determine the composition of the product. Also, the ascorbic acid contents were quantified in products stored for different periods (0, 30 and 60 days). The product acceptance by consumers on the sensory characteristics was evaluated by means of hedonic scale for color, aroma, flavor and texture attributes. The composition of the product was in accordance with the legislation in force, and the ascorbic acid contents were practically stable during the storage, and the sensory analyses indicated that the red pepper-containing dulce de leche was well accepted.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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The present study had as objective contribute to the characterization of beekeeping in the Pernambuco State and evaluate the physical-chemical quality of the honeys produced in the region. For this, was applied a directed formulary to the representative organ of beekeeping class aboutthe productives and technicals aspects of beekeepers. Was obtained 14 samples of honey by Apis mellifera africanized, stored in sterile plastic vessels was sent to the Beekeeping Products Quality Control Laboratory (CEA-UNITAU). Was observed that the most of beekeepers have of 50 to 100 hives (57,14%), 28,57% of 100 to 200 hives and 14,28% more than 500 hives, being that 85,71% produce 30 to 50 kg honey/hives/flowering. All use the standard hive Langstroth and 85,71% obtain their swarm by capture. About the physical-chemical quality of the honey, was observed that moisture content varied from 18,2% to 22,0%, with mean value of 19,80±1,11; the water activity varied from 0,70 to 0,84 aw, with mean value of 0,79±0,05 aw; the total acidity was 24,91±8,99 meq/kg and the average index of hydroxymethylfurfural was 16,32±17,88 meq/kg. The results obtained are according to the quality limits established by the brazilian legislation, excepted the water activity that exceeded the maximum limit of 0,65 aw. The datasobtained in this paper shows the development of beekeeping in Pernambuco State and the honey presents nice quality.

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The biomass resulting from processing sugarcane bagasse has been considered a source of cellulose with the potential production of bio-fuels. This lignocellulose can be processed into ethanol since is hydrolyzed by chemical processes (acids) or biotechnology (enzymes) which generate sugars suit for fermentation. This study had the objective to utilize physical and chemical pre-treatment processes for prehydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse. The experimental treatment was adjusted at a factor of 4 X 2, by the combination of pre-hydrolysis timing (15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) and sulfuric acid concentrations (7.0% and 9.0%) which was incubated at a temperature of 121° C in an autoclave. The treatment data was subjected to analysis of the variance and averages which were compared using the Tukey test with a probability of 5%. The results obtained showed that through pretreatment acid applied on the lignocellulose material, there was a significant break from the substrate fibers like cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin.

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This study aimed to characterize the physical and chemical composition of ten items of arracacha grown in the municipality of São Manuel for the 2009 harvest. In the roots of the clones BGH (4560, 5741, 5744, 5746, 5747, 6414, 6513, 6525 and 7609) and the cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral the characteristics evaluated were: color (L *, a * and b *) and moisture, ash, crude fiber, raw grease, protein, reducing sugars, total sugars and starch. After obtaining the data, an analysis was performed for the variance of test F and comparisons between the means made by the Tukey test at 5% probability. There was no significant difference to the results of luminosity (L *) while BGH 6414 and BGH 5744 showed the highest values for chroma and * BGH 5741, BGH 6414, BGH 7609, 'Amarela de Senador Amaral' BGH 5747 presented the highest chroma values for b *. Clones BGH 7609 and BGH 6414 showed significantly higher levels of dry matter and with the potential yield of agro-industrial processes it would be best suited in the form of frying. The materials that showed significantly larger amounts of ash were BGH 6525, BGH 5747, 'Amarela de Senador Amaral ", BGH 4560, BGH 5746, BGH 6513. Regarding the contents of fatty matter BGH 6525, BGH 5741 and BGH 5744 showed the highest levels. The results of BGH 7609 showed crude fiber significantly higher than the other materials tested, it can be used in diets composed of fibers. BGH 4560 and cultivar had the highest crude protein. BGH 5741 showed the lowest reducing sugar content among the clones, but not significantly different from results found for the cultivar. All clones showed total sugar levels were higher in the cultivar, which may have more flavor. BGH 5741, BGH 5746, BGH 6525 and BGH 6513 showed significantly higher starch content than the cultivar Amarela de Senador Amaral. From these results we conclude that the clones have similar color characteristics, and are potentially a nutritionally adequate substitute for the cultivar.

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Com o aumento dos tratamentos químicos e/ou físicos nos cabelos aos quais são realizados mediante o uso de dispositivos térmicos, há uma maior preocupação a respeito dos danos causados aos cabelos por estes tipos de tratamentos. O conhecimento dos efeitos, benefícios e/ou malefícios, de ingredientes cosméticos em cabelos torna-se necessário, pois facilita a busca por produtos baseada no tipo de cabelo. O principal objetivo do trabalho foi a caracterização físico-química, analítica e térmica de mechas de cabelo de diferentes etnias (caucasiano, oriental e afro-étnico virgem e brasileiro virgem e descolorido) antes e após o uso de ingredientes cosméticos seguido de um tratamento térmico (utilizando piastra) e intercalando com lavagens. O estudo das amostras de cabelo e de uma amostra de queratina animal envolveu a utilização das técnicas de TG/DTG, DSC, análise elementar, FTIR, MEV e técnicas de avaliação de eficácia, como tensão/deformação, penteabilidade e quebra por escovação. A partir da TG/DTG, foi possível avaliar as etapas de decomposição térmica das amostras de cabelo virgem e de queratina animal e estas apresentaram um comportamento térmico semelhante entre si. O estudo cinético não isotérmico por TG mostrou que, dos diferentes tipos de amostras de cabelo virgem, o afro-étnico apresentou menor estabilidade térmica e o oriental foi o mais estável termicamente. Os resultados de DSC corroboraram os obtidos por TG, demonstrando que a amostra de cabelo afro-étnico apresentou temperatura de desnaturação térmica das cadeias de α-queratina menor (TD = 223°C) do que as amostras dos outros tipos de cabelo (TD = 236°C). As mechas de cabelo virgem e clareadas foram tratadas com formulações cosméticas contendo silicones e avaliadas quanto a eficiência destes na proteção térmica dos cabelos. Algumas delas mostraram eficiência na proteção térmica das cadeias de α-queratina, diminuindo o seu grau de desnaturação. Foi possível observar que a associação do calor da piastra com as lavagens sucessivas causou danos tanto à cutícula (conforme resultados de FTIR e MEV), como também, ao córtex dos cabelos (conforme resultados de DSC). Em alguns casos, os danos causados foram tão graves que as camadas mais superficiais da cutícula sofreram descamações. O estudo mostrou, também, que a eficiência da proteção térmica nos cabelos depende do tipo da formulação cosmética em que estes protetores estão incorporados e do estado em que os cabelos se encontram. A DSC permitiu a avaliação da modificação termicamente induzida das cadeias de α-queratina e sua posterior desnaturação. O estudo envolvendo a associação das diferentes técnicas apresentou-se viável na avaliação tanto dos danos causados aos cabelos quanto na eficiência dos ingredientes cosméticos na proteção térmica dos mesmos.

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Considering the plant biodiversity in the Brazilian Northeast, whose components can be inserted into sustainable production systems, the jujube (Ziziphus joazeiro Mart.) emerges as to recovery of its fruit. The present study has as objective to characterize the fruit of the jujube under the physical, physicochemical and chemical approach and assess its conservation by spontaneous lactic fermentation under the influence of chloride, sodium, calcium and potassium. According to the legislation, vegetable acidified by fermentation that is subjected to lactic acid fermentation in order to achieve a final product pH less than or equal to 4.5. The results of the physical, chemical and physico-chemistry of ripe fruit jujube showed the potential of this species for agro-processing. The yield of edible portion (91.83%), soluble solids content (18,98º Brix), titratable acidity (0.14% citric acid), pH (5.30) and its composition, divided in moisture (79.01%), protein (2.01%), lipids (0.52%), carbohydrate (17.59%), fiber, ash (0.76%) and its minerals were consistent with the characteristic profile fruits, thus favoring the development of spontaneous lactic fermentation. The minimum pH and titratable acidity observed maximum in the fermentation process under the influence of mixtures of salts (NaCl and KCl NaCl2) values ranged from 3.4 to 3.7 and from 0.54 to 0.95 (% lactic acid), respectively. The profile of the lactic fermentation of fruit of jujube in brine, fermented microbiological quality and the result of analysis of primary sensory prepared preserved, the application of endorsed by the consumer sensory evaluation, more particularly, derived from fermented fruit preserved in the presence of chloride sodium, in accordance with the traditional techniques of lactic fermentation of vegetables. The results of sensory evaluation conducted with 100 consumers (tasters) revealed an acceptance rate equal to 78% of the preserve. Despite restrictions on the sensory acceptability of fermented under the influence of salts (KCl and CaCl2) substitutes sodium chloride, preserved these perspectives presented to balance the optimization of mixtures, health product safety and consumer awareness towards prefer a more healthy product with reduced sodium content.

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No setor alimentar, o controlo da qualidade dos produtos e dos processos é uma etapa essencial, uma vez que é por este meio que se avaliam os padrões exigidos, quer a nível de legislação, quer a nível de mercado. O presente trabalho teve, como objetivos principais, o desenvolvimento de um novo produto alimentar com adição de algas, bem como o controlo de qualidade a nível de uma unidade fabril de produção de sumos e polpas naturais, à base de hortofrutícolas. De forma a garantir a qualidade na obtenção de produtos, foi realizado, diariamente, o controlo de entradas dos produtos hortofrutícolas, o acompanhamento de processos nas linhas de produção da fábrica e a análise das amostras de referência. Considerando a tendência e potencial de crescimento apresentados pelo setor das bebidas, nomeadamente dos sumos de fruta naturais, juntamente com a incessante procura por ingredientes naturais ricos em vários nutrientes e com propriedades bioativas, tem-se vindo a registar o lançamento de um número considerável de bebidas inovadoras, onde as macroalgas têm merecido um papel de destaque. Desta forma, procedeu-se à elaboração de dois protótipos, nomeadamente, sumo de framboesa e sumo de espinafres, com a adição do extrato da alga Gelidium corneum, estabilizados através do processo de Hiperpressão a frio, com o intuito de se avaliar o impacto desse extrato nos diferentes parâmetros de qualidade dos sumos. No que respeita aos parâmetros físico-químicos, o pH e teor de sólidos solúveis (TSS) foram avaliados após produção (t0), no tempo intermédio (t15) e no tempo final (t30). A cor foi determinada no t0 e no t30 e os restantes parâmetros, como acidez titulável, quantificação total de polifenóis, capacidade de redução do radical DPPH, teor de proteína bruta, teor de cinzas, teor de minerais e oligoelementos e teor de vitaminas (A, B1, B2 e C) foram avaliados no tempo final (t30). Foram, também, avaliados os parâmetros microbiológicos mais significativos, nomeadamente, microrganismos totais a 30 ˚C, Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp, bolores e leveduras (ao t0, t15 e t30) e realizou-se uma avaliação sensorial ao 29.º dia após produção. Estes sumos apresentaram-se microbiologicamente estáveis, não se tendo verificado crescimento microbiológico durante o período de armazenamento de 30 dias. A análise dos resultados físico-químicos permitiram constatar que a adição do extrato da alga Gelidium corneum aos sumos influenciou as suas características, tendo havido um aumento significativo do pH com a consequente diminuição da acidez titulável e um aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis, em comparação com os sumos controlo. Em relação à avaliação da cor, no caso das amostras de sumos de framboesa, verificou-se que a adição do extrato de algas influenciou o parâmetro a*. No entanto, ambas as amostras permitiram a manutenção deste parâmetro, ao longo do tempo. Quanto ao parâmetro b*, as duas amostras de sumo com algas demonstraram uma evolução mais estável, em relação aos respetivos controlos. No que respeita ao teor em minerais, a adição do extrato da alga demonstrou aumentar os teores de magnésio, sódio, potássio e iodo. Em termos sensoriais, o sumo de framboesa com algas obteve maior aceitação por parte do painel de provadores, podendo-se constatar que o atributo da cor foi o que mostrou maiores variações, entre as duas amostras.

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A prevenção da oxidação lipídica, uma das principais causas de degradação de óleos alimentares, pode ser efetuada pela adição de antioxidantes. A preocupação pelo consumo de alimentos mais saudáveis e isentos de aditivos sintéticos tem contribuído para a crescente procura de antioxidantes naturais provenientes de plantas, que possam substituir os antioxidantes sintéticos em óleos e gorduras alimentares. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da adição de extrato de carqueja (Pterospartum tridentatum), em concentrações diferentes (500 mg/kg e 1000 mg/kg), na estabilidade físico-química de óleo alimentar submetido a três ciclos de aquecimento (9 horas cada) a 180ºC e de óleo armazenado à temperatura ambiente durante 30 dias. O extrato de carqueja foi obtido por extração em etanol, tendo-se alcançado um rendimento de 60,2%±0,225. Determinou-se a capacidade antioxidante do extrato de carqueja por avaliação da capacidade de redução do radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH) e pelo método de Folin-Ciocalteu. Os resultados demonstraram que o extrato tem uma atividade antioxidante de 61,7%±0,38 e um teor de compostos fenólicos de 22,4 mg de equivalentes de ácido gálico /g de extrato. A estabilidade físico-química do óleo alimentar foi estudada através da análise de diversos parâmetros, nomeadamente acidez, índice de peróxidos, índice de p-anisidina, absorvância no UV, índice de refração, cor e densidade. Os resultados evidenciaram um aumento de todos os parâmetros, com exceção da cor, ao longo do aquecimento do óleo bem como no seu armazenamento à temperatura ambiente. Este aumento foi mais relevante no óleo em processo de aquecimento uma vez que a 180ºC as reações de oxidação ocorrem mais rapidamente do que à temperatura ambiente. Observaram-se alterações mais acentuadas dos parâmetros físico-químicos no óleo sem extrato de carqueja comparativamente ao óleo suplementado com 500mg/kg e 1000mg/kg de extrato, comprovando-se o efeito do extrato de carqueja na redução da oxidação e, consequentemente, no aumento da estabilidade físico-química do óleo alimentar. O óleo suplementado com 1000mg/kg de extrato de carqueja revelou-se o mais estável à oxidação.

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Galactans are polysaccharides sulfated present in the cell wall of red algae. Carrageenans are galactans well known in the food industry as gelling polysaccharides and for induce inflammatory process in rodents as animal model. The extraction of polysaccharides from A. multifida has been carried out by proteolysis and precipitation in different volumes of acetone, which produced three fractions (F1, F2, and FT). Chemical and physical analyses revealed that these fractions are sulfated galactan predominantly. Results of the antioxidant activity assays showed that all of these fractions have antioxidant activity and that was associated with sulfate content of the analysis of reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. However, these fractions were not effective against lipid peroxidation. The fraction FT presented higher activity on the APTT test at 200 μg (> 240 s). The assessment of the hemolytic activity showed that the FT fraction has the best activity, increasing lyses by the complement system to 42.3% (50 μg) (p< 0,001). The fraction FT showed the best yield, anticoagulant and hemolytic activity between the three fractions and therefore it was choose for the in vivo studies. The Inflammation assessment using the FT fraction (50 mg / kg MB) showed that the cellular migration and the IL-6 production increased 670.1% (p< 0,001) and 531.8% (p< 0,001), respectively. These results confirmed its use as an inflammation inducer in animal model. Cytotoxicity assay results showed that all fractions have toxic effects on 3T3 and HeLa cells after exposition of 48 hours, except when 100 μg for both F1 and FT were used. These results arise the discussion whether these polysaccharides it should be used as additive in foods, cosmetics and medicines.

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This study examines the physical and chemical composition and the pharmacological effects of brown seaweed FRF 0.8 Lobophora variegata. Fractionation of the crude extract was done with the concentration of 0.8 volumes of acetone, obtaining the FRF 0.8. The physicochemical characterization showed that it was a fucana sulfated. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by paw edema model by the high rates of inhibition of the edema and the best results were in the fourth hour after induction (100 ± 1.4% at the dose of 75 mg / kg) and by the strong inhibitory activity of the enzyme myeloperoxidase (91.45% at the dose of 25 mg / kg). The hepataproteção was demonstrated by measurements of enzymatic and metabolic parameters indicative of liver damage, such as bilirubin (reduction in 68.81%, 70.68% and 68.21% for bilirubin total, direct and indirect, respectively at a dose of 75 mg / kg), ALT, AST and γ-GT (decrease of 76.93%, 44.58% and 50% respectively at a dose of 75 mg / kg) by analysis of histological slides of liver tissue, confirming that hepatoprotective effect the polymers of carbohydrates, showing a reduction in tissue damage caused by CCl4 and the inhibition of the enzyme complex of cytochrome P 450 (increasing sleep time in 54.6% and reducing the latency time in 71.43%). The effectiveness of the FRF 0.8 angiogenesis was examined in chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of fertilized eggs, with the density of capillaries evaluated and scored, showing an effect proangigênico at all concentrations tested FRF (10 mg- 1000 mg). The FRF showed antioxidant activity on free radicals (by inhibiting Superoxide Radical in 55.62 ± 2.10%, Lipid Peroxidation in 100.15 ± 0.01%, Hydroxyl Radical in 41.84 ± 0.001% and 71.47 Peroxide in ± 2.69% at concentration of 0.62 mg / mL). The anticoagulant activity was observed with prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at 50 mg (> 240 s), showing that its action occurs in the intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade. Thus, our results indicate that these sulfated polysaccharides are an important pharmacological target