水分梯度上不同灌木生长对干旱河谷土壤理化和生物学性质的影响

岷江上游干旱河谷区水土流失强烈，地质灾害频繁，生态环境十分脆弱，而土壤条件恶劣（水分不足和养分缺乏）是阻碍该区植被恢复的关键因子，因此研究水分和乡土灌木生长对土壤的影响对该区的生态恢复具有指导意义。本文通过定点模拟实验，选取三种优势豆科灌木为研究对象，分别是白刺花（Sophora davidii）、小马鞍羊蹄甲（Bauhinia faberi var. microphylla）和小雀花（Campylotropics polyantha），设置5 个水分梯度，分别为100%、80%、60%、40%和20%田间持水量（FC），对栽种植物与不种植物下土壤理化性质和酶活性进行测定分析，系统比较和研究了不同水分条件和不同乡土灌木生长对干旱河谷区土壤结构、养分循环、酶活性以及微生物量的影响。主要结果如下：1. 无论生长植物与否，土壤的毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度都随着水分含量的减少而降低，最大持水量、总孔隙度和容重变化不大，相应地，土壤中的非毛管孔隙随含水量的减少而升高。各水分条件下，种植植物的毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度低于无植物生长的土壤，非毛管孔隙度相应地高于无植物土壤。土壤含水量在100%－40% FC 时，三种豆科灌木的毛管持水量和毛管孔隙度存在差异，而20% FC 条件下，三种豆科灌木土壤的物理性质基本相同。2. 水分胁迫影响土壤中养分的矿化和积累，主要表现在降低了水溶性碳和铵态氮的含量，中等程度胁迫时（60% FC）促进了有机碳和硝态氮的富集，对速效钾和有效磷没有明显作用。种植豆科灌木后各水分梯度上都增加了有机碳、铵态氮、速效钾和有效磷的积累。增加程度上三种豆科灌木间有一定差异，对于土壤有机碳总量，种植白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲明显高于小雀花，同样的情况还出现在铵态氮和速效钾上，但是对于有效磷，种植小雀花后的增加程度则明显高于白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲。种植豆科灌木不仅增加了土壤养分的相对含量，也改变了其在水分梯度上的变化趋势及其变化幅度，这种作用主要体现在碳元素和氮元素上。3. 无植物生长时脲酶活性随水分含量的减少而升高，水分胁迫对磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的作用不显著，蔗糖酶也保持在相对较高的水平。种植植物后，蔗糖酶、磷酸酶活性与无植物时相比有较大幅度的提高，种植白刺花的脲酶活性也升高，其升高的程度在不同水分含量时不同。种植植物还降低了酶活性在水分梯度上的变幅，使之在水分梯度间的差异显著性降低。脲酶活性在指示土壤性质改变方面是较敏感的指标，其它三种酶在不同植物间的差异不明显。4. 在无植物生长时，中等程度的水分胁迫（60% FC）提高了土壤微生物量碳含量，过高或过低的土壤水分均不利于微生物碳的积累。种植小马鞍羊蹄甲后微生物量碳在水分梯度上的变化趋势与无植物生长时一致，而种植白刺花和小雀花后微生物量碳随着水分含量的减少而降低。不同种类植物的微生物量碳在水分梯度上的变化特征也不同，100% FC 条件下三种植物间没有差异，80%和60% FC 条件下小马鞍羊蹄甲显著高于白刺花和小雀花，40%和20% FC 条件下白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲也显著高于小雀花，说明不同种类植物随着干旱胁迫程度的加深微生物量碳的降低幅度不同，在极度干旱时，白刺花和小马鞍羊蹄甲土壤依然保持了较高的微生物活性，而小雀花土壤微生物量则明显下降。The dry valley of the upper reaches of the Minjiang River is seriously degradedmountain ecosystem. It was endangered by extremely soil lost and frequentlygeological disaster. Previous studies showed that short of water and nutrients in soilwas the principal limiting factors of vegetation restoration in this area. The typical soiland three dominant leguminous shrubs Sophora davidii, Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla and Campylotropics polyantha in upper reaches of arid Minjiang Rivervalley were considered as experimental material. Two-month old seedlings of eachspecies were exposed to five water supplies (100%, 80%, 60%, 40% and 20% waterfield capacity (FC)) in a temperature and light-controlled greenhouse. Afterthree-month water treatment, soil physiochemical variables and soil microbialactivities were determined by conventional methods. The main results showed that:1. Soil capillary capacity and capillary porosity decreased along water supplyregimes in all treatments, while saturated water capacity, total porosity and bulkdensity kept in a relatively stable level, as a result, the non-capillary porosity andcapacity increased with decrease of water supply. Compared to non-planted soil, theplant-soil systems had a higher non-capillary porosity and capacity, suggestingappropriate oxygen was present in soil to maintain the living of microorganism. Soilof three type shrub species shared the same capillary capacity and capillary porosityunder 20% FC.2. Water soluble carbon and NH4+-N decreased in response to water stress, whiletotal organic carbon and NO3--N promoted by moderate water stress and inhibited by 100% and 20% FC. Total organic carbon, NH4+-N, rapidly available K and availableP increased after the planting of leguminous shrubs in five water supply regimescompared to non-planted soil. For TOC, NH4+-N and rapidly available K, thepromotion effect was higher in S. davidii and B. faberi var. microphylla than C.polyantha planted soil, while available P displayed the opposite side. The planting ofshrubs also reduced the variance of observed traits along water supply gradients.3. Drought stress increased urease activity in non-planted soil, while insignificantdifferences were observed in phosphatase and catalase activity among five watersupply regimes. The planting of leguminous shrubs facilitated the β-glucosidase andphosphatase activity compared to the non-planted soil. It also reduced the variance ofenzyme activity along water supply gradients. Urease was more sensitive to waterstress than other three enzymes.4. Soil water content significantly affected microbial biomass carbon andCmic:Corg. S. davidii and B. faberi var. microphylla showed more drought toleranceability than C. polyantha, attributing not only to their relatively smaller variance ofmicrobial biomass carbon along soil water supply gradients, but also to the highlevel of microbial activity under severe water stress. S. davidii and B. faberi var.microphylla benefited reproduction of soil microorganism at 60%-80% FC, whilesevere drought limited it due to the competition of water and nutrients between plantand soil microorganism.

干旱胁迫与施N条件下白刺花（Sophora davidii）幼苗生长及其适应机制

干旱环境常常由于多变的降水事件和贫瘠土壤的综合作用，表现出较低的生产力和较低的植被覆盖度。全球性的气候变暖和人类干扰必将使得干旱地区缺水现状越来越严竣。贫瘠土壤环境中已经很低的有效养分含量也将会随着干旱的扩大而越来越低。干旱与半干旱系统中不断加剧的水分与养分的缺失将严重限制植物的生长和植被的更新，必然会使得已经恶化的环境恶化速率的加快、恶化范围的加大。如何抑制这种趋势，逐步改善已经恶化的环境是现在和将来干旱系统管理者面临的主要关键问题。了解干旱系统本土植物对未来气候变化的适应机制，不仅是植物生态学研究的重要内容，也对人为调节干旱环境，改善干旱系统植被条件，提高植被覆盖度具有重要的实践意义。 本研究以干旱河谷优势灌木白刺花（Sophora davidii）为研究对象，通过两年大棚水分和施N控制实验和一个生长季野外施N半控制实验，从植物生长－生理－资源利用以及植物生长土壤环境特征入手，系统的研究了白刺花幼苗生长特性对干旱胁迫和施N的响应与适应机制，并试图探讨施N是否可调节干旱系统土壤环境，人工促进干旱条件下幼苗定居，最终贡献于促进植被更新实践。初步研究结论如下： 1）白刺花幼苗生长、生物量积累与分配以及水分利用效率对干旱胁迫和施N处理的适应白刺花幼苗株高、基径、叶片数目、叶面积、根长、生物量生产、相对含水量和水分利用效率随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而明显降低，但地下部分生物量比例和R/S随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加。轻度施N处理下幼苗株高、基径、叶片数目、叶片面积和生物量生产有所增加。但重度施N处理下这些生长指标表现出微弱甚至降低的趋势。严重干旱胁迫条件下，幼苗叶面积率、R/S、相对含水量和水分利用效率也以轻度施N处理为最高。 2）白刺花幼苗叶片光合生理特征对干旱胁迫和施N处理的适应叶片光合色素含量和叶片光合效率随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而显著降低，并且PS2系统在干旱胁迫条件下表现出一定程度的光损害。但是比叶面积随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而增加。在相对较好水分条件下幼苗净光合速率的降低可能是因为气孔限制作用，而严重干旱胁迫条件下非气孔限制可能是导致幼苗叶片光合速率下降的主要原因。叶片叶绿素含量、潜在光合能力、羧化效率、光合效率以及RUBP再生能力等在施N处理下得到提高，并因而改善干旱胁迫条件下光合能力和效率。虽然各荧光参数对施N处理并无显著的反应，但是干旱胁迫条件下qN和Fv/Fm在轻度施N处理下维持相对较高的水平，而两年连续处理后在严重干旱胁迫条件下幼苗叶片光合效率受到重度施N处理的抑制，并且Fv/Fm和qN也在重度施N处理下降低。 3）白刺花幼苗C、N和P积累以及N、P利用效率对干旱胁迫和施N处理的适应白刺花幼苗C、N和P的积累，P利用效率以及N和P吸收效率随干旱胁迫程度的增加而显著降低，C、N和P的分配格局也随之改变。在相同水分处理下，C、N和P的积累量、P利用效率以及N和P吸收效率在轻度施N处理下表现为较高的水平。然而，C、N和P的积累量和P利用效率在重度施N处理下不仅没有表现出显著的正效应，而且有降低的趋势。另外，在相同水分条件下白刺花幼苗N利用效率随着施N强度的增加而降低。 4）白刺花幼苗生长土壤化学与微生物特性对干旱胁迫和施N的适应白刺花幼苗生长土壤有机C、有效N和P含量也随干旱胁迫程度的增加而明显降低。干旱胁迫条件下土壤C/N、C/P、转化酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的降低可能表明较低的N和P矿化速率。尽管微生物生物量C、N和P对一个生长季干旱胁迫处理无显著反应，但微生物生物量C和N在两年连续干旱胁迫后显著降低。土壤有机C和有效P含量在轻度施N处理下大于重度施N处理，但是有效N含量随着施N强度的增加而增加。微生物生物量C和N、碱性磷酸酶和转化酶活性也在轻度施N处理下有所增加。但是碱性磷酸酶活性在重度施N处理下降低。 5）野外条件下白刺花幼苗生长特征及生长土壤生化特性对施N的适应植物生长、生物生产量、C的固定、N、P等资源的吸收和积累、其它受限资源的利用效率（如P）在轻度施N处理下均有所增加，但N利用效率有所降低。幼苗生物生产量及C、N和P等资源的分配格局在轻度施N处理下也没有明显的改变。白刺花幼苗叶片数目、生物生产量和C、N、P的积累量在重度施N处理下虽然也相对于对照有所增加，但幼苗根系长度显著降低。生物量及资源（生物量、C、N、P）在重度施N处理下较多地分配给地上部分（主要是叶片）。另外，土壤有机C、全N和有效N含量随外源施N的增加而显著增加，土壤pH随之降低，但土壤全P含量并无显著反应。其中有机C含量和有效P含量以轻度施N处理最高。微生物生物量C、N和P在轻度施N处理下也显著增加，而微生物生物量C在重度施N处理下显著降低。同时，转化酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性在施N处理下也明显的提高，但酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性显著降低，其中碱性磷酸酶和中性磷酸酶活性以轻度施N处理最高。 综合分析表明，干旱河谷水分和N严重限制了白刺花幼苗的生长。施N不能完全改变干旱胁迫对白刺花幼苗的抑制的作用，但是由于施N增加土壤N有效性，改善土壤一系列生物与化学过程，幼苗的生长特性也对施N表现出强烈的反应，表现为植物结构与资源分配格局的改善，植物叶片光合能力与效率的提高，植物生长以及利用其他受限资源（如水分和P）的效率的增加，致使植物自身生长及其生长环境在干旱环境下得到改善。但是过度施N不仅不能起到改善干旱胁迫下植物生长环境、促进植物生长的作用，反而在土壤过程以及植物生长过程中加重干旱胁迫对植物的伤害。因此，建议在采用白刺花作为先锋种改善干旱河谷系统环境的实践中，可适当施加N以改善土壤环境，调节植物利用与分配资源的效率，促进植物定居，得到人工促进种群更新的目的。但在实践过程中也要避免过度施N。 Arid regions of the world are generally noted for their low primary productivity which is due to a combination of low, unpredictable water supply and low soil nutrient concentrations. The most serious effects of global climate change and human disturbances may well be those which related to increasing drought since drought stress has already been the principal constraint in plant growth. The decline in total rainfall and/or soil water availability expected for the next decades may turn out to be even more drastic under future warmer conditions. Nevertheless, water deficit is not the only limiting factor in arid and semiarid environments. Soils often suffer from nutrient (especially N and P) deficiencies in these ecosystems, which can also be worsened by climate change. How to improve the poor soil quality and enhance the vegetation coverage is always the problem facing ecosystem managers. The adaptive mechanisms of native plant to future climate change is always the focus in plant ecology, it also plays important roles in improving vegetation coverage by manual controlled programmes. Sophora davidii is a native perennial shrub of arid valleys, which is often predominant on eroded slopes and plays a vital role in retaining ecological stability in this region. It has been found that S. davidii was better adapted to dry environment than other shrubs, prompting its use for re-vegetation of arid lands. A two-years greenhouse experiment and a field experiment were conducted in order to understand the adaptation responses of Sophora davidii seedlings to different water and N conditions, and further explore if additional N supply as a modified role could enhance the adaptation ability of S. davidii seedlings to dry and infertile environment. Two-month old seedlings were subjected to a completely randome design with three water (80%, 40% and 20% water field capacity (FC)) and three N supply (N0: 0, Nl: 92 and Nh: 184 mg N kg-1 soil) regimes. Field experiment was arranged only by three N supplies in the dry valley. 1) The growth, biomass partitioning and water-use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings in respond to drought stress and N supply Seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, root length, biomass production, relative water content (RWC) and WUE were decreased with increase of drought stress. An increase in below-ground biomass was observed indicating a higher root/shoot ratio (R/S) under drought stress conditions. Low N supply increased seedlings height, basal diameter, leaf number, leaf area, and biomass production, but decreased root length. In contrast, these growth characteristics showed little or negative effect to high N supply treatment. Leaf percentages increased with increase of N supply, but fine root percentages decreased. In addition, Low N supply rather than the other two N treatments increased leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf/fine root mass ratio (L/FR), R/S and RWC under severe drought stress (20%FC), even though these parameters could increase with the high N supply treatment under well-watered condition (80%FC). Moreover, Low N supply also increased WUE under three water conditions, but high N supply had little effect on WUE under drought stress conditions (40%FC and 20%FC). 2) Leaf gas exchange and fluorescence parameters of Sophora davidii seedlings in respond to drought stress and N supply Leaf area (LA), photosynthetic pigment contents, and photosynthetic efficiency were decreased with increase of drought stress, but specific leaf area (SLA) increased. Photodamage in photosystem 2 (PS2) was also observed under drought stress condition. The decreased net photosynthetic rate (PN) under relative well-watered water conditions might result from stomatal limitations, but the decreased PN under other hand, photosynthetic capacity by increasing LA, photosynthetic chlorophyll contents, Pnmax, CE, Jmax were increased with increase N supply, and photosynthetic efficiency was improved with N supply treatment under water deficit. Although N supply did a little in alleviating photodamages to PS2 caused by drought stress, low N supply enhanced qN and kept relative high Fv/Fm under drought stress condition. However, high N supply inhibited leaf photosynthetic efficiency, and declined Fv/Fm and qN under severe drought stress condition after two year continues drought stress and N supply. 3) Carbon accumulation, nitrogen and phosphorus use efficiency of Sophora davidii seedlings in respond to drought stress and N supply C, N and P accumulation, NUE , N and P uptake efficiency (NUtE and NUtE ) P N P were decreased with increase of drought stress regardless of N supply. On the other hand, the S. davidii seedlings exhibited strong responses to N supply, but the responses were inconsistent with the various N supply levels. Low N supply rather than the other two N treatments increased C, N and P accumulation, improved NUEP, NUtE and NUtE under corresponding water condition. In contrast, high N supply N P did few even depressed effects on C, N and P accumulation, and NUEP, although NUtEN and NUtEP could increase with high N supply under corresponding water conditions. Even so, a decrease of NUEN was observed with increase of N supply under corresponding water conditions. 4) Soil microbial and chemical characters in respond to drought stress and N supply The content of soil organic C, available N and P were decreased with increase of drought stress. Decreases in C/N and C/P, and invertase, urea and alkaline phosphatase activity were also observed under drought stress conditions, indicating a lower N and P mineralization rate. Although microbial biomass C, N and P showed slight responses to drought stress after one growth period treatment, microbial biomass C and N were also decreased with increase of drought stress after two year continuous treatment. The content of soil organic C and available P showed the stronger positive responses to low N supply than which to high N supply, although than the other two N treatments increased microbial biomass N and invertase activity under severe drought stress condition, even though invertase activity could increase with high N supply treatment under relative well-water conditions. Moreover, low N supply treatment also increased C/P and alkaline phosphatase activity which might result from higher P mineralization, but high N supply did negative effects on alkaline phosphatase activity. 5) The growth characteristics of Sophora davidii seedlings and soil microbial and chemical characters in respond to N supply under field condition Low N supply facilitated seedlings growth by increasing leaf number, basal diameter, root length, biomass production, C, N and P accumulation and absorption, and enhancing the use efficiency of other limited resources as P. Compared to control, however, low N supply did little effect on altering biomass, C, N and P portioning in seedlings components. On the contrary, high N supply treatment also increased leaf number, biomass and C, N and P accumulation relative to control, but significantly decreased root length, and altered more biomass and resources to above-ground, which strongly reduced the ability of absorbing water under drought condition, and thus which might deep the drought stress. In addition, N supply increased soil C, N and available N content, but declined pH and showed little effects on P content. Low N supply showed higher values of soil C and available P content. Low N supply also increased microbial biomass C, N and P, although high N supply decreased microbial biomass C. N supply significantly enhanced soil invertase, urea, alkaline and neutral phosphratase activity, while declined acid phosphratase and catalase activity. Low N supply exhibited higher alkaline and neutral phosphratase activity compared to the others. The results from this study indicated that both drought and N limited the growth of S. davidii seedlings and their biomass production. Regardless of N supply levels, drought stress dramatically reduced the seedlings growth and biomass production. Although plant growth parameters, including basal diameter, height, leaf number, and biomass and their components were observed to be positive responses to low N supply, N supply alone can not alter the diminishing tendency which is caused by drought. available N content increased with increase N supply. In addition, low N supply rather These findings imply that drought played a primary limitation role and N was only the secondary. Even so, appropriate N supply was seemed to enhance the ability that S. davidii seedlings adapted to the xeric and infertile environment by improving soil processes, stimulating plant growth, increasing recourses accumulation, enhancing use efficiency of other limited resources, and balancing biomass and resources partitioning. Appropriate N supply, therefore, would be recommended to improve S. davidii seedling establishment in this region, but excess N supply should be avoided.

岷江干旱河谷典型阳坡土壤质量动态与评估

横断山区干旱河谷地区的土壤是制约植被恢复的一个关键要素，但干旱条件下土壤质量与动态演变状况并不清楚，本研究以岷江干旱河谷核心地段的土壤为对象，研究了阳坡褐土土壤的物理、化学以及生物学特征在海拔梯度（1800m、2000m、2200m）格局及其时间动态（2005-2007）变化，应用主成分分析综合评价了土壤质量及其时空差异性，明确了土壤质量的变化趋势。主要研究结论如下： 1) 海拔梯度上土壤物理性状的变化，2005 年和2007 年土壤物理性状综合质量随着海拔的升高均得到了优化，即海拔2200 m＞海拔2000 m＞海拔1800 m。 2) 海拔梯度上土壤化学性质的变化，土壤化学综合性质2005 年随海拔升高而趋于变得更优，而2007 年海拔2000 m 最优，海拔1800 m 则最差。 3) 海拔梯度上土壤生物学性质的变化，2005 年土壤生物学性质随海拔升高表现出趋于更好，2007 年海拔2000 m 最优而海拔1800 m 地段最差。 4) 从土壤物理、化学、生物学三方面出发，应用主成分分析，分别分析得出2005 年和2007 年不同海拔高度的土壤质量综合得分。根据综合得分得出土壤质量综合评价的排列顺序为：2005 海拔2200 m＞2007 年海拔2000 m＞2005 年海拔2000 m＞2007 年海拔1800 m＞2007 海拔2200 m＞2005 年海拔1800 m。2005年土壤综合质量随海拔升高而趋好，2007 年则以海拔2000 m 最优，海拔1800 m和2200 m 差异不大。 5）排除人为干扰后，干旱河谷土壤物理性状在海拔1800 m 略有恢复，海拔2000 m 变化不明显，而海拔2200 m 仍有退化趋势；土壤化学性质在海拔1800 m和2000 m 地段得到恢复，而海拔2200 m 处仍有退化；土壤生物学性质在海拔2000 m 地段呈恢复趋势，而1800 m 和2200 m 仍处于退化状态。综合质量分析表明，与2005 年相比，2007 年海拔1800 m 和2000 m 地段土壤质量趋于变优而海拔2200 m 地段仍有退化迹象。 Soil is a key factor that affect the restoration of vegetation in the Hengduan Mountains dry valley area. But the dynamics and quality of soil is not knowed in dry area. In this study, soil physiochemical and biological characteristics ranging from 1800~2200m above sea level from a typical south-facing slope at the Minjiang River dry valley area had been studied, and characteristics of changes in soil quality along altitudinal gradients and time scales were also discussed. The principal component analysis was used to assess the soil quality. The main results were as follows: 1) Changes in soil physical properties along altitudes. Soil physical properties obtained the optimization along with the elevation in 2005 and 2007. 2) Changes in soil chemical properties. It was summarized that soil chemical properties increased with elevation in 2005, but the soil of 2000 m was the best in 2007. 3) Changes in soil biological characteristics. Soil biological properties increased with elevation in 2005, but the soil of 2000 m was the best and 1800 m was the worst in 2007. 4) Change tendency of soil quality. With the soil physics, chemistry and biology characteristics, we analysised the change tendency of soil quality in altitudes. The result indicated that soil quality increased with altituded in 2005, and soil quality of 2000 m was the best in 2007. 5) In brief, the soil quality is by physics, chemistry as well as the biology synthesizes the influence the final outcome. And the soil quality's change was manifested by soil physics, chemistry and the biology characteristics. All the results indicated soil quality still degenerated at 2200 m in in the dry valley of Minjiang River. And soil quality of 1800 m and 2000 m resumed slight.

黄土高原沟壑区小流域不同地形下土壤性质分布特征

地形条件是影响黄土高原地区土壤性质分布的主要因素,研究不同地形条件下土壤性质的分布是合理评价黄土区土壤质量状况的重要前提。论文研究了黄土高原沟壑区小流域地形条件对土壤性质剖面分布的影响,结果表明土壤硝态氮、速效磷、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶为高度变异的土壤性质;pH值和过氧化氢酶为小变异土壤性质。塬面和沟道土壤pH值和过氧化氢酶活性较低,阳离子交换量较高。土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效磷、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性在土壤剖面随土层深度的增加逐渐降低,且均表现为塬面>梯田>坡地>沟道的趋势。不同地形条件下土壤pH值的变化由地形条件引起的土壤过程及硝态氮在土壤中的累积引起;阳离子交换量的变化由成土过程、pH值和有机质的差异引起;土壤有机质及氮、磷养分的差异由与地形条件对应的土地利用方式引起;土壤酶活性的差异则是有机质的差异引起的。

宁夏黄土区不同植物群落土地利用方式对土壤质量的影响

本文研究了宁夏南部山区典型植物群落土地不同利用方式下土壤质量的变化。结果表明:(1)典型长芒草群落土地,开垦地比封禁地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量明显降低,降低幅度分别为19.5%、20.1%、17.6%1、3.0%、77.8%和47.5%。脲酶活性为开垦地>封禁地,蔗糖酶则表现为封禁地>开垦地,中性磷酸酶差异不明显。(2)铁杆蒿群落土地三种利用方式下:放牧地土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效钾等养分含量较封禁地与开垦地有一定幅度的增加;放牧地的土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和中性磷酸酶活性均高于封禁和开垦的同土层土壤,封禁地的脲酶和蔗糖酶次之,开垦地的脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最小,开垦地的中性磷酸酶活性高于封禁地。脲酶活性在土层之间变化较小,最高为放牧地表层177.6 mg/(kg.h),最低为开垦地表下层114.5 mg/(kg.h),蔗糖酶活性层次之间变化明显,其中放牧地表层为表下层的3倍左右。长芒草群落土壤表层各级微团聚体表现为封禁地远大于开垦地,铁杆蒿群落土地不同利用方式下各级微团聚体表现不同,结构系数表现为表层>表下层,保持率则为表层<表下层。结构系数与保持率均表现为封禁地>放牧地>开垦地。(3)在...

侵蚀环境撂荒地植被恢复与土壤质量的协同效应

探索黄土丘陵区退耕撂荒地植被恢复与土壤相关要素的关系,为生态恢复重建决策提供理论依据。【方法】以中国科学院安塞水土保持实验站墩山退耕不同年限的撂荒地为研究对象,通过植被群落特征调查和土壤质量测试分析等,运用相关和回归分析方法对植被恢复过程中植被与土壤质量的协同效应研究。【结果】在其恢复过程中,植被地上生物量与植被覆盖度呈正相关,它们与土壤容重呈负相关,而与土壤大团聚体、水稳性大团聚体、有机质含量、全氮含量、水解氮含量、速效钾含量、微生物量(C、N、P)以及土壤呼吸强度之间呈正相关,与土壤全磷、速效磷含量无显著相关性。同时,植被地上生物量和植被覆盖度与土壤抗蚀性关系密切,它们与表示土壤抗蚀性能的土壤团聚度、结构系数之间呈正相关,与土壤分散系数、结构体破坏率之间呈负相关。土壤容重与土壤大团聚体、水稳性团聚体含量之间呈负相关,土壤大团聚体含量与水稳性团聚体含量之间亦呈正相关。黄土丘陵区退耕撂荒地植被恢复过程中,土壤质量得到不断恢复提高,并能促进植被的生长繁衍,推动植被恢复演替进展,植被恢复健康和演替的同时,亦进一步推动土壤质量的改善提高,二者之间表现为正向互作效应。

黄土高原水土保持措施对侵蚀土壤发育的效应

水土保持工程及植被措施实施,对土壤形成条件、土壤特征及土壤发育产生一定影响,而侵蚀土壤发育程度是评价土壤质量变化及其生态环境效应的重要基础。研究黄土高原水土保持措施对侵蚀土壤理化性质、发育和功能的影响,可为水土保持综合治理,改善黄土高原生态环境提供依据。评述长期定位试验的方法及以空间代替时间的原理,研究了在实施不同水土保持措施后,土壤基本理化性状的变化特征。结果表明:随着措施实施年限的增加,土壤的水分环境和土壤有机碳含量发生了明显改善,对土壤结构和功能产生了影响。证明水土保持措施对侵蚀土壤的发育有一定促进作用。

子午岭不同土地利用方式对土壤性质的影响

通过野外调查和室内分析相结合的方法,研究子午岭次生林区不同土地利用方式下的土壤性质状况,分析土地利用状况与土壤质量之间的关系,结果表明:不同土地利用方式表层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、pH值、脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶含量或活性差异显著,农地主要土壤养分含量和酶活性较低,林地则较高。除pH值外,不同利用方式下土壤养分和酶活性均随土层深度的增加而逐渐减小。除土壤pH值外,不同利用方式下土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、铵态氮、脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶之间呈显著或极显著正相关性。以林地为对照的土壤退化指数表明农用地和撂荒翻耕地土壤质量退化显著,其表层(0～20cm)土壤退化指数分别为44.86%和43.10%;撂荒未翻耕地深层(20～130cm)土壤质量则有所提高。

Distribution and mobility of metals in agricultural soils near a copper smelter in South China

The distribution and mobility of heavy metals in the paddy soils surrounding a copper smelting plant in south China was investigated. We assessed the degree of metal contamination using an index of geoaccumulation. The metals were divided into two groups: (1) Cu, Zn, Pb and Cd, whose concentrations were heavily affected by anthropogenic inputs, and (2) Ni, Co and Cr, which were mainly of geochemical origin. Concentrations of Cu, Cd, Zn, and Pb in the polluted soils were higher than the Chinese soil quality criteria. The chemical partitioning patterns of Pb, Zn and Cu indicated that Pb was largely associated with the residual and NH2OH HCl extractable fractions. In contrast, Cd was predominantly associated with the MgCl2 extractable fraction. A large proportion of Cu was bound to the acidic H2O2 extractable fractions, while Zn was predominantly found in the residual phase. The fraction of mobile species, which potentially is the most harmful to the environment, was found to be elevated compared to unpolluted soils in which heavy metals are more strongly bound to the matrix. The mobility of the metals was studied by water extraction using a modification of Tessier's procedure, and the order of mobility was Zn > Cd > Cu > Ce > Pb.

Program, abstracts and related documents.

The context: Soil biodiversity and sustainable agriculture; Abstracts - Theme 1: Monitoring and assessment: Bioindicators of soil health: assessment and monitoring for sustainable agriculture; Practical tools to measure soil health and their use by farmers; Biological soil quality from biomass to biodiversity - importance and resilience to management stress and disturbance; Integrated management of plant-parasitic nematodes in maize-bean cropping systems; Microbial quantitative and qualitative changes in soils under different crops and tillage management systems in Brazil; Diversity in the rhizobia associated with Phaseolus vulgaris L: in Ecuador and comparisons with Mexican bean rhizobia; Sistemas integrados ganadería-agricultura en Cuba; Soil macrofauna as bioindicator of soil quality; Biological functioning of cerrado soils; Hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate as a soil quality indicator in different pasture systems; Soil management and soil macrofauna communities at Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, Brazil; Soil macrofauna in a 24 - year old no-tillage system in Paraná, Brazil; Invertebrate macrofauna of soils inpastures under different forms of management in the cerrado (Brazil); Soil tillage modifies the invertebrate soil macrofauna community; Soil macrofauna in various tillage and land use systems on an oxisols near Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Interference of agricultural systems on soil macrofauna; Scarab beetle-grub holes in various tillage and crop management systems at Embrapa Soybean, Londrina, Brazil; Biological management of agroecosystems; Soil biota and nutrient dynamics through litterfall in agroforestry system in Rondônia, Amazônia, Brazil; Soil-C stocks and earthworm diversity of native and introduced pastures in Veracruz, Mexico; Theme 2 : Adaptive management: Some thoughts on the effects and implications of the transition from weedy multi-crop to wead-free mono-crop systems in Africa; Towards sustainable agriculture with no-tillage and crop rotation systems in South Brazil; Effect of termites on crusted soil rehabilitation in the Sahel; Management of macrofauna in traditional and conventional agroforestry systems from India with special reference to termites and earthworms; Adaptive management for redeveloping traditional agroecosystems; Conservation and sustainable use of soil biodiversity: learning with master nature!; Convergence of sciences: inclusive technology innovation processes for better integrated crop/vegetation, soil and biodiversity management; Potential for increasing soil biodiversity in agroecosystems; Biological nitrogen fixation and sustainability in the tropics; Theme 3: Research and innovation: Plant flavonoids and cluster roots as modifiers of soil biodiversity; The significance of biological diversity in agricultural soil for disease suppressiveness and nutrient retention; Linking above - and belowground biodiversity: a comparison of agricultural systems; Insect-pests in biologically managed oil and crops: the experience at ICRISAT; Sistemas agricolas micorrizados en Cuba; The effect of velvetbean (Mucuna pruriens) on the tropical earthworm Balanteodrilus pearsei: a management option for maize crops in the Mexican humid tropics; The potential of earthworms and organic matter quality in the rehabilitation of tropical soils; Research and innovation in biological management of soil ecosystems; Application of biodynamic methods in the Egyptian cotton sector; Theme 4: Capacity building and mainstreaming: Soil ecology and biodiversity: a quick scan of its importance for government policy in The Netherlands; Agrotechnological transfer of legume inoculants in Eastern and Southern Africa; Agricultura urbana en Cuba; Soil carbon sequestration for sustaining agricultural production and improving the environment; Conservation and sustainable management of below-ground biodiversity: the TSBF-BGBD network project; The tropical soil biology and fertility institute of CIAT (TSBF); South-South initiative for training and capacity building for the management of soil biology/biodiversity; Strategies to facilititate development and adoption of integrated resource management for sustainable production and productivity improvement; The challenge program on biological nitrogen fixation (CPBNF); Living soil training for farmers: improving knowledge and skills in soil nutrition management; Do we need an inter-governmental panel on land and soil (IPLS)? Protection and sustainable use of biodiversity of soils; Cases Studies -- Plant parasitic nematodes associated with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and integrated management approaches; Agrotechnological transfer of legume inoculants in Eastern and Southern Africa; Restoring soil fertility and enhancing productivity in Indian tea plantations with earthworms and organic fertilizers; Managing termites and organic resources to improve soil productivity in the Sahel; Overview and case studies on biological nitrogen fixation: perspectives and limitations; Soil biodiversity and sustainable agriculture: an overview.

Índices de agregação e teor de carbono intra-agregados como indicadores de qualidade do solo.

Esse trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar diferentes índices de agregação e teores de carbono em diferentes classes de agregados como ferramenta de diagnóstico de qualidade da estrutura do solo. O estudo foi realizado em uma microbacia localizada no Município de São Francisco de Itabapoana-RJ. Foram estudados três usos da terra: uma sucessão de abacaxi-aipim; um pastoreio-rotacionado e um remanescente de mata (referência), todos sob Latossolo Amarelo. Utilizou-se estatística multivariada (análise discriminante e canônica) para seleção dos índices que melhor indicam as mudanças na estrutura do solo e teste Dunnett para comparação de médias dos índices e do carbono em agregados. A mata e o pastoreio-rotacionado apresentaram os valores mais altos para as variáveis: Diâmetro Médio Ponderado (DMP), Diâmetro Médio Geométrico (DMG) e Índice de Estabilidade de Agregados (IEA), sendo respectivamente 2,94 mm, 2,83 mm, 92% e 2,92 mm, 2,75 mm, 91%. A sucessão de abacaxi-aipim apresentou os menores valores para esses índices, sendo 2,22 mm, 0,95 mm, 58% respectivamente. As variáveis que foram as melhores discriminantes para a estrutura e qualidade do solo foram a relação macro/microagregados e carbono intra-agregado, denotando a sensibilidade do C, tanto do macro quanto do microagregado da sucessão de culturas frente à mata (referência).

Fósforo extractable y fósforo orgánico lábil como indicadores de calidad de suelos de Entre Ríos

p.41-46

La percepción de la calidad del suelo por parte de los productores en una prueba piloto en el área pampeana

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Indicadores de calidad de la tierra en distintas posiciones de la cuenca del Río Santa María

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Contaminants in surface water and sediments around the Tynagh Mine, Galway, Ireland.

A former silver mine in Tynagh, Co. Galway, Ireland is one of the most contaminated mine sites in Europe with maximum concentrations of Zn, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cu, and Cd far exceeding guideline values for water and sediment. The aims of this research were to 1) further assess the contamination, particularly metals, in surface water and sediment around the site, and 2) determine if the contamination has increased 10 years after the Environmental Protection Agency Ireland (EPAI) identified off-site contamination. Site pH is alkaline to neutral because CaCO3-rich sediment and rock material buffer the exposed acid generating sulphide-rich ore. When this study was compared to the previous EPAI study conducted 10 years earlier, it appeared that further weathering of exposed surface sediment had increased concentrations of As and other potentially toxic elements. Water samples from the tailings ponds and adjacent Barnacullia Stream had concentrations of Al, Cd, Mn, Zn and Pb above guideline values. Lead and Zn concentrations from the tailings pond sediment were 16 and 5 times higher, respectively, than concentrations reported 10 years earlier. Pb and Zn levels in most sediment samples exceeded the Expert Group (EGS) guidelines of 1000 and 5000 mg/kg, respectively. Arsenic concentrations were as high as 6238 mg/kg in the tailings ponds sediment, which is 62 and 862 times greater than the EGS and Canadian Soil Quality Guidelines (CSQG), respectively. Cadmium, Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn concentrations in water and sediment were above guideline values downstream of the site. Additionally, Fe, Mn and organic matter (OM) were strongly correlated and correlated to Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Cu and Ni in stream sediment. Therefore, the nearby Barnacullia Stream is also a significant pathway for contaminant transport to downstream areas. Further rehabilitation of the site may decrease the contamination around the area.