Clinical performance of cervical restorations: a meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To carry out a meta-analysis in order to assess the influencing factors on retention loss and marginal discoloration of cervical restorations made of composites and glass ionomer (derivates). METHODS: The literature was searched for prospective clinical studies on cervical restorations with an observation period of at least 18 months. RESULTS: Fifty clinical studies involving 40 adhesive systems matched the inclusion criteria. On average, 10% of the cervical fillings were lost and 24% exhibited marginal discoloration after 3 years. The variability ranged from 0% to 50% for retention loss and from 0% to 74% for marginal discoloration. Hardly any secondary caries was detected. When linear mixed models with a study and experiment effect were used, the analysis revealed that the adhesive/restorative class had the most significant influence, with 2-step self-etching adhesive systems performing best and 1-step self-etching adhesive systems performing worst; 3-step etch-and-rinse systems, glass ionomers/resin-modified glass ionomers, 2-step etch-and-rinse systems and polyacid-modified resin composites were ranked in between. Restorations placed in teeth whose dentin/enamel had been prepared/roughened showed a statistically significant higher retention rate than those placed in teeth with unprepared dentin (p<0.05). Beveling of the enamel and the type of isolation used (rubberdam/cotton rolls) had no significant influence. SIGNIFICANCE: The clinical performance of cervical restorations is significantly influenced by the type of adhesive system used and/or the adhesive class to which the system belonged and whether the dentin/enamel is prepared or not. 2-Step self-etching- and 3-step etch&rinse systems shall be chosen over 1-step self-etching systems and glass ionomer derivates. The dentin (and enamel) surface shall be roughened before placement of the restoration.

Who are Cerverí's worst enemies?

Those who heard the piece sung at the royal court of Aragon, where it was composed, were more than likely familiar with its author, the troubadour Cerverí de Girona, one of the most significant poets of the time. If later readers knew the poem from a compilation similar to the only chansonnier that has preserved it until present times, they would have had access to at least one hundred and three other pieces by the same troubadour, which give useful clues to understand this self-referential piece

A dynamic model for stem cell homeostasis and patterning in Arabidopsis meristems.

Plants maintain stem cells in their meristems as a source for new undifferentiated cells throughout their life. Meristems are small groups of cells that provide the microenvironment that allows stem cells to prosper. Homeostasis of a stem cell domain within a growing meristem is achieved by signalling between stem cells and surrounding cells. We have here simulated the origin and maintenance of a defined stem cell domain at the tip of Arabidopsis shoot meristems, based on the assumption that meristems are self-organizing systems. The model comprises two coupled feedback regulated genetic systems that control stem cell behaviour. Using a minimal set of spatial parameters, the mathematical model allows to predict the generation, shape and size of the stem cell domain, and the underlying organizing centre. We use the model to explore the parameter space that allows stem cell maintenance, and to simulate the consequences of mutations, gene misexpression and cell ablations.

Resting-state temporal synchronization networks emerge from connectivity topology and heterogeneity.

Spatial patterns of coherent activity across different brain areas have been identified during the resting-state fluctuations of the brain. However, recent studies indicate that resting-state activity is not stationary, but shows complex temporal dynamics. We were interested in the spatiotemporal dynamics of the phase interactions among resting-state fMRI BOLD signals from human subjects. We found that the global phase synchrony of the BOLD signals evolves on a characteristic ultra-slow (<0.01Hz) time scale, and that its temporal variations reflect the transient formation and dissolution of multiple communities of synchronized brain regions. Synchronized communities reoccurred intermittently in time and across scanning sessions. We found that the synchronization communities relate to previously defined functional networks known to be engaged in sensory-motor or cognitive function, called resting-state networks (RSNs), including the default mode network, the somato-motor network, the visual network, the auditory network, the cognitive control networks, the self-referential network, and combinations of these and other RSNs. We studied the mechanism originating the observed spatiotemporal synchronization dynamics by using a network model of phase oscillators connected through the brain's anatomical connectivity estimated using diffusion imaging human data. The model consistently approximates the temporal and spatial synchronization patterns of the empirical data, and reveals that multiple clusters that transiently synchronize and desynchronize emerge from the complex topology of anatomical connections, provided that oscillators are heterogeneous.

Paradigms of notch signaling in mammals.

Notch proteins regulate a broad spectrum of cell fate decisions and differentiation processes during fetal and postnatal life. These proteins are involved in organogenesis during embryonic development as well as in the maintenance of homeostasis of self-renewing systems. The paradigms of Notch function, such as stem and progenitor cell maintenance, lineage specification mediated by binary cell fate decisions, and induction of terminal differentiation, were initially established in invertebrates and subsequently confirmed in mammals. Moreover, aberrant Notch signaling is linked to tumorigenesis. In this review, we discuss the origin of postulated Notch functions, give examples from different mammalian organ systems, and try to relate them to the hematopoietic system.

Correlation between microtensile bond strength data and clinical outcome of Class V restorations.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if the results of resin-dentin microtensile bond strength (µTBS) is correlated with the outcome parameters of clinical studies on non-retentive Class V restorations. METHODS: Resin-dentin µTBS data were obtained from one test center; the in vitro tests were all performed by the same operator. The µTBS testing was performed 8h after bonding and after 6 months of storing the specimens in water. Pre-test failures (PTFs) of specimens were included in the analysis, attributing them a value of 1MPa. Prospective clinical studies on cervical restorations (Class V) with an observation period of at least 18 months were searched in the literature. The clinical outcome variables were retention loss, marginal discoloration and marginal integrity. Furthermore, an index was formulated to be better able to compare the laboratory and clinical results. Estimates of adhesive effects in a linear mixed model were used to summarize the clinical performance of each adhesive between 12 and 36 months. Spearman correlations between these clinical performances and the µTBS values were calculated subsequently. RESULTS: Thirty-six clinical studies with 15 adhesive/restorative systems for which µTBS data were also available were included in the statistical analysis. In general 3-step and 2-step etch-and-rinse systems showed higher bond strength values than the 2-step/3-step self-etching systems, which, however, produced higher values than the 1-step self-etching and the resin modified glass ionomer systems. Prolonged water storage of specimens resulted in a significant decrease of the mean bond strength values in 5 adhesive systems (Wilcoxon, p<0.05). There was a significant correlation between µTBS values both after 8h and 6 months of storage and marginal discoloration (r=0.54 and r=0.67, respectively). However, the same correlation was not found between µTBS values and the retention rate, clinical index or marginal integrity. SIGNIFICANCE: As µTBS data of adhesive systems, especially after water storage for 6 months, showed a good correlation with marginal discoloration in short-term clinical Class V restorations, longitudinal clinical trials should explore whether early marginal staining is predictive for future retention loss in non-carious cervical restorations.

Clinical effectiveness of direct class II restorations: a meta-analysis.

Purpose: More than five hundred million direct dental restorations are placed each year worldwide. In about 55% of the cases, resin composites or compomers are used, and in 45% amalgam. The longevity of posterior resin restorations is well documented. However, data on resin composites that are placed without enamel/dentin conditioning and resin composites placed with self-etching adhesive systems are missing. Material and Methods: The database SCOPUS was searched for clinical trials on posterior resin composites without restricting the search to the year of publication. The inclusion criteria were: (1) prospective clinical trial with at least 2 years of observation; (2) minimum number of restorations at last recall = 20; (3) report on dropout rate; (4) report of operative technique and materials used; (5) utilization of Ryge or modified Ryge evaluation criteria. For amalgam, only those studies were included that directly compared composite resin restorations with amalgam. For the statistical analysis, a linear mixed model was used with random effects to account for the heterogeneity between the studies. P-values under 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Of the 373 clinical trials, 59 studies met the inclusion criteria. In 70% of the studies, Class II and Class I restorations had been placed. The overall success rate of composite resin restorations was about 90% after 10 years, which was not different from that of amalgam. Restorations with compomers had a significantly lower longevity. The main reason for replacement were bulk fractures and caries adjacent to restorations. Both of these incidents were infrequent in most studies and accounted only for about 6% of all replaced restorations after 10 years. Restorations with macrofilled composites and compomer suffered significantly more loss of anatomical form than restorations with other types of material. Restorations that were placed without enamel acid etching and a dentin bonding agent showed significantly more marginal staining and detectable margins compared to those restorations placed using the enamel-etch or etch-and-rinse technique; restorations with self-etching systems were between the other groups. Restorations with compomer suffered significantly more chippings (repairable fracture) than restorations with other materials, which did not statistically differ among each other. Restorations that were placed with a rubber-dam showed significantly fewer material fractures that needed replacement, and this also had a significant effect on the overall longevity. Conclusion: Restorations with hybrid and microfilled composites that were placed with the enamel-etching technique and rubber-dam showed the best overall performance; the longevity of these restorations was similar to amalgam restorations. Compomer restorations, restorations placed with macrofilled composites, and resin restorations with no-etching or self-etching adhesives demonstrated significant shortcomings and shorter longevity.

A Secure and Anonymous Cooperative Sensing Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks

Spectrum is an essential resource for the provision of mobile services. In order to control and delimit its use, governmental agencies set up regulatory policies. Unfortunately, such policies have led to a deficiency of spectrum as only few frequency bands are left unlicensed, and these are used for the majority of new emerging wireless applications. One promising way to alleviate the spectrum shortage problem is adopting a spectrum sharing paradigm in which frequency bands are used opportunistically. Cognitive radio is the key technology to enable this shift of paradigm.Cognitive radio networks are self-organized systems in which devices cooperate to use those spectrum ranges that are not occupied by licensed users. They carry out spectrum sensing in order to detect vacant channels that can be used for communication. Even though spectrum sensing is an active area of research, an important issue remains unsolved: the secure authentication of sensing reports. Not providing security enables the input of false data in the system thus empowering false results. This paper presents a distributed protocol based on wireless physical layer security, symmetric cryptography and one-way functions that allows determining a final sensing decision from multiple sources in a quick and secure way, as well as it preserves users¿ privacy.

Analyzing dynamic intellectual capital: System-based theory and application

This research report presents an application of systems theory to evaluating intellectual capital (IC) as organization's ability for self-renewal. As renewal ability is a dynamic capability of an organization as a whole, rather than a static asset or an atomistic competence of separate individuals within the organization, it needs to be understood systemically. Consequently, renewal ability has to be measured with systemic methods that are based on a thorough conceptual analysis of systemic characteristics of organizations. The aim of this report is to demonstrate the theory and analysis methodology for grasping companies' systemic efficiency and renewal ability. The volume is divided into three parts. The first deals with the theory of organizations as self-renewing systems. In the second part, the principles of quantitative analysis of organizations are laid down. Finally, the detailed mathematics of the renewal indices are presented. We also assert that the indices produced by the analysis are an effective tool for the management and valuation of knowledge-intensive companies.

Clinical effectiveness of direct anterior restorations-A meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: This is the first meta-analysis on the efficacy of composite resin restorations in anterior teeth. The objective of the present meta-analysis was to verify whether specific material classes, tooth conditioning methods and operational procedures influence the result for Class III and Class IV restorations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The database SCOPUS and PubMed were searched for clinical trials on anterior resin composites without restricting the search to the year of publication. The inclusion criteria were: (1) prospective clinical trial with at least 2 years of observation; (2) minimal number of restorations at last recall=20; (3) report on drop-out rate; (4) report of operative technique and materials used in the trial, and (5) utilization of Ryge or modified Ryge evaluation criteria. For the statistical analysis, a linear mixed model was used with random effects to account for the heterogeneity between the studies. p-Values smaller than 0.05 were considered to be significant. RESULTS: Of the 84 clinical trials, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria, 14 of them for Class III restorations, 6 for Class IV restorations and 1 for closure of diastemata; the latter was included in the Class IV group. Twelve of the 21 studies started before 1991 and 18 before 2001. The estimated median overall success rate (without replacement) after 10 years for Class III composite resin restorations was 95% and for Class IV restorations 90%. The main reason for the replacement of Class IV restorations was bulk fractures, which occurred significantly more frequently with microfilled composites than with hybrid and macrofilled composites. Caries adjacent to restorations was infrequent in most studies and accounted only for about 2.5% of all replaced restorations after 10 years irrespective of the cavity class. Class III restorations with glass ionomer derivates suffered significantly more loss of anatomical form than did fillings with other types of material. When the enamel was acid-etched and no bonding agent was applied, significantly more restorations showed marginal staining and detectable margins compared to enamel etching with enamel bonding or the total etch technique; fillings with self-etching systems were in between of these two outcome variables. Bevelling of the enamel was associated with a significantly reduced deterioration of the anatomical form compared to no bevelling but not with less marginal staining or less detectable margins. The type of isolation (absolute/relative) had a statistically significant influence on marginal caries which, however, might be a random finding.

Kohti dynaamista organisaatioviestintää ja organisaatiota – teoreettinen synteesi

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää, mitä on dynaaminen organisaatio- viestintä, minkälaisesta maailmankuvasta se ponnistaa ja mitä yhtymä- kohtia sillä on tietojohtamisen kolmiulotteiseen organisaatiomalliin. Tutkimus on teoreettinen synteesi, jonka avulla on tarkoitus löytää myös käytännön menetelmiä, joilla voidaan tukea dynaamista organisaatio- viestintää, organisaation dynaamisuutta sekä itseuudistumista. Tutkimuksen teoreettisina lähtökohtina ovat Pekka Aulan dynaamisen organisaatioviestinnän teoria sekä pääasiassa Pirjo Ståhlen luoma kolmiulotteinen organisaatiomalli ja siihen liittyvä itseuudistuvien systeemien teoriaehdotus. Tutkimuksen käytännönläheisessä osassa analysoidaan suomalaisia organisaatioviestinnän oppikirjoja dynaamisen organisaatioviestinnän teorian valossa. Lopuksi muodostetaan malli, joka tukee dynaamista organisaatioviestintää ja organisaatiota. Tutkimus osoittaa, että useiden teoreetikoiden mielestä organisaatioiden pitäisi luopua vanhentuneista organisaatiorakenteistaan ja kehittää työympäristöjään nostamalla inhimilliset voimavarat ensisijaisiksi sekä keskittymällä työntekijöiden välisen vuorovaikutuksen, tiedon sekä informaation vaihtoon.

Narrative discourse in interviews to linguistically mixed couples

This article deals with self-referential storytelling in sociolinguistic interviews. It analyzes the personal stories in ten interviews to linguistically heterogeneous couples. For this purpose, it is applied the model of linguistic analysis of drama (Bruner & Weisser 1991) and it identifies and interprets discursive markers of autobiographical storytelling. Therefore it takes into consideration the elements referred to agents and to their actions, to the sequences of events, to the canon or rule, and to the narrator's perspective. At the same time, it proposes to extend our approach to the existence itself of the participants. Resumen.-"Discurso narrativo en entrevistas a parejas lingüísticamente mixtas". Este artículo trata de las narraciones autorreferenciales en entrevistas sociolingüísticas sobre concepciones y usos de las lenguas en familias lingüísticamente mixtas. Analiza los relatos que aparecen en diez entrevistas a padres y madres que forman parejas lingüísticamente heterogéneas. Aplica el modelo de análisis lingüístico del dramatismo (Bruner & Weisser 1991). Identifica e interpreta los marcadores discursivos de la narración autobiográfica. Con este propósito considera los constituyentes que se refieren a los agentes y sus acciones, a las secuencias de sucesos, al canon o norma y a la perspectiva del narrador. Y propone la ampliación del estudio a los guiones de vida de lo actores. Palabras clave: entrevista, relato, narración, pareja, política lingüística de la familia, multilingüismo, marcador discursivo.

Crise identitaire : Arrested Development et le portrait d’une sitcom dans le paysage télévisuel contemporain

Pour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de ce mémoire a été dépouillée de ses documents visuels. La version intégrale du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Histoire, fiction et mémoire dans l’œuvre de Boubacar Boris Diop

Cette thèse tente de réfléchir sur l’écriture de Boubacar Boris Diop. Les romans de cet écrivain doivent une grande part de leur originalité à la présence obsédante des discours de la mémoire et de l’histoire. Son esthétique s’inscrit dans une revisitation permanente des récits de l'historiographie. Cette écriture convoque le passé et l'investit comme matériau dans cette exploration des formes du roman. Une telle démarche scripturale semble être la pierre angulaire de cette fiction aux confluences desquelles se rencontrent et s'intègrent systématiquement, aussi bien les genres romanesques hétérogènes de l'oralité (contes, épopées, mythes...), que des disciplines non romanesques. Cette stratégie de construction romanesque traduit, au-delà d'une simple exploration formelle et innovatrice des possibles du roman, une esthétique de distanciation et d'hétérogénéité qui traverse en filigrane l'œuvre de Boubacar Boris Diop. Cette forme d’écriture singularise son esthétique et constitue une rupture épistémologique dans le champ littéraire africain, qui a été souvent caractérisé par des récits linéaires classiques. L’usage de ces discours de l’histoire et de la mémoire, dans l’esthétique romanesque de Boubacar Boris Diop, s’articule d’abord dans une démarche de renouvellement des habitudes dans le champ littéraire africain, et ouvre aussi cette «phase autoréférentielle» (Sob, 2007 : 8) du roman en inscrivant son discours dans la modernité. Ensuite, cette pratique scripturale se construit sur l’élaboration d’un style romanesque particulier, se déployant dans une mise en scène et une parodisation permanentes du fonctionnement et des modalités de l’écriture. Sur fond d’une déconstruction perpétuelle des procédés de composition romanesque, se dessinent les contours d’une esthétique qui promeut et institue l’ambivalence généralisée comme le mode principal de son déploiement. Une telle pratique intertextuelle permet à l’écriture romanesque de se construire en confrontant les discours officiels de l’historiographie en général et l’histoire africaine contemporaine en particulier. En légitimant la déconstruction systématique comme dispositif de la composition romanesque, l’écriture se place dans une dynamique de «soupçon» qui sous-tend l’esthétique romanesque de Boubacar Boris Diop. La présente étude a le dessein de répertorier et d'analyser d'abord l'intégration des discours de l'histoire et de la mémoire, dans leurs manifestations et configurations dans l'œuvre de Diop, et ensuite, d'étudier leurs modalités d'insertion et d'utilisation dans l’élaboration de la fiction. Il s'agira, dans un cadre intertextuel, de voir comment ces discours sont investis et retravaillés par la fiction et, au-delà, d’essayer de repérer les motifs et les modalités discursives qui gouvernent leur usage. Une telle approche nous permettra d’appréhender les dimensions significatives de cette démarche scripturale et de voir éventuellement, s’il existe une poétique de la mémoire chez Boubacar Boris Diop. Les différentes théories sur la fiction, la mémoire et le discours historiographique nous serviront de charpente théorique qui sous-tendra notre thèse.

Stéréotypes et auto-exotisme : les représentations de la sexualité de l'homme noir chez René Depestre et Dany Laferrière

Ce mémoire fait appel aux notions de stéréotype (tel que théorisé par Ruth Amossy, Jean- Louis Dufays et Mireille Rosello) et d’auto-exotisme (défini par Nathalie Schon) afin d’étudier les représentations de la sexualité de l’homme noir dans Alléluia pour une femme-jardin de René Depestre et La chair du maître de Dany Laferrière. Le stéréotype et l’exotisme, tous deux tributaires d’une vision de l’autre généralisante, superficielle et éphémère, nous intéressent dans la mesure où ils sont employés de façon auto-référentielle par ces auteurs d’origine haïtienne, qui mettent en scène des protagonistes noirs correspondant souvent au stéréotype du Noir hyper-sexuel, qui est pourtant issu de fantasmagories coloniales avilissantes. Dans le cadre de cette recherche, nous analysons les différentes postures de la sexualité masculine dans les œuvres susmentionnées afin d’y révéler un emploi varié des stéréotypes, tantôt reconduits, tantôt déplacés, voire rendus désuets ou incertains, grâce à diverses stratégies textuelles comme l’humour, l’ironie, l’exagération ou l’omission. Ce faisant, nous remarquons que l’usage complexe des stéréotypes, chez Depestre et Laferrière, quoi qu’il fasse appel aux mêmes tropes, dénote différents moyens de négocier avec sa propre « étrangeté ».