Efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular nas circuitarias medulares inibitórias de sujeitos crônicos após acidente vascular cerebral

Pós-graduação em Fisioterapia - FCT

Controlador PID utilizando microcontrolador PIC

This monograph proposes the implementation of a low cost PID controller utilizing a PIC microcontroller, and its application in a positioning system previously controlled by a dedicated integrated circuit for a positioning system. Applying the closed-loop PID control, the system instability was reduced, and its response was smoother, eliminating vibrations and mechanical wear compared to its response with the dedicated integrated circuit, which has a very limited control action. The actuator of the system is a DC motor, whose speed is controlled by the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique, using a Full-Bridge circuit, allowing the shift of direction of rotation. The utilized microcontroller was the PIC16F684, which has an enhanced PWM module, with its analog converters used as reference and position feedback. The positioning sensor is a multiturn potentiometer coupled to the motor axis by gears. The possibility of programming the PID coefficients in the microcontroller, as well as the adjustment of the sampling rate, allows the implemented system achieving high level of versatility

Chaveamento de cargas intermitentes usando sensor de corrente

Due to concerns about rational use of energy, several alternative technologies of power generation appeared, including the conversion of solar energy into electrical energy by photovoltaic panels. In low-income households, the refrigerator represents considerable impact on the electric bill, since it requires constant power given its use in food preservation. It is possible to reduce this share, with the use of an alternative energy source. This work presents a timed switching electronic system, which allows commercial equipment that is not affected by short interruptions in the power supply to use a photovoltaic panel as a source of alternative energy, which usually do not provide energy continuously. Switching is made automatically in case of low incidence of sunlight, and without any form of energy storage. Between each switching, there is a dead time without power supply, therefore preventing the use of synchronizers circuits between the photovoltaic panel and the public power grid. A circuit containing a 80C31 microcontroller is used to control the system’s switching. The photovoltaic panel’s voltage inverter is in H bridge configuration, and is also controlled by the microcontroller through Pulse Width Modulation, which makes use of preprogrammed tables to generate the control signals of the power transistors. Through the use of software simulations, the proposed system was tested, which is capable of supplying intermittent single-phase loads. The simulations indicates that the project developed in this paper can be assembled into a prototype and be tested under real operating conditions, as long as the scaling of components, the characteristics of the photovoltaic panel to be used, and the project involved load are taken into account

A new biomimetic sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers for highly sensitive and selective determination of hexazinone herbicide

A new selective sensor based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) was developed for the determination of hexazinone (HXZ) in environmental samples. MIPs were synthesized using a non-covalent approach, and selection of the monomers employed in the polymerization reaction was carried out by molecular modeling. Three functional monomers with high (2-vinylpyridine (MP17)) and intermediate (methacrylic acid (MP12) and acrylamide (MP5)) energies of binding to the template (HXZ) were selected for preparation of the MIPs, in order to conduct comparative studies and validate the theoretical data. For sensor construction, carbon pastes were modified with each MIP or NIP (non-imprinted polymer), and HXZ determination was performed using differential pulse adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (DPAdCSV). All parameters affecting the sensor response were optimized. In HCl at pH 2.5, the sensor prepared with MP17 (5% w/w in the paste) showed a dynamic linear range between 1.9 × 10−11 and 1.1 × 10−10 mol L−1, and a detection limit of 2.6 × 10−12 mol L−1, under the following conditions: accumulation time of 200 s at a potential of −0.5V, scan rate of 50 mVs−1, pulse amplitude of 60 mV, and pulse width of 50 ms. The sensor was selective in the presence of other similar compounds, and was successfully applied to the analysis of HXZ in river water samples.

A low-power silicon-on-insulator PWM discriminator for biomedical applications

A CMOS/SOI circuit to decode PWM signals is presented as part of a body-implanted neurostimulator for visual prosthesis. Since encoded data is the sole input to the circuit, the decoding technique is based on a double-integration concept and does not require dc filtering. Nonoverlapping control phases are internally derived from the incoming pulses and a fast-settling comparator ensures good discrimination accuracy in the megahertz range. The circuit was integrated on a 2 mu m single-metal SOI fabrication process and has an effective area of 2mm(2) Typically, the measured resolution of encoding parameter a was better than 10% at 6MHz and V-DD=3.3V. Stand-by consumption is around 340 mu W. Pulses with frequencies up to 15MHz and alpha = 10% can be discriminated for V-DD spanning from 2.3V to 3.3V. Such an excellent immunity to V-DD deviations meets a design specification with respect to inherent coupling losses on transmitting data and power by means of a transcutaneous link.

A novel single-phase ZCS-PWM high power factor boost rectifier

This paper presents a novel single-phase high power factor PWM boost rectifier, featuring soft commutation of the active switches at zero-current (ZCS). It incorporates the most desirable properties of the conventional PWM and the soft-switching resonant techniques. The input current shaping is achieved with average current mode control, and continuous inductor current mode. This new PWM converter provides ZCS turn-on and turn-off of the active switches, and it is suitable for high power applications employing IGBTs. Principle of operation, theoretical analysis, a design example, and experimental results from a laboratory prototype rated at 1600 W with 400 Vdc output voltage are presented. The measured efficiency and power factor were 96.2% and 0.99 respectively, with an input current THD equal to 3.94%, for an input voltage THD equal to 3.8%, at rated load.

A new family of zero-current-switching PWM converters and a novel HPF-ZCS-PWM boost rectifier

A new family of direct current (DC) to DC converters based on a zero current switching pulse width modulated (ZCS-PWM) soft commutation cell is presented. This ZCS-PWM cell is consists of two transistors, two diodes, two inductors and one capacitor; and provides zero voltage turn-on to the diodes, a zero-current turn-on and a zero-current zero-voltage turn-off to the transistors. In addition, a new commutation cell in a new ZCS-PWM boost rectifier is developed, obtaining a structure with power factor near the unity, high efficiency at wide load range and low total harmonic distortion in the input current.

Qualitative analysis by online nuclear magnetic resonance using Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill sequence with low refocusing flip angles

The Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence has been used in many applications of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and low-resolution NMR (LRNMR) spectroscopy. Recently. CPMG was used in online LRNMR measurements that use long RF pulse trains, causing an increase in probe temperature and, therefore, tuning and matching maladjustments. To minimize this problem, the use of a low-power CPMG sequence based on low refocusing pulse flip angles (LRFA) was studied experimentally and theoretically. This approach has been used in several MRI protocols to reduce incident RF power and meet the specific absorption rate. The results for CPMG with LRFA of 3 pi/4 (CPMG(135)), pi/2 (CPMG(90)) and pi/4 (CPMG(45)) were compared with conventional CPMG with refocusing pi pulses. For a homogeneous field, with linewidth equal to Delta nu = 15 Hz, the refocusing flip angles can be as low as pi/4 to obtain the transverse relaxation time (T(2)) value with errors below 5%. For a less homogeneous magnetic field. Delta nu = 100 Hz, the choice of the LRFA has to take into account the reduction in the intensity of the CPMG signal and the increase in the time constant of the CPMG decay that also becomes dependent on longitudinal relaxation time (T(1)). We have compared the T(2) values measured by conventional CPMG and CPMG(90) for 30 oilseed species, and a good correlation coefficient, r = 0.98, was obtained. Therefore, for oilseeds, the T(2) measurements performed with pi/2 refocusing pulses (CPMG(90)), with the same pulse width of conventional CPMG, use only 25% of the RF power. This reduces the heating problem in the probe and reduces the power deposition in the samples. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of electromagnetic field on bone regeneration around dental implants after immediate placement in the dog mandible: a pilot study

Background: Accelerating bone healing around dental implants can reduce the long-term period between the insertion of implants and functional rehabilitation. Objective: This in vivo study evaluated the effect of a constant electromagnetic field (CEF) on bone healing around dental implants in dogs. Materials and methods: Eight dental implants were placed immediately after extraction of the first premolar and molar teeth on the mandible of two male dogs and divided into experimental (CEF) and control groups. A CEF at magnetic intensity of 0.8 mT with a pulse width of 25 mu s and frequency of 1.5 MHz was applied on the implants for 20 min per day for 2 weeks. Result and conclusion: After qualitative histological analysis, a small quantity of newly formed bone was observed in the gap between the implant surface and alveolar bone in both groups.

Auditory brainstem implant outcomes and MAP parameters: Report of experiences in adults and children

The auditory brainstem implant (ABI) was first developed to help neurofibromatosis type 2 patients. Recently, its use has been recently extended to adults with non-tumor etiologies and children with profound hearing loss who were not candidates for a cochlear implant (Cl). Although the results has been extensively reported, the stimulation parameters involved behind the outcomes have received less attention. Objective: The aim of this study is to describe the audiologic outcomes and the MAP parameters in ABI adults and children at our center. Methods: Retrospective chart review. Five adults and four children were implanted with the ABI24M from September 2005 to June 2009. In the adult patients, four had Neurofibromatosis type 2, and one had postmeningitic deafness with complete ossification of both cochleae. Three of the children had cochlear malformation or dysplasia, and one had complete ossified cochlea due to meningitis. Map parameters as well as the intraoperative electrical auditory brainstem responses were collected. Evaluation was performed with at least six months of device use and included free-field hearing thresholds, speech perception tests in the adult patients and for the children, the Infant-Toddler Meaningful Auditory Integration Scale (IT-MAIS) and (ESP) were used to evaluate the development of auditory skills, besides the MUSS to evaluate. Results: The number of active electrodes that did not cause any non-auditory sensation varied from three to nineteen. All of them were programmed with SPEAK strategy, and the pulse widths varied from 100 to 300 mu s. Free-field thresholds with warble tones varied from very soft auditory sensation of 70 dBHL at 250 Hz to a pure tone average of 45 dBHL. Speech perception varied from none to 60% open-set recognition of sentences in silence in the adult population and from no auditory sensation at all to a slight improvement in the IT-MAIS/MAIS scores. Conclusion: We observed that ABI may be a good option for offering some hearing attention to both adults and children. In children, the results might not be enough to ensure oral language development. Programming the speech processor in children demands higher care to the audiologist. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

A 12-month follow-up of hypopigmentation after laser hair removal

Introduction: Laser hair removal is becoming an increasingly popular alternative to traditional methods such as shaving, waxing, among other methods. Semiconductor diode lasers are considered the most efficient light sources available and are especially well suited for clinical applications including hair reduction. The effectiveness of laser hair reduction depends on many variables, including the skin type of the patient. Material and Methods: A patient with Fitzpatrick Skin Type IV was submitted to laser hair removal of the arms with a high-power diode laser system with long pulses with a wavelength of 800 nm, a fluence of 40 J/cm2 and a pulse width of 20 ms. A 12-month follow-up assessment was performed and included photography and questionnaire. Results: Hypopigmentation was observed after a single laser hair removal section. After 6 months with the area totally covered, a gradual suntan with a sun screen lotion with an SPF of 15 was prescribed by the dermatologist. After 12 months of the initial treatment, a complete recovery of the hypopigmentation was achieved. Conclusion: Although a safe procedure, lasers for hair removal may be associated with adverse side effects including undesired pigment alterations. Before starting a laser hair removal treatment, patients seeking the eradication of hair should be informed that temporary, and possibly permanent, pigmentary changes may occur.

Estudo clínico-histológico da quelite actímica crônica tratada por dois protocolos de laser de CO2 de baixa morbidade

Objetivo: Este ensaio clínico-histológico teve por meta avaliar a resposta terapêutica de dois protocolos de reconhecida baixa morbidade em passagem única. Métodos: Pacientes com queilite actínica crônica multicêntrica (n=40) comprovada pela microscopia foram randomicamente submetidos a dois protocolos de laser de CO2 pulsátil através de modelo comparativo bilateral (protocolo de pulsos de 350 mJ, 3,5 W, amplitude de 0,1s versus protocolo de pulsos de 250 mJ, 5 W, amplitude de 0,05s). Realizou-se em 26 pacientes análise comparativa dos níveis de atipia epitelial de espécimes de biópsia entre o status quo e o período pós-operatório de ambos os protocolos e entre si. Foram avaliados outros fenômenos do espectro da doença. Resultados: Houve presença clínica pós-operatória de lesões em 10% dos pacientes para cada protocolo e uma significante redução dos níveis de atipia epitelial (p<0,001), por vezes completa. Conclusão: Não houve diferença de resultados entre os protocolos estudados (p> 0,05).

Realizzazione e collaudo di un inverter di media tensione per prove su formette

L’introduzione massiccia dell’elettronica di potenza nel campo degli azionamenti elettrici negli ultimi decenni ha sostanzialmente rivoluzionato la tipologia di alimentazione dei motori elettrici. Da un lato ciò ha migliorato la qualità del controllo della velocità, ma dall’altro ha aggravato le sollecitazioni che gli isolanti delle macchine devono sopportare. Si è infatti passati da tecniche di controllo tradizionali, che consistevano nell’alimentare i motori in alternata direttamente con la rete sinusoidale a 50 Hz (o a 60 Hz), ad alimentazioni indirette, cioè realizzate interponendo tra la rete e la macchina un convertitore elettronico (inverter). Tali dispositivi operano una conversione di tipo ac/dc e dc/ac che permette, come nella modulazione Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), di poter variare la frequenza di alimentazione della macchina, generando una sequenza di impulsi di larghezza variabile. Si è quindi passati dalle tradizionali alimentazioni con forme d’onda alternate sinusoidali a forme di tensione impulsive e ad elevata frequenza, cioè caratterizzate da rapidi fronti di salita e di discesa (dell’ordine di qualche kV/µs). La natura impulsiva di queste forme d’onda ha aggravato la sollecitazione elettrica a cui sono sottoposti i materiali impiegati per l’isolamento dei conduttori degli avvolgimenti delle macchine. E’ importante notare che l’utilizzo dei dispositivi elettronici, che ormai si trovano sparsi nelle reti di bassa tensione, assorbono correnti ad elevato contenuto armonico sul lato di prelievo, hanno quindi un effetto distorcente che altera l’andamento sinusoidale della rete stessa. Quindi, senza opportuni filtri, anche tutte le altre utenze connesse nelle vicinanze, dimensionate per alimentazioni sinusoidali di tipo tradizionale, possono risentire di queste distorsioni armoniche. Per tutti questi motivi è sorta la necessità di verificare l’adeguatezza dei tradizionali isolamenti ad essere in grado di sopportare le sollecitazioni che derivano dall’utilizzo di convertitori elettronici. In particolare, per i motori elettrici tale interrogativo è stato posto in seguito al verificarsi di un elevato numero di guasti inaspettati (precoci), probabilmente imputabile alla diversa sollecitazione elettrica applicata ai materiali. In questa tesi ci si è occupati della progettazione di un inverter di media tensione, che verrà impiegato per eseguire prove sugli avvolgimenti di statore di motori (formette), al fine di condurre successivamente uno studio sull’invecchiamento dei materiali che compongono gli isolamenti. Tale inverter è in grado di generare sequenze di impulsi con modulazione PWM. I parametri caratteristici delle sequenze possono essere modificati in modo da studiare i meccanismi di degradazione in funzione della tipologia delle sollecitazioni applicate. Avendo a che fare con provini di natura capacitiva, il cui isolamento può cedere durante la prova, il sistema deve essere intrinsecamente protetto nei confronti di tutte le condizioni anomale e di pericolo. In particolare deve essere in grado di offrire rapide ed efficaci protezioni per proteggere l’impianto stesso e per salvaguardare la sicurezza degli operatori, dato l’elevato livello delle tensioni in gioco. Per questo motivo è stata pensata un’architettura di sistema ad hoc, in grado di fronteggiare le situazioni anomale in modo ridondante. E’ infatti stato previsto l’inserimento di un sistema di controllo basato sul CompactRIO, sul quale è stato implementato un software in grado di monitorare le grandezze caratteristiche del sistema e le protezioni che affiancheranno quelle hardware, realizzate con dispositivi elettronici. I dispositivi elettronici di protezione e di interfacciamento sono stati studiati, implementati e simulati con PSpice, per poi essere successivamente dimensionati e realizzati su schede elettroniche, avvalendosi del software OrCAD. La tesi è strutturata come segue: - Il primo capitolo tratta, in maniera generale, i motori asincroni trifase, gli inverter e l’invecchiamento dei sistemi isolanti, con particolare interesse alle sollecitazioni meccaniche, termiche ed elettriche nel caso di sollecitazioni impulsive; - Il secondo capitolo riguarda il sistema realizzato nel suo complesso. Inizialmente verrà descritto lo schema elettrico generale, per poi analizzare più nello specifico le varie parti di cui il sistema è composto, come l’inverter di media tensione, il generatore di media tensione, la scheda di disaccoppiamento ottico, la scheda di controllo del generatore di media tensione, la scheda OCP; - Il terzo capitolo descrive le lavorazioni meccaniche eseguite sulle scatole contenti i rami di inverter, la realizzazione delle fibre ottiche e riporta le fasi di collaudo dell’intero sistema. Infine, verranno tratte le conclusioni.

Modulation Techniques for Multi-Phase Converters and Control Strategies for Multi-Phase Electric Drives

The ever-increasing spread of automation in industry puts the electrical engineer in a central role as a promoter of technological development in a sector such as the use of electricity, which is the basis of all the machinery and productive processes. Moreover the spread of drives for motor control and static converters with structures ever more complex, places the electrical engineer to face new challenges whose solution has as critical elements in the implementation of digital control techniques with the requirements of inexpensiveness and efficiency of the final product. The successfully application of solutions using non-conventional static converters awake an increasing interest in science and industry due to the promising opportunities. However, in the same time, new problems emerge whose solution is still under study and debate in the scientific community During the Ph.D. course several themes have been developed that, while obtaining the recent and growing interest of scientific community, have much space for the development of research activity and for industrial applications. The first area of research is related to the control of three phase induction motors with high dynamic performance and the sensorless control in the high speed range. The management of the operation of induction machine without position or speed sensors awakes interest in the industrial world due to the increased reliability and robustness of this solution combined with a lower cost of production and purchase of this technology compared to the others available in the market. During this dissertation control techniques will be proposed which are able to exploit the total dc link voltage and at the same time capable to exploit the maximum torque capability in whole speed range with good dynamic performance. The proposed solution preserves the simplicity of tuning of the regulators. Furthermore, in order to validate the effectiveness of presented solution, it is assessed in terms of performance and complexity and compared to two other algorithm presented in literature. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is also tested on induction motor drive fed by a matrix converter. Another important research area is connected to the development of technology for vehicular applications. In this field the dynamic performances and the low power consumption is one of most important goals for an effective algorithm. Towards this direction, a control scheme for induction motor that integrates within a coherent solution some of the features that are commonly required to an electric vehicle drive is presented. The main features of the proposed control scheme are the capability to exploit the maximum torque in the whole speed range, a weak dependence on the motor parameters, a good robustness against the variations of the dc-link voltage and, whenever possible, the maximum efficiency. The second part of this dissertation is dedicated to the multi-phase systems. This technology, in fact, is characterized by a number of issues worthy of investigation that make it competitive with other technologies already on the market. Multiphase systems, allow to redistribute power at a higher number of phases, thus making possible the construction of electronic converters which otherwise would be very difficult to achieve due to the limits of present power electronics. Multiphase drives have an intrinsic reliability given by the possibility that a fault of a phase, caused by the possible failure of a component of the converter, can be solved without inefficiency of the machine or application of a pulsating torque. The control of the magnetic field spatial harmonics in the air-gap with order higher than one allows to reduce torque noise and to obtain high torque density motor and multi-motor applications. In one of the next chapters a control scheme able to increase the motor torque by adding a third harmonic component to the air-gap magnetic field will be presented. Above the base speed the control system reduces the motor flux in such a way to ensure the maximum torque capability. The presented analysis considers the drive constrains and shows how these limits modify the motor performance. The multi-motor applications are described by a well-defined number of multiphase machines, having series connected stator windings, with an opportune permutation of the phases these machines can be independently controlled with a single multi-phase inverter. In this dissertation this solution will be presented and an electric drive consisting of two five-phase PM tubular actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter will be presented. Finally the modulation strategies for a multi-phase inverter will be illustrated. The problem of the space vector modulation of multiphase inverters with an odd number of phases is solved in different way. An algorithmic approach and a look-up table solution will be proposed. The inverter output voltage capability will be investigated, showing that the proposed modulation strategy is able to fully exploit the dc input voltage either in sinusoidal or non-sinusoidal operating conditions. All this aspects are considered in the next chapters. In particular, Chapter 1 summarizes the mathematical model of induction motor. The Chapter 2 is a brief state of art on three-phase inverter. Chapter 3 proposes a stator flux vector control for a three- phase induction machine and compares this solution with two other algorithms presented in literature. Furthermore, in the same chapter, a complete electric drive based on matrix converter is presented. In Chapter 4 a control strategy suitable for electric vehicles is illustrated. Chapter 5 describes the mathematical model of multi-phase induction machines whereas chapter 6 analyzes the multi-phase inverter and its modulation strategies. Chapter 7 discusses the minimization of the power losses in IGBT multi-phase inverters with carrier-based pulse width modulation. In Chapter 8 an extended stator flux vector control for a seven-phase induction motor is presented. Chapter 9 concerns the high torque density applications and in Chapter 10 different fault tolerant control strategies are analyzed. Finally, the last chapter presents a positioning multi-motor drive consisting of two PM tubular five-phase actuators fed by a single five-phase inverter.

Caratterizzazione e generazione di segnali PWM per amplificatori in classe D ad alta efficienza

The convergence of information technology and consumer electronics towards battery powered portable devices has increased the interest in high efficiency, low dissipation amplifiers. Class D amplifiers are the state of the art in low power consumption and high performance amplification. In this thesis we explore the possibility of exploiting nonlinearities introduced by the PWM modulation, by designing an optimized modulation law which scales its carrier frequency adaptively with the input signal's average power while preserving the SNR, thus reducing power consumption. This is achieved by means of a novel analytical model of the PWM output spectrum, which shows how interfering harmonics and their bandwidth affect the spectrum. This allows for frequency scaling with negligible aliasing between the baseband spectrum and its harmonics. We performed low noise power spectrum measurements on PWM modulations generated by comparing variable bandwidth, random test signals with a variable frequency triangular wave carrier. The experimental results show that power-optimized frequency scaling is both feasible and effective. The new analytical model also suggests a new PWM architecture that can be applied to digitally encoded input signals which are predistorted and compared with a cosine carrier, which is accurately synthesized by a digital oscillator. This approach has been simulated in a realistic noisy model and tested in our measurement setup. A zero crossing search on the obtained PWM modulation law proves that this approach yields an equivalent signal quality with respect to traditional PWM schemes, while entailing the use of signals whose bandwidth is remarkably smaller due to the use of a cosine instead of a triangular carrier.