Allied health growth: What we do not measure we cannot manage

Background Data describing the Australian allied health workforce is inadequate and so insufficient for workforce planning. National health policy reform requires that health-care models take into account future workforce requirements, the distribution and work contexts of existing practitioners, training needs, workforce roles and scope of practice. Good information on this workforce is essential for managing services as demands increase, accountability of practitioners, measurement of outcomes and benchmarking against other jurisdictions. A comprehensive data set is essential to underpin policy and planning to meet future health workforce needs. Discussion Some data on allied health professions is managed by the Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency; however, there is limited information regarding several core allied health professions. A global registration and accreditation scheme recognizing all allied health professions might provide safeguards and credibility for professionals and their clients. Summary Arguments are presented about inconsistencies and voids in the available information about allied health services. Remedying these information deficits is essential to underpin policy and planning for future health workforce needs. We make the case for a comprehensive national data set based on a broad and inclusive sampling process across the allied health population.

Intensity, productivity and efficiency in agriculture in Finland and implications for N and P fertiliser management

The purpose of this study was to evaluate intensity, productivity and efficiency in agriculture in Finland and show implications for N and P fertiliser management. Environmental concerns relating to agricultural production have been and still are focused on arguments about policies that affect agriculture. These policies constrain production while demand for agricultural products such as food, fibre and energy continuously increase. Therefore the importance of increasing productivity is a great challenge to agriculture. Over the last decades producers have experienced several large changes in the production environment such as the policy reform when Finland joined the EU 1995. Other and market changes occurred with the further EU enlargement with neighbouring countries in 2005 and with the decoupling of supports over the 2006-2007 period. Decreasing prices a decreased number of farmers and decreased profitability in agricultural production have resulted from these changes and constraints and of technological development. It is known that the accession to the EU 1995 would herald changes in agriculture. Especially of interest was how the sudden changes in prices of commodities on especially those of cereals, decreased by 60%, would influence agricultural production. The knowledge of properties of the production function increased in importance as a consequence of price changes. A research on the economic instruments to regulate productions was carried out and combined with earlier studies in paper V. In paper I the objective was to compare two different technologies, the conventional farming and the organic farming, determine differences in productivity and technical efficiency. In addition input specific or environmental efficiencies were analysed. The heterogeneity of agricultural soils and its implications were analysed in article II. In study III the determinants of technical inefficiency were analysed. The aspects and possible effects of the instability in policies due to a partial decoupling of production factors and products were studied in paper IV. Consequently connection between technical efficiency based on the turnover and the sales return was analysed in this study. Simple economic instruments such as fertiliser taxes have a direct effect on fertiliser consumption and indirectly increase the value of organic fertilisers. However, fertiliser taxes, do not fully address the N and P management problems adequately and are therefore not suitable for nutrient management improvements in general. Productivity of organic farms is lower on average than conventional farms and the difference increases when looking at selling returns only. The organic sector needs more research and development on productivity. Livestock density in organic farming increases productivity, however, there is an upper limit to livestock densities on organic farms and therefore nutrient on organic farms are also limited. Soil factors affects phosphorous and nitrogen efficiency. Soils like sand and silt have lower input specific overall efficiency for nutrients N and P. Special attention is needed for the management on these soils. Clay soils and soils with moderate clay content have higher efficiency. Soil heterogeneity is cause for an unavoidable inefficiency in agriculture.

Content regulation

This entry discusses the origins and history of media content regulation, the reasons for content regulations, and their application to different media platforms. It discusses online content regulations and the concerns that have motivated such policies with particular reference to debates about internet filtering. It is noted that, as there is growing convergence of media content, platforms, devices, and services, the debates can be expected to shift from free speech and censorship on the internet and the social protection of internet users, to wider issues of media policy reform that include cultural policy and industry development in the digital economy.

STREAM Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, pp 1-18. January-March 2004

CONTENTS: Creating understanding and ownership of collaborative research results through ‘learning by doing,’ by Robert Arthur and Caroline Garaway. Fish culture, farming, markets and promotion: an integrated, sustainable approach to aquaculture and rural development, by Pen Rotha and Brendan Boucher. Fisheries policy reform impact assessment in Cambodia: understanding policy and poor people, by Philip Townsley and Sem Viryak. “Shrimp Hero” Phan The Phuong, by Ngo Minh Khoi. Coral farming in Vietnam, by Nguyen Viet Vinh. The global fisheries market: can rural poor people benefit? Issues raised by STREAM Media Monitoring Reports, by Paul Bulcock.

STREAM Journal, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp 1-18. July-September 2006

CONTENTS: Impacts of the fisheries policy reform on livelihoods in Cambodia, by Chun Sophat and Mitchell Isaacs. A success story about aquaculture in India, by Shri Prameswar Bhoi. Two stories from Nepal: fisherman becomes a rich fish farmer, women’s empowerment through aquaculture, by Rjendra Yadav, Rabindra Man Malla. A positive change in perceptions in Pakistan, by Cecile Brugere. Small details that matter: a story from the Philippines, by Rommel Guarin. A Vietnamese farmer managing aquaculture and capture in a reservoir, by Nguyen Van Lung.

First Biennial Ocean Climate Summit: Finding Solutions for San Francisco Bay Area’s Coast and Ocean. Proceedings of the Summit: April 29, 2008, Golden Gate Club, The Presidio San Francisco, California

Executive Summary: The marine environment plays a critical role in the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) that remains within Earth’s atmosphere, but has not received as much attention as the terrestrial environment when it comes to climate change discussions, programs, and plans for action. It is now apparent that the oceans have begun to reach a state of CO2 saturation, no longer maintaining the “steady-state” carbon cycle that existed prior to the Industrial Revolution. The increasing amount of CO2 present within the oceans and the atmosphere has an effect on climate and a cascading effect on the marine environment. Potential physical effects of climate change within the marine environment, including ocean acidification, changes in wind and upwelling regimes, increasing global sea surface temperatures, and sea level rise, can lead to dramatic, fundamental changes within marine and coastal ecosystems. Altered ecosystems can result in changing coastal economies through a reduction in marine ecosystem services such as commercial fish stocks and coastal tourism. Local impacts from climate change should be a front line issue for natural resource managers, but they often feel too overwhelmed by the magnitude of this issue to begin to take action. They may not feel they have the time, funding, or staff to take on a challenge as large as climate change and continue to not act as a result. Already, natural resource managers work to balance the needs of humans and the economy with ecosystem biodiversity and resilience. Responsible decisions are made each day that consider a wide variety of stakeholders, including community members, agencies, non-profit organizations, and business/industry. The issue of climate change must be approached as a collaborative effort, one that natural resource managers can facilitate by balancing human demands with healthy ecosystem function through research and monitoring, education and outreach, and policy reform. The Scientific Expert Group on Climate Change in their 2007 report titled, “Confronting Climate Change: Avoiding the Unmanageable and Managing the Unavoidable” charged governments around the world with developing strategies to “adapt to ongoing and future changes in climate change by integrating the implications of climate change into resource management and infrastructure development”. Resource managers must make future management decisions within an uncertain and changing climate based on both physical and biological ecosystem response to climate change and human perception of and response to the issue. Climate change is the biggest threat facing any protected area today and resource managers must lead the charge in addressing this threat. (PDF has 59 pages.)

Políticas de igualdade : o Bolsa-Família e a nova social-democracia

Os programas de transferência de renda condicionada tornaram-se uma política social constante nas agendas dos mais variados países da América Latina; entre eles, o Brasil. Inicialmente classificados como um modelo de política de tempos neoliberais, programas como o brasileiro Bolsa Família apresentam, porém, características que os aproximam, cada vez mais, de políticas social-democratas, agora desenhadas para um contexto de maior escassez de recursos e de globalização da produção. Alguns trabalhos, tais como de Esping-Andersen (2002), identificam determinados programas de transferência como uma alternativa de política social para a promoção do bem-estar. Fortalecido e oficialmente lançado em 2003, o Programa Bolsa Família, de transferência de renda condicionada, configurou-se como uma das principais e mais abrangentes políticas sociais do governo de centro-esquerda do Partido dos Trabalhadores, durante a presidência de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. Não contributiva, fortalece o processo de transformação no padrão de proteção social predominante no país até os dias de hoje. Além disso, segundo apontam estudos, é uma das principais responsáveis pela queda da desigualdade e aumento da renda. Esses fatores, bem como aspectos que dizem respeito a sua sustentação política na esfera eleitoral, evidenciam a existência de uma agenda de política social própria da centro-esquerda, a qual perdura, a despeito de uma suposta homogeneização nas preferências diante das limitações fiscais.

As unidades prisionais do Rio de Janeiro: uma análise da ordem excludente

A presente tese se propõe a identificar a relação entre os presídios do Rio de Janeiro e o processo de exclusão e dominação, essenciais para a construção da hegemonia. Para isso, analisamos a relação da construção da ordem vigente com as unidades prisionais, desde o início do século XIX, percebendo a forma como o Estado inseriu tais unidades em sua política a fim de garantir a dominação, criminalizando os grupos subalternos. Desta forma, os presídios aparecem como rotuladores, não só de indivíduos, como também de sua identidade e espaço, além, é claro, de confirmar seu status social. Para esta investigação foram utilizados a pesquisa bibliográfica e o cruzamento de dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Ministério da Justiça, além do material didático utilizado pelas escolas prisionais do Rio de Janeiro. Nossa análise partiu da compreensão do presídio enquanto lócus de contenção e controle do excedente excluído, encontrada nas obras de Nilo Batista e das perspectivas de David Garland e Loic Wacquant que contextualizam estas instituições pela mesma ótica na política neoliberal. Como escopo teórico principal, alicerçamos esta pesquisa na teoria do desvio, desenvolvida por Haward Becker, e no conceito de hegemonia, tal qual Antonio Gramsci o concebe. Desta forma, observamos como percepções individuais de membros de grupos dominantes podem ser incorporadas pelo seu coletivo e ingressarem no código legal social, favorecendo e garantindo a hegemonia destes sobre os grupos subalternos. As prisões aparecem neste contexto como peça imprescindível. Concluímos, portanto, que as unidades prisionais do Rio de Janeiro possuem grande importância na afirmação da dominação social na medida em que recebem o subalterno e demarcam este grupo e seu espaço, transformando sua condição marginal em condição criminosa. Ou seja, favorecendo a criminalização de sua condição social e, portanto, justificando-a.

Leadership of healthcare commissioning networks in England: a mixed-methods study on clinical commissioning groups.

To explore the relational challenges for general practitioner (GP) leaders setting up new network-centric commissioning organisations in the recent health policy reform in England, we use innovation network theory to identify key network leadership practices that facilitate healthcare innovation.

Biodiversity change in the Irish uplands - the effects of grazing management

As a prominent form of land use across much of upland Europe, extensive livestock grazing may hold the key to the sustainable management of these landscapes. Recent agricultural policy reform, however, has resulted in a decline in upland sheep numbers, prompting concern for the biodiversity value of these areas. This study quantifies the effects of varying levels of grazing management on plant, ground beetle and breeding bird diversity and assemblage in the uplands and lowlands of hill sheep farms in County Kerry, Ireland. Farms represent a continuum of light to heavy grazing, measured using a series of field indicators across several habitats, such as the internationally important blanket bog, home to the ground beetle, Carabus clatratus. Linear mixed effects modelling and non-metric multidimensional scaling are employed to disentangle the most influential management and environmental factors. Grazing state may be determined by the presence of Molinia caerulea or Nardus stricta, and variables such as % traditional ewes, % vegetation litter and % scrub prove valuable indicators of diversity. Measures of ecosystem functioning, e.g. plant biomass (nutrient cycling) and % vegetation cover (erosion rates) are influenced by plant diversity, which is influenced by grazing management. Levels of the ecosystem service, soil organic carbon, vary with ground beetle abundance and diversity, potentially influencing carbon sequestration and thereby climate change. The majority of species from all three taxa are found in the lowlands, with the exception of birds such as meadow pipit and skylark. The scale of measurement should be determined by the size and mobility of the species in question. The challenge is to manage these high nature value landscapes using agri-environment schemes which enhance biodiversity by maintaining structural heterogeneity across a range of scales, altitudes and habitats whilst integrating the decisions of people living and working in these marginal areas.

Attitudes to community relations in Northern Ireland: signs of optimisim in the post-cease fire period?

This article uses attitudinal data to explore Catholic and Protestant perspectives on community relations and equality since the paramilitary cease fires in 1994. Although attitudes tend to fluctuate with the‘headline grabbing'events of the day, the article argues that there are signs that some fundamental changes have taken place in the post cease fire period. Of particular importance in this regard is the positive response recorded by the Catholic community towards government measures to tackle disadvantage and inequality. Equally significant is the protestant response to many of these measures which is often one of ambivalence rather than derision. In so far as the data appear to challenge the‘zero-sum'game that traditionally underpins relations between the two communities in Northern Ireland, they provide some grounds for optimism. Yet such optimism is tempered somewhat by the seeds of discontent which are manifest within the protestant community, particularly around issues of equality in employment and cultural traditions. Despite the more positive assessment of community relations and equality in 2002, it is argued that further monitoring will be required to determine the long-term effects of policy reform on relationships between the two communit

Immigration et identité face aux enjeux de la Guerre Froide : une étude du débat sur la politique d'immigration dans la sphère publique américaine (1952-1965)

Résumé: Au lendemain de la Seconde Guerre Mondiale, la nécessité de moderniser la politique d’immigration américaine fait l’unanimité, la principale loi régissant l’immigration datant de 1924. Cependant, la question des paramètres de la réforme fait naître un débat fortement polarisé. Les défenseurs du statu quo, qui souhaitent maintenir le système des quotas nationaux faisant de l’origine nationale le premier critère d’admission, auront initialement le dessus, comme en fait foi le passage du McCarran-Walter Act en 1952. D’autre part, les partisans d’une libéralisation affirment que cette loi restrictive et discriminatoire va à l’encontre des objectifs de la politique étrangère américaine, particulièrement dans un conflit aussi idéologiquement chargé que la Guerre Froide. Au courant des années cinquante et au début des années soixante, les réformateurs libéraux auront progressivement le dessus dans le débat, si bien qu’une nouvelle loi sera adoptée en 1965. Ce mémoire propose d’aborder cette période de réforme sous l’angle de l’opinion publique. À partir, des sources permettant de prendre le pouls de la société américaine au sujet de la politique d’immigration, il a été possible d’observer une libéralisation progressive de l’opinion publique durant la période. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, l’interprétation de cette évolution est centrée sur l’influence grandissante des enjeux de la Guerre Froide dans le débat entourant la réforme.

Voto preferente: como instrumento electoral para la constitución del personalismo político en Colombia, en las elecciones del Senado 2006.

Para Colombia, la reforma política de 2003 marcó una transformación en el sistema político y electoral debido a que proponía reinstitucionalizar los movimientos y los partidos políticos del país, a la vez que planteaba transformaciones importantes al sistema electoral. La hipótesis plantea el hecho de que el voto preferente es la herramienta ideal para mantener los personalismos políticos por parte de aquellos candidatos beneficiados con la reforma. Como justificación se plantea que en Colombia y en los países con sistemas de partidos institucionalizados, un proceso de reforma política se circunscribe a modificaciones o ajustes de alguna norma o ley que se encuentre vigente en el marco jurídico o la Constitución Política actual de un Estado determinado. Cuando estos procesos se llevan a cabo, la intención es, por un lado, suprimir normas que afectan de manera adversa el desarrollo de ciertos sectores específicos, o por el otro, modificar procedimientos de orden institucional que terminan perjudicando, en el caso de nuestro país, el ejercicio democrático en términos de una idónea representación dentro de los cargos legislativos de la nación. Puede decirse entonces que esta monografía logra analizar las distintas situaciones políticas y sociales que enmarcan la reforma política de 2003 y de manera particular se logra comprender todas las implicaciones políticas que tiene el voto preferente como medio para estructurar las estrategias electorales de los sistemas de partidos en Colombia.

Estado del arte acerca de las discusiones teóricas sobre soberanía del estado y la unión monetaria europea entre 2002 - 2010. Caso: El Reino Unido

El siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo el Estado del arte acerca de la discusión teórica de la repercusión de la unión monetaria en el principio de soberanía nacional, específicamente el caso de Gran Bretaña, ya que éste es el único país que expresa abiertamente su incertidumbre referente a algún tipo de amenaza a su soberanía. Se pretende precisar si existen criterios concluyentes, o por el contrario determinar si no hay claridad con respecto al futuro de Gran Bretaña como miembro de la unión monetaria.A partir de lo anterior, se plantean como sus propósitos particulares construir un marco conceptual acerca de la soberanía. Este estado del arte se inicia con citas de los principales autores de finales de siglo XVII y XVIII y finaliza con las posiciones conceptuales aportadas por los teóricos modernos motivados por el nacimiento de la Unión Europea como un nuevo orden político. Entre las que se citan: modelo centrico o intergubernamentalista, modelo de gobernabilidad multi-nivel, modelo neo-funcionalista y modelo federalista. Igualmente, el trabajo, busca desarrollar un marco conceptual sobre Unión Monetaria y su evolución hasta el logro de una unión fiscal europea en el periodo de 1950-2010, establecer las relaciones teóricas entre Soberanía del Estado y Unión Monetaria y por último realizar un análisis histórico hermenéutico de la Unión Europea y el caso del Reino Unido de acuerdo a las relaciones evidenciadas en los apartados teóricos entre soberanía del Estado y Unión Monetaria.

The causes of illegal drug industry growth in the Andes, Anti-Drug Policies and their effectiveness

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