Conception et mise à l’essai d’une stratégie pédagogique pour développer la métacognition pendant le processus de débogage de programmes informatiques au collégial

Les étudiantes et étudiants inscrits dans le programme technique Informatique de gestion au collégial ont comme tâche de concevoir, coder et mettre au point divers programmes informatiques. La capacité pour réaliser cette dernière tâche, soit la mise au point de programmes ou débogage de programmes, est très peu développée chez les élèves. Ils ne prennent pas le temps de vérifier si leurs programmes fonctionnent adéquatement. Selon les superviseurs de stage en milieu de travail, ils ne testent pas assez leurs programmes. La procédure pour supprimer les erreurs de programmation qui leur est proposée ne semble pas suffisante en elle-même pour les soutenir dans leur apprentissage. Les ouvrages consultés sur le sujet de la métacognition nous incitent à penser qu’il manque à la procédure de débogage générale une dimension métacognitive qui pourrait leur être enseignée. L’objectif de cette recherche est de développer une stratégie pédagogique socioconstructiviste intervenant sur la métacognition pour soutenir le développement de la capacité à déboguer des programmes informatiques et à améliorer le sentiment d’auto-efficacité des élèves face à cette tâche. L’autoquestionnement semble être une stratégie métacognitive à développer chez les élèves, car il est primordial que les élèves se questionnent avant de débuter et pendant une tâche quelconque, en particulier celle du débogage de programmes. Trop souvent, les élèves escamotent cette étape d’auto-questionnement, ils ont trop hâte de pianoter sur l’ordinateur et voir si cela fonctionne. Notre type d’essai consiste en l’élaboration d’une intervention pédagogique, sa validation et sa mise à l’essai auprès des élèves. Le matériel nécessaire pour l’intervention a été tiré et adapté du livre sur la métacognition de Lafortune et St-Pierre. Plusieurs activités d’apprentissage ont été construites pour ce projet : un exercice de prise de conscience sur des stratégies d’apprentissage efficaces, une activité d’autoévaluation pour vérifier les connaissances des étudiantes et étudiants sur le débogage de programmes et une troisième activité concernant la planification du processus de résolution de problèmes qui a été reprise tout le long de la session. Ces activités ont été mises à l’essai auprès d’un groupe d’étudiants de 2e année en Technique Informatique à la session Hiver 2004. Les résultats de cette mise à l’essai sont intéressants. Dans un premier temps, l’objectif concernant le développement des habiletés métacognitives de planification a été atteint. De même, le développement de la démarche de débogage a été nettement amélioré, car au début, la démarche était très générale et peu efficace tandis qu’à la fin, la démarche était beaucoup plus structurée et détaillée. L’atteinte de l’objectif, concernant le sentiment d’autoefficacité des élèves, est difficile à évaluer car l’objectif semblait être déjà présent au début selon leurs réponses au questionnaire initial. Cela est très surprenant, car les élèves n’ont pas nécessairement une bonne démarche de débogage mais ils pensent que leur démarche est efficace. Les retombées de ce projet ont permis d’approfondir mes connaissances personnelles au sujet de la métacognition, de l’approche socioconstructiviste et du sentiment d’autoefficacité. En ce qui concerne les élèves, ils ont pris conscience de l’importance du débogage de programmes dans leurs fonctions de travail et ils possèdent une procédure efficace de débogage générale qu’ils peuvent utiliser en tout temps. La stratégie pédagogique, les activités prévues et les outils utilisés nécessitent certains ajustements. Entre autres, utiliser davantage la technique du modelage par le professeur en classe et modifier la procédure générale de débogage en la schématisant pour développer davantage l’autoquestionnement chez les élèves.

Élaboration et expérimentation d’une approche d’évaluation des programmes axée sur l’accompagnement et l’utilisation des résultats

Cette recherche porte sur le thème de l’évaluation de programmes dans le réseau collégial et les défis qu’elle soulève en regard de son utilité. Plus précisément, nous abordons les difficultés posées par l’évaluation des programmes au Cégep de Saint-Jérôme et proposons une nouvelle approche permettant d’augmenter l’utilité de ce processus pour le personnel enseignant. Notre problématique s’articule principalement autour du fait que l’évaluation de programmes a été vécue par plusieurs membres du personnel enseignant comme une opération administrative, voire comme une opération de reddition de comptes. En lien avec l’adoption en 2008 d’une nouvelle politique institutionnelle d’évaluation des programmes (PIEP) au Cégep de Saint-Jérôme, nous montrons les limites du processus et des instruments d’évaluation de programmes associés. Nous nous concentrons ensuite sur les stratégies d’évaluation des apprentissages puisqu’elles constituent un aspect essentiel de l’évaluation des programmes et un levier important de changement en vue d’améliorer la qualité de leur mise en oeuvre. Notre question de recherche est la suivante: comment peut-on augmenter l’utilité de l’évaluation des programmes pour les enseignantes et les enseignants du Cégep de Saint-Jérôme? Notre cadre de référence dresse une présentation générale de l’évaluation de programmes, mais repose sur une approche de l’évaluation axée sur l’utilisation. Celle-ci s’avérait tout à fait pertinente compte tenu de notre question de recherche. La recension des écrits nous a permis d’élaborer un cadre d’intervention, à partir des travaux de Michael Quinn Patton, Jean A. King et Hallie Preskill. Notre cadre d’intervention circonscrit une démarche d’évaluation de programmes qui repose sur quatre critères d’utilité: le facteur personnel, l’utilisation attendue, la participation active et le renforcement des capacités en évaluation. De plus, il confère à la conseillère pédagogique, qui est aussi la chercheure, une posture d’accompagnement, définie à travers quatre rôles: consultante, animatrice, négociatrice et formatrice. Cette recherche poursuivait trois objectifs: utiliser concrètement notre cadre d’intervention dans l’évaluation d’un programme au Cégep de Saint-Jérôme, accompagner le personnel enseignant suivant un scénario découlant de notre cadre d’intervention et valider notre cadre d’intervention. Nos objectifs de recherche nécessitaient une méthodologie appropriée. Celle-ci repose sur une approche méthodologique qualitative, une posture épistémologique critique et un essai de type recherche intervention. Neuf participantes et participants ont pris part à la démarche d’évaluation de programmes que nous leur avons proposée. Les données ont été recueillies grâce à la technique de l’observation participante et la triangulation des méthodes de collecte de données a été utilisée afin d’assurer la rigueur de nos travaux. L’analyse de contenu nous a permis d’étudier les données recueillies au moyen d’une grille d’analyse élaborée à partir de catégories émergentes et d’autres issues de notre cadre de référence. La dimension éthique a également été au coeur de la collecte et de l’analyse de nos données. Nous avons d’ailleurs pris plusieurs précautions à cet effet. Les données obtenues nous ont permis de répondre à notre question de recherche en démontrant en quoi la démarche d’évaluation de programmes réalisée par nos participantes et nos participants a contribué à augmenter l’utilité de celle-ci pour le personnel enseignant, telle que définie dans notre cadre de référence. Cette démarche a permis au personnel enseignant d’augmenter sa participation et son intérêt à l’égard de l’évaluation de programmes ainsi que d’utiliser concrètement à court terme les résultats obtenus pour améliorer ses pratiques d’évaluation des apprentissages. Deux niveaux de participation ont été expérimentés. Dans le niveau le plus élevé, une partie des participantes et des participants a été regroupée au sein d’un groupe de travail, lequel a contribué à l’élaboration d’une grille d’analyse portant sur les stratégies d’évaluation des apprentissages. Cette grille a par la suite été expérimentée par l’ensemble des participantes et participants sur un échantillon de onze cours du programme pour lesquels elles et ils ont procédé à l’autoévaluation de leur propre matériel (copies d’examens, copies de grille d’évaluation, etc.). Un rapport d’évaluation a été produit à partir des grilles d’analyse complétées. Les données obtenues nous ont également permis de valider notre cadre d’intervention et de dégager plusieurs éléments facilitant la transférabilité des résultats obtenus. Nous pensons d’ailleurs que celui-ci constitue une avenue pertinente et utile pour le réseau collégial puisqu’il favorise l’utilisation des résultats à court terme par le personnel enseignant, développe la pensée évaluative du personnel enseignant et parce qu’il augmente la qualité et l’efficacité du processus. De plus, le modèle d’accompagnement du personnel enseignant que nous avons élaboré et expérimenté contribue à dépasser une approche basée sur la reddition de comptes ou la gestion administrative des programmes. À tout le moins, il s’agit d’une piste intéressante pour les conseillères et les conseillers pédagogiques qui ont à intervenir comme nous dans ce dossier.

Reducing the global burden of depression : population level analysis of intervention cost-effectiveness in 14 world regions

International evidence on the cost and effects of interventions for reducing the global burden of depression remain scarce. Aims: To estimate the population-level cost-effectiveness of evidence-based depression interventions and their contribution towards reducing current burden. Method: Primary-care-based depression interventions were modelled at the level of whole populations in 14 epidemiological subregions of the world. Total population-level costs (in international dollars or I$) and effectiveness (disability adjusted life years (DALYs) averted) were combined to form average and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios. Results: Evaluated interventions have the potential to reduce the current burden of depression by 10–30%. Pharmacotherapy with older antidepressant drugs, with or without proactive collaborative care, are currently more cost-effective strategies than those using newer antidepressants, particularly in lower-income subregions. Conclusions: Even in resource-poor regions, each DALYaverted by efficient depression treatments in primary care costs less than 1 year of average per capita income, making such interventions a cost-effective use of health resources. However, current levels of burden can only be reduced significantlyif there is a substantialincrease substantial increase intreatment coverage.

Creating a therapeutic environment : a non-randomised controlled trial of a quiet time intervention for patients in acute care

Background: Noise is a significant barrier to sleep for acute care hospital patients, and sleep has been shown to be therapeutic for health, healing and recovery. Scheduled quiet time interventions to promote inpatient rest and sleep have been successfully trialled in critical care but not in acute care settings. Objectives: The study aim was to evaluate as cheduled quiet time intervention in an acute care setting. The study measured the effect of a scheduled quiet time on noise levels, inpatients’ rest and sleep behaviour, and wellbeing. The study also examined the impact of the intervention on patients’, visitors’ and health professionals’ satisfaction, and organisational functioning. Design: The study was a multi-centred non-randomised parallel group trial. Settings: The research was conducted in the acute orthopaedic wards of two major urban public hospitals in Brisbane, Australia. Participants: All patientsadmitted to the two wards in the5-month period of the study were invited to participate, withafinalsample of 299 participants recruited. This sample produced an effect size of 0.89 for an increase in the number of patients asleep during the quiet time. Methods: Demographic data were collected to enable comparison between groups. Data for noise level, sleep status, sleepiness and well being were collected using previously validated instruments: a Castle Model 824 digital sound level indicator; a three point sleep status scale; the Epworth Sleepiness Scale; and the SF12 V2 questionnaire. The staff, patient and visitor surveys on the experimental ward were adapted from published instruments. Results: Significant differences were found between the two groups in mean decibel level and numbers of patients awake and asleep. The difference in mean measured noise levels between the two environments corresponded to a ‘perceived’ difference of 2 to 1. There were significant correlations between average decibel level and number of patients awake and asleep in the experimental group, and between average decibel level and number of patients awake in the control group. Overall, patients, visitors and health professionals were satisfied with the quiet time intervention. Conclusions: The findings show that a quiet time intervention on an acute care hospital ward can affect noise level and patient sleep/wake patterns during the intervention period. The overall strongly positive response from surveys suggests that scheduled quiet time would be a positively perceived intervention with therapeutic benefit.

Rural and remote road safety study : final report

• Introduction: Concern and action for rural road safety is relatively new in Australia in comparison to the field of traffic safety as a whole. In 2003, a program of research was begun by the Centre for Accident Research and Road Safety - Queensland (CARRS-Q) and the Rural Health Research Unit (RHRU) at James Cook University to investigate factors contributing to serious rural road crashes in the North Queensland region. This project was funded by the Premier’s Department, Main Roads Department, Queensland Transport, QFleet, Queensland Rail, Queensland Ambulance Service, Department of Natural Resources and Queensland Police Service. Additional funding was provided by NRMA Insurance for a PhD scholarship. In-kind support was provided through the four hospitals used for data collection, namely Cairns Base Hospital, The Townsville Hospital, Mount Isa Hospital and Atherton Hospital.----- The primary aim of the project was to: Identify human factors related to the occurrence of serious traffic incidents in rural and remote areas of Australia, and to the trauma suffered by persons as a result of these incidents, using a sample drawn from a rural and remote area in North Queensland.----- The data and analyses presented in this report are the core findings from two broad studies: a general examination of fatalities and casualties from rural and remote crashes for the period 1 March 2004 until 30 June 2007, and a further linked case-comparison study of hospitalised patients compared with a sample of non-crash-involved drivers.----- • Method: The study was undertaken in rural North Queensland, as defined by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) statistical divisions of North Queensland, Far North Queensland and North-West Queensland. Urban areas surrounding Townsville, Thuringowa and Cairns were not included. The study methodology was centred on serious crashes, as defined by a resulting hospitalisation for 24 hours or more and/or a fatality. Crashes meeting this criteria within the North Queensland region between 1 March 2004 and 30 June 2007 were identified through hospital records and interviewed where possible. Additional data was sourced from coroner’s reports, the Queensland Transport road crash database, the Queensland Ambulance Service and the study hospitals in the region.----- This report is divided into chapters corresponding to analyses conducted on the collected crash and casualty data.----- Chapter 3 presents an overview of all crashes and casualties identified during the study period. Details are presented in regard to the demographics and road user types of casualties; the locations, times, types, and circumstances of crashes; along with the contributing circumstances of crashes.----- Chapter 4 presents the results of summary statistics for all casualties for which an interview was able to be conducted. Statistics are presented separately for drivers and riders, passengers, pedestrians and cyclists. Details are also presented separately for drivers and riders crashing in off-road and on-road settings. Results from questionnaire data are presented in relation to demographics; the experience of the crash in narrative form; vehicle characteristics and maintenance; trip characteristics (e.g. purpose and length of journey; periods of fatigue and monotony; distractions from driving task); driving history; alcohol and drug use; medical history; driving attitudes, intentions and behaviour; attitudes to enforcement; and experience of road safety advertising.----- Chapter 5 compares the above-listed questionnaire results between on-road crash-involved casualties and interviews conducted in the region with non-crash-involved persons. Direct comparisons as well as age and sex adjusted comparisons are presented.----- Chapter 6 presents information on those casualties who were admitted to one of the study hospitals during the study period. Brief information is given regarding the demographic characteristics of these casualties. Emergency services’ data is used to highlight the characteristics of patient retrieval and transport to and between hospitals. The major injuries resulting from the crashes are presented for each region of the body and analysed by vehicle type, occupant type, seatbelt status, helmet status, alcohol involvement and nature of crash. Estimates are provided of the costs associated with in-hospital treatment and retrieval.----- Chapter 7 describes the characteristics of the fatal casualties and the nature and circumstances of the crashes. Demographics, road user types, licence status, crash type and contributing factors for crashes are presented. Coronial data is provided in regard to contributing circumstances (including alcohol, drugs and medical conditions), cause of death, resulting injuries, and restraint and helmet use.----- Chapter 8 presents the results of a comparison between casualties’ crash descriptions and police-attributed crash circumstances. The relative frequency of contributing circumstances are compared both broadly within the categories of behavioural, environmental, vehicle related, medical and other groupings and specifically for circumstances within these groups.----- Chapter 9 reports on the associated research projects which have been undertaken on specific topics related to rural road safety.----- Finally, Chapter 10 reports on the conclusions and recommendations made from the program of research.---- • Major Recommendations : From the findings of these analyses, a number of major recommendations were made: + Male drivers and riders - Male drivers and riders should continue to be the focus of interventions, given their very high representation among rural and remote road crash fatalities and serious injuries.----- - The group of males aged between 30 and 50 years comprised the largest number of casualties and must also be targeted for change if there is to be a meaningful improvement in rural and remote road safety.----- + Motorcyclists - Single vehicle motorcycle crashes constitute over 80% of serious, on-road rural motorcycle crashes and need particular attention in development of policy and infrastructure.----- - The motorcycle safety consultation process currently being undertaken by Queensland Transport (via the "Motorbike Safety in Queensland - Consultation Paper") is strongly endorsed. As part of this process, particular attention needs to be given to initiatives designed to reduce rural and single vehicle motorcycle crashes.----- - The safety of off-road riders is a serious problem that falls outside the direct responsibility of either Transport or Health departments. Responsibility for this issue needs to be attributed to develop appropriate policy, regulations and countermeasures.----- + Road safety for Indigenous people - Continued resourcing and expansion of The Queensland Aboriginal Peoples and Torres Strait Islander Peoples Driver Licensing Program to meet the needs of remote and Indigenous communities with significantly lower licence ownership levels.----- - Increased attention needs to focus on the contribution of geographic disadvantage (remoteness) factors to remote and Indigenous road trauma.----- + Road environment - Speed is the ‘final common pathway’ in determining the severity of rural and remote crashes and rural speed limits should be reduced to 90km/hr for sealed off-highway roads and 80km/hr for all unsealed roads as recommended in the Austroads review and in line with the current Tasmanian government trial.----- - The Department of Main Roads should monitor rural crash clusters and where appropriate work with local authorities to conduct relevant audits and take mitigating action. - The international experts at the workshop reviewed the data and identified the need to focus particular attention on road design management for dangerous curves. They also indicated the need to maximise the use of audio-tactile linemarking (audible lines) and rumble strips to alert drivers to dangerous conditions and behaviours.----- + Trauma costs - In accordance with Queensland Health priorities, recognition should be given to the substantial financial costs associated with acute management of trauma resulting from serious rural and remote crashes.----- - Efforts should be made to develop a comprehensive, regionally specific costing formula for road trauma that incorporates the pre-hospital, hospital and post-hospital phases of care. This would inform health resource allocation and facilitate the evaluation of interventions.----- - The commitment of funds to the development of preventive strategies to reduce rural and remote crashes should take into account the potential cost savings associated with trauma.----- - A dedicated study of the rehabilitation needs and associated personal and healthcare costs arising from rural and remote road crashes should be undertaken.----- + Emergency services - While the study has demonstrated considerable efficiency in the response and retrieval systems of rural and remote North Queensland, relevant Intelligent Transport Systems technologies (such as vehicle alarm systems) to improve crash notification should be both developed and evaluated.----- + Enforcement - Alcohol and speed enforcement programs should target the period between 2 and 6pm because of the high numbers of crashes in the afternoon period throughout the rural region.----- + Drink driving - Courtesy buses should be advocated and schemes such as the Skipper project promoted as local drink driving countermeasures in line with the very high levels of community support for these measures identified in the hospital study.------ - Programs should be developed to target the high levels of alcohol consumption identified in rural and remote areas and related involvement in crashes.----- - Referrals to drink driving rehabilitation programs should be mandated for recidivist offenders.----- + Data requirements - Rural and remote road crashes should receive the same quality of attention as urban crashes. As such, it is strongly recommended that increased resources be committed to enable dedicated Forensic Crash Units to investigate rural and remote fatal and serious injury crashes.----- - Transport department records of rural and remote crashes should record the crash location using the national ARIA area classifications used by health departments as a means to better identifying rural crashes.----- - Rural and remote crashes tend to be unnoticed except in relatively infrequent rural reviews. They should receive the same level of attention and this could be achieved if fatalities and fatal crashes were coded by the ARIA classification system and included in regular crash reporting.----- - Health, Transport and Police agencies should collect a common, minimal set of data relating to road crashes and injuries, including presentations to small rural and remote health facilities.----- + Media and community education programmes - Interventions seeking to highlight the human contribution to crashes should be prioritised. Driver distraction, alcohol and inappropriate speed for the road conditions are key examples of such behaviours.----- - Promotion of basic safety behaviours such as the use of seatbelts and helmets should be given a renewed focus.----- - Knowledge, attitude and behavioural factors that have been identified for the hospital Brief Intervention Trial should be considered in developing safety campaigns for rural and remote people. For example challenging the myth of the dangerous ‘other’ or ‘non-local’ driver.----- - Special educational initiatives on the issues involved in rural and remote driving should be undertaken. For example the material used by Main Roads, the Australian Defence Force and local initiatives.

A cluster-randomised intervention trial against Schistosoma japonicum in the Peoples' Republic of China: bovine and human transmission

Background Zoonotic schistosomiasis japonica is a major public health problem in China. Bovines, particularly water buffaloes, are thought to play a major role in the transmission of schistosomiasis to humans in China. Preliminary results (1998–2003) of a praziquantel (PZQ)-based pilot intervention study we undertook provided proof of principle that water buffaloes are major reservoir hosts for S. japonicum in the Poyang Lake region, Jiangxi Province. Methods and Findings Here we present the results of a cluster-randomised intervention trial (2004–2007) undertaken in Hunan and Jiangxi Provinces, with increased power and more general applicability to the lake and marshlands regions of southern China. The trial involved four matched pairs of villages with one village within each pair randomly selected as a control (human PZQ treatment only), leaving the other as the intervention (human and bovine PZQ treatment). A sentinel cohort of people to be monitored for new infections for the duration of the study was selected from each village. Results showed that combined human and bovine chemotherapy with PZQ had a greater effect on human incidence than human PZQ treatment alone. Conclusions The results from this study, supported by previous experimental evidence, confirms that bovines are the major reservoir host of human schistosomiasis in the lake and marshland regions of southern China, and reinforce the rationale for the development and deployment of a transmission blocking anti-S. japonicum vaccine targeting bovines.