Granular columns for stabilizing slopes

A series of small-scale tests was undertaken to verify if granular anchors could be used as a slope stabilisation technique. The nature of the material used and the resulting loading configuration are described here. The work confirms that the inclusion of anchors within a slope mass, irrespective of their number or orientation, significantly enhances the capacity and ductility of the failure mode. The small-scale nature of this research did influence the observed capacities, but the overarching hypothesis was confirmed. A simple analysis method is proposed that allows designers to accurately remediate natural or man-made slopes using existing analytical methods for slope stability.

Efeitos da granulometria, do desgaste e do tipo de material abrasivo no lixamento plano de madeiras

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEG

Avaliação da remoção de sulfametoxazol, diclofenaco e 17β-estradiol em águas por adsorção em carvão ativado granular

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil - FEIS

Does the granular matter?

Granular materials, such as sand, gravel, powders, and pharmaceutical pills, are large aggregates of macroscopic, individually solid particles, or “grains.” Far from being simple materials with simple properties, they display an astounding range of complex behavior that defies their categorization as solid, liquid, or gas. Just consider how sand can stream through the orifice of an hourglass yet support one's weight on the beach; how it can form patterns strikingly similar to a liquid when vibrated, yet respond to stirring by “unmixing” of large and small grains. Despite much effort, there still is no comprehensive understanding of other forms of matter, like ordinary fluids or solids. In what way, therefore, is granular matter special, and what makes it so difficult to understand? An emerging interdisciplinary approach to answering these questions focuses directly on the material's discontinuous granular nature.

Caracterización de los depósitos miocenos de la isla de Nueva Tabarca (Alicante) y su empleo como material de construcción en el patrimonio local

El presente trabajo muestra la caracterización en detalle de la secuencia estratigráfica de los depósitos miocenos de la isla de Nueva Tabarca, el empleo de estos materiales en el patrimonio arquitectónico de la isla y su comportamiento frente la degradación. En la serie miocena, a grandes rasgos, se definen tres tramos. El tramo inferior, rico en clastos dolomíticos, muestra una alternancia de arenitas y calcarenitas. El tramo intermedio corresponde a una sucesión de niveles de calcirruditas con laminación cruzada cuya parte superior está representada por un nivel de grandes bioclastos, rodolitos y arenitas de grano fino. El comienzo del último tramo está marcado por la presencia de varias superficies arenosas más litificadas sobre las que se sitúa un banco de arenitas de grano fino y laminación paralela. Si bien las canteras extraían sillares de todas estas litofacies, existe una mayor extracción de los últimos niveles de la serie. Estas rocas presentan una durabilidad moderada-baja, degradándose fácilmente mediante arenización, escamación y/o alveolización.

Properties of granular analogue model materials: A community wide survey

We report the material properties of 26 granular analogue materials used in 14 analogue modelling laboratories. We determined physical characteristics such as bulk density, grain size distribution, and grain shape, and performed ring shear tests to determine friction angles and cohesion, and uniaxial compression tests to evaluate the compaction behaviour. Mean grain size of the materials varied between c. 100 and 400 μm. Analysis of grain shape factors shows that the four different classes of granular materials (14 quartz sands, 5 dyed quartz sands, 4 heavy mineral sands and 3 size fractions of glass beads) can be broadly divided into two groups consisting of 12 angular and 14 rounded materials. Grain shape has an influence on friction angles, with most angular materials having higher internal friction angles (between c. 35° and 40°) than rounded materials, whereas well-rounded glass beads have the lowest internal friction angles (between c. 25° and 30°). We interpret this as an effect of intergranular sliding versus rolling. Most angular materials have also higher basal friction angles (tested for a specific foil) than more rounded materials, suggesting that angular grains scratch and wear the foil. Most materials have an internal cohesion in the order of 20–100 Pa except for well-rounded glass beads, which show a trend towards a quasi-cohesionless (C < 20 Pa) Coulomb-type material. The uniaxial confined compression tests reveal that rounded grains generally show less compaction than angular grains. We interpret this to be related to the initial packing density after sifting, which is higher for rounded grains than for angular grains. Ring-shear test data show that angular grains undergo a longer strain-hardening phase than more rounded materials. This might explain why analogue models consisting of angular grains accommodate deformation in a more distributed manner prior to strain localisation than models consisting of rounded grains.

Experimental investigation of water, snow and granular ice effects on ice failure processes and impact loads

A large series of laboratory ice crushing experiments was performed to investigate the effects of external boundary condition and indenter contact geometry on ice load magnitude under crushing conditions. Four boundary conditions were considered: dry cases, submerged cases, and cases with the presence of snow and granular ice material on the indenter surface. Indenter geometries were a flat plate, wedge shaped indenter, (reverse) conical indenter, and spherical indenter. These were impacted with artificially produced ice specimens of conical shape with 20° and 30° cone angles. All indenter – ice combinations were tested in dry and submerged environments at 1 mm/s and 100 mm/s indentation rates. Additional tests with the flat indentation plate were conducted at 10 mm/s impact velocity and a subset of scenarios with snow and granular ice material was evaluated. The tests were performed using a material testing system (MTS) machine located inside a cold room at an ambient temperature of - 7°C. Data acquisition comprised time, vertical force, and displacement. In several tests with the flat plate and wedge shaped indenter, supplementary information on local pressure patterns and contact area were obtained using tactile pressure sensors. All tests were recorded with a high speed video camera and still photos were taken before and after each test. Thin sections were taken of some specimens as well. Ice loads were found to strongly depend on contact condition, interrelated with pre-existing confinement and indentation rate. Submergence yielded higher forces, especially at the high indentation rate. This was very evident for the flat indentation plate and spherical indenter, and with restrictions for the wedge shaped indenter. No indication was found for the conical indenter. For the conical indenter it was concluded that the structural restriction due to the indenter geometry was dominating. The working surface for the water to act was not sufficient to influence the failure processes and associated ice loads. The presence of snow and granular ice significantly increased the forces at the low indentation rate (with the flat indentation plate) that were higher compared to submerged cases and far above the dry contact condition. Contact area measurements revealed a correlation of higher forces with a concurrent increase in actual contact area that depended on the respective boundary condition. In submergence, ice debris constitution was changed; ice extrusion, as well as crack development and propagation were impeded. Snow and granular ice seemed to provide additional material sources for establishing larger contact areas. The dry contact condition generally had the smallest real contact area, as well as the lowest forces. The comparison of nominal and measured contact areas revealed distinct deviations. The incorporation of those differences in contact process pressures-area relationships indicated that the overall process pressure was not substantially affected by the increased loads.

Evaluaci?n de la aplicaci?n de carb?n activado granular en la filtraci?n del agua clarificada del r?o Cauca

El constante deterioro de las fuentes h?dricas y su uso como recurso en el abastecimiento de agua para consumo humano han conllevado a la b?squeda de la optimizaci?n de los procesos de tratamiento de forma tal que se alcancen condiciones de agua segura con el menor riesgo posible de afectaciones a la salud de la poblaci?n. Es por esto que los sistemas de abastecimiento de agua potable han adoptado estrategias enmarcadas dentro de los planes de seguridad del agua mediante la reducci?n de la contaminaci?n en la fuente de abastecimiento, la remoci?n o reducci?n de diferentes contaminantes mediante los procesos de tratamiento y la prevenci?n de la contaminaci?n del agua en el sistema de almacenamiento y distribuci?n al usuario final. Al observar que la filtraci?n es una de las etapas m?s cr?ticas dentro del tratamiento por ser la ?ltima barrera f?sica para la remoci?n de part?culas presentes en el agua; se plante? este proyecto de grado para estudiar a escala de laboratorio el uso de carb?n activado granular en el proceso de filtraci?n de agua clarificada del Rio Cauca, con el fin de analizar la eficiencia de remoci?n de turbiedad y materia org?nica medida como UV254 y as? establecer el alcance de los valores l?mite recomendados por las entidades internacionales para la disminuci?n del riesgo microbiol?gico y el riesgo cr?nico que pueda estar asociado a la presencia de materia org?nica en el agua para consumo humano. Se emple? carb?n activado granular de origen bituminoso y arena en seis diferentes configuraciones como medio filtrante principal en la etapa de filtraci?n (50%CAG ? 50% Arena, 65% CAG ? 35% Arena, 75% CAG ? 25% Arena, 85% CAG ? 15% Arena, 90% CAG ? 10% Arena y 100% CAG). Se consider? adem?s una configuraci?n con antracita y arena (70% Antracita ? 30% Arena) para comparar el comportamiento de ambos materiales filtrantes en el tratamiento de agua resultante del proceso de clarificaci?n efectuado por la Planta de Tratamiento de Agua Potable Puerto Mallarino en la ciudad de Cali. Se emple? un sistema de filtraci?n en columnas con distribuci?n de agua mediante conducciones reguladas a un caudal constante de 12 mL/min. El efluente de cada unidad de filtros fue evaluado y comparado con el afluente mediante la medici?n de Color Aparente, Turbiedad, UV254, pH y Conductividad. Se obtuvo como resultado que la configuraci?n C5 con 90% de CAG y 10% Arena logr? una mayor estabilidad de la turbiedad obteniendo valores m?nimos por debajo de 2 UNT (MAVDT), 0.5 UNT (WHO) y 0.15 UNT (EPA) y aunque no tuvo diferencias significativas comparado con el filtro de Antracita y Arena, si present? un mejor desempe?o en la remoci?n de turbiedad debido al alcance de un mayor n?mero de datos por debajo de 0.3 UNT. En cuanto a la eficiencia de remoci?n de materia org?nica en el agua medida como UV254 se observaron mejores resultados para la configuraci?n C4 con 85% de CAG y 15% Arena y aunque las eficiencias de remoci?n de materia org?nica no fueron significativamente altas se observa claramente la ventaja que presenta el uso de CAG como medio filtrante adsorbente comparado con el medio convencional de Antracita y Arena. La obtenci?n de bajas eficiencias de remoci?n fue debido al contenido de material en suspensi?n ya que los filtros de CAG trabajaron en la retenci?n de dicho material afectando considerablemente la capacidad de adsorci?n. Mediante esta investigaci?n se comprob? que la selecci?n adecuada de las condiciones operacionales de los filtros de CAG puede generar agua comparativamente similar o superior a los filtros conformados con materiales convencionales como Antracita y arena. De igual forma, el uso de CAG como medio filtrante para el tratamiento de agua del Rio Cauca es un insumo que puede aportar a una posible estrategia para disminuir el riesgo microbiol?gico y el riesgo cr?nico asociado con el contenido de materia org?nica en el agua distribuida a la poblaci?n cale?a

Dynamics of Granular Crystals with Elastic-Plastic Contacts

We study the behavior of granular crystals subjected to impact loading that creates plastic deformation at the contacts between constituent particles. Granular crystals are highly periodic arrangements of spherical particles, arranged into densely packed structures resembling crystals. This special class of granular materials has been shown to have unique dynamics with suggested applications in impact protection. However, previous work has focused on very low amplitude impacts where every contact point can be described using the Hertzian contact law, valid only for purely elastic deformation. In this thesis, we extend previous investigation of the dynamics of granular crystals to significantly higher impact energies more suitable for the majority of applications. Additionally, we demonstrate new properties specific to elastic-plastic granular crystals and discuss their potential applications as well. We first develop a new contact law to describe the interaction between particles for large amplitude compression of elastic-plastic spherical particles including a formulation for strain-rate dependent plasticity. We numerically and experimentally demonstrate the applicability of this contact law to a variety of materials typically used in granular crystals. We then extend our investigation to one-dimensional chains of elastic-plastic particles, including chains of alternating dissimilar materials. We show that, using the new elastic-plastic contact law, we can predict the speed at which impact waves with plastic dissipation propagate based on the material properties of the constituent particles. Finally, we experimentally and numerically investigate the dynamics of two-dimensional and three-dimensional granular crystals with elastic-plastic contacts. We first show that the predicted wave speeds for 1D granular crystals can be extended to 2D and 3D materials. We then investigate the behavior of waves propagating across oblique interfaces of dissimilar particles. We show that the character of the refracted wave can be predicted using an analog to Snell's law for elastic-plastic granular crystals and ultimately show how it can be used to design impact guiding "lenses" for mitigation applications.