Hipótesis y metodología en torno a la atribución de autorías en la colección Castellano de la BNE

Este artículo pretende analizar las diferentes teorías emitidas en torno a las autorías de la Colección Castellano, conservada en la Biblioteca Nacional de España. De este modo podremos estar en posición de confirmarlas o matizarlas, gracias al empleo de nuevas metodologías comparativas de los suelos y decorados de los estudios fotográficos en el Madrid decimonónico.

A patient perspective of pharmacist prescribing: 'crossing the specialisms-crossing the illnesses'

Background: The drive for non-medical prescribing has progressed quickly since the late 1990s and involves a range of healthcare professionals including pharmacists. As part of a commissioned research project, this qualitative element of a larger case study focused on the views of patients of pharmacist prescribers. 

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore patients' perspectives of pharmacists as prescribers. 

Methods: Three pharmacists working as independent prescribers in the clinical areas of (i) hypertension, (ii) cardiovascular/diabetes management, (iii) anticoagulation were recruited to three case studies of pharmacist prescribing in Northern Ireland. One hundred and five patients were invited to participate in focus groups after they had been prescribed for by the pharmacist. Focus groups took place between November 2010 and March 2011 (ethical/governance approvals granted) were audio taped, transcribed verbatim, read independently by two authors and analysed using constant comparative analysis. 

Results: Thirty-four patients agreed to participate across seven focus groups. Analysis revealed the emergence of one overarching theme: team approach to patient care. A number of subthemes related to the role of the pharmacist, the role of the doctor and patient benefits. There was an overwhelming lack of awareness of pharmacist prescribing. Patients discussed the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to their care and recognized limitations of the current model of prescribing. 

Conclusion: Patients were positive about pharmacist prescribing and felt that a team approach to their care was the ideal model especially when treating those with more complex conditions. Despite positive attitudes, there was a general lack of awareness of this new mode of practice.

“It’s very complicated”: a qualitative study of medicines management in intermediate care facilities in Northern Ireland

Background: Intermediate care (IC) describes a range of services targeted at older people, aimed at preventing unnecessary hospitalisation, promoting faster recovery from illness and maximising independence. Older people are at increased risk of medication-related adverse events, but little is known about the provision of medicines management services in IC facilities. This study aimed to describe the current provision of medicines management services in IC facilities in Northern Ireland (NI) and to explore healthcare workers' (HCWs) and patients' views of, and attitudes towards these services and the IC concept. 

Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using a constant comparative approach with HCWs and patients from IC facilities in NI. 

Results: Interviews were conducted with 25 HCWs and 18 patients from 12 IC facilities in NI. Three themes were identified: 'concept and reality', 'setting and supply' and 'responsibility and review'. A mismatch between the concept of IC and the reality was evident. The IC facility setting dictated prescribing responsibilities and the supply of medicines, presenting challenges for HCWs. A lack of a standardised approach to responsibility for the provision of medicines management services including clinical review was identified. Whilst pharmacists were not considered part of the multidisciplinary team, most HCWs recognised a need for their input. Medicines management was not a concern for the majority of IC patients. 

Conclusions: Medicines management services are not integral to IC and medicine-related challenges are frequently encountered. Integration of pharmacists into the multidisciplinary team could potentially improve medicines management in IC.

"Things I did not know”: Retrospectives on a Canadian rural male youth suicide using an instrumental photo voice case study

In Canada, it is young rural based men who are at the greatest risk for suicide. While there is no consensus on the reasons for this, evidence points to contextual social factors including isolation, lack of confidential services and pressure to uphold restrictive norms of rural masculinity. In this article we share findings drawn from an instrumental photo voice case study to distil factors contributing to the suicide of a young Canadian rural based man. Integrating photo voice methods and in-depth qualitative we conducted interviews with 7 family members and close friends of the deceased. The interviews and image data were analyzed using constant comparative methods to discern themes related to participants’ reflections on and perceptions about rural male suicide. Three inductively derived themes, “Missing the signs”, “Living up to his public image” and “Down in Rural Canada ” reflect the challenges that survivors and young rural men can experience in attempting to be comply with restrictive dominant ideals of masculinity. We conclude that community based suicide prevention efforts would benefit from gender-sensitive and place specific approaches to advancing men’s mental health by making tangibly available and affirming an array of masculinities to foster the well-being of young rural based men.

O ensino de matemática em duas escolas profissionalizantes: Brasil e Portugal, no período de 1942 a 1978

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A lesão de isquémia/reperfusão em transplante hepático: análise genética, morfológica e correlação clínica

RESUMO: O transplante hepático ortotópico é uma terapêutica aceite para casos selecionados de falência hepática terminal. O procedimento tem-­‐se aperfeiçoado, evidenciado pelo aumento da taxa de sobrevida de 30 para 75% aos 5 anos, mas cerca de 13 a 27% dos enxertos desenvolve falência primária (PNF) ou disfunção primária (DF) após o transplante. As consequências são devastadoras para a sobrevida do doente e do enxerto. A sua etiologia é multifactorial, incluindo factores relacionados com o dador e o receptor, tempos de isquémia, agressões cirúrgicas, bem como características anatomopatológicas do enxerto. A lesão de isquémia/reperfusão mantem-­‐se como um factor de risco intra operatório, com implicações directas sobre toda a evolução do transplante : existe uma relação íntima entre a PNF e a DF, a preservação do enxerto, a lesão de isquémia/reperfusão, e a falência do transplante. Além disso, está comprovada evidência que sugere que a lesão de I/R torna um aloenxerto mais vulnerável por aumento da imunogenicidade, aumentando a probabilidade de episódios de rejeição precoce e tardia. Com base na prática clínica quotidiana do CHBPT HCC, estudaram-­‐se 54 casos de transplante hepático, agrupados segundo grupos por alocação do enxerto respectivo: Grupo 1(n=27): dador cadáver para receptor cirrótico, Grupo 2 (n=15): dador cadáver para receptor PAF, Grupo 3 (n=12): dador PAF para receptor cirrótico. Observaram-­‐se as alterações histológicas e moleculares sobre o enxerto até ao final da operação do receptor, e as suas consequências clínicas,avaliando: -­‐ As diferentes capacidades de resistência e cada enxerto à lesão de isquémia/reperfusão. -­‐ As situações em que os factores do receptor se sobrepõem às do enxerto na definição do prognóstico, e vice versa. -­‐ A relevância das lesões histológicas e moleculares precoces no tecido hepático na evolução do enxerto e do receptor. Foram colhidas biópsias por agulha dos 54 enxertos hepáticos,42 provenientes de cadáver com coração batente(morte cerebral) e 12 provenientes de dador vivo com PAF, em três tempos diferentes do processo de colheita e transplante hepático: ­‐ A primeira(T0)antes da clampagem da aorta do dador -­‐ A segunda (T1) no final da isquémia fria -­‐ A terceira (T2) após a reperfusão do enxerto, durante o encerramento da parede abdominal. A estas amostras foi extraído RNA total, convertido em cDNA por transcrição reversa e feita a análise da expressão dos genes da CTLA4, IL-­‐1β, IL-­‐4, IL-­‐6, IL-­‐13, TNF-­‐α, Perforina, Selectina, (SELE), Fas-­‐ligando, Granzima-­‐B, Heme-­‐Oxigenase 1(HO1)e Óxido Nítrico Sintetase(iNOS2A)por PCR quantitativo segundo o método do Ct comparativo, utilizando como referência a expressão dos genes da amostra não-­‐isquémica –T0. Os fragmentos de todas as biópsias foram seccionados, para envio de amostra comparativa para processamento histológico habitual, sem qualquer alteração ao protocolo seguido habitualmente na Unidade de Transplantação do Hospital Curry Cabral. A presença de alguns parâmetros histológicos definidos, como esteatose, necrose, vacuolização, congestão sinusoidal e infiltração neutrofílica, foi registada e contabilizada numa classificação numérica. O seguimento clínico e laboratorial, bem como o acompanhamento de eventuais complicações, foi registado e correlacionado com os dados das colheitas de órgãos e com os dados das biópsias. Foram consideradas as seguintes variáveis, como as mais relevantes e objectivas para a interpretação da evolução clínica, tendo sido comparadas estatisticamente com os dados recolhidos, laboratoriais e clínicos: disfunção do enxerto, 207 pós operatórias, número de internamentos igual ou superior a 2 e rejeição crónica e/ou morte do receptor. Foram identificadas características clínicas menos favoráveis, a considerar, nalgumas circunstâncias: género feminino do receptor (sobretudo associado a enxerto masculino, p=0,077), isquémia fria superior a 500 minutos (p=0,074), isquémia quente superior a 90 minutos (p=0,099). Na análise laboratorial, distinguiram-­‐se duas características histológicas desfavoráveis e irreversíveis, como índice de mau prognóstico: a necrose e a balonização (p=0,029); no painel genético escolhido neste estudo,a expressão basal de IL-­‐1β(p=0,028), de SELE p=0,013)e de FAS-­‐L (p=0,079)relacionaram-­‐se com pior prognóstico. Algumas características protectoras intrínsecas dos enxertos só se revelaram indirectamente, como menor infiltração neutrofílica e maior expressão de HO1 e de iNOS nos enxertos PAF, não tendo sido possível provar uma interferência directa nos resultados clínicos. Não se obteve expressão mensurável de genes anti-­‐ inflamatórios nas biopsias hepáticas processadas neste estudo, como a IL13 e a I 4: assim, com a metodologia utilizada, não foi possível obter um perfil de expressão genética associado a boa evolução clínica. O perfil inverso foi sugerido apenas pela expressão basal dos 3 genes mencionados (FAS-­‐L,IL-­‐1β e SELE)no mesmo painel, com o protocolo seguido neste conjunto de 54 doentes. As características do receptor sobrepuseram-­‐se às do enxerto no caso de: -­‐ diagnóstico de PAF no receptor, que determinou uma maior predisposição para a disfunção do enxerto, o que, por sua vez, determina uma menor sobrevida. No entanto, o diagnóstico de PAF no receptor exibe uma curva de sobrevida mais favorável. -­‐ receptores com um baixo balanço de risco (BAR)definiram características favoráveis para enxertos com níveis baixos e moderados de esteatose, fazendo que esta característica, definida como um risco acrescido, não só não se manifestasse clinicamente,como parecesse um factor favorável. As características do enxerto sobrepuseram-­‐se às do receptor no caso de: -­‐ tempo de isquémia fria superior a 500 minutos -­‐ balonização, necrose, FAS-­‐L,IL-­‐1β e SELE em T0 A integração dos resultados moleculares e morfológicos com a evolução clínica, realça o papel da mobilização precoce de neutrófilos nos desempenhos menos favoráveis do enxerto hepático. -------------ABSTRACT: Orthotopic liver transplantation is na accepted therapeutic procedure for selected cases of terminal liver failure. The procedure has been improved, evidenced by the rise of survival rates from 30 to 70% at 5 years, but 13 to 27% of the liver grafts develops primary non function (PNF) or primary dysfunction (PDF) after transplantation. The consequences are devastating for the survival of the patient and of the graft. Its etiology is multifactorial, including factos related with the donor and with the recipient, ischemic times, surgical aggressions, as well as the histological characteristics of the graft. The ischemia/reperfusion lesion is still an intraoperative risk factor, with direct implications in the whole transplant outcome: there is a close interrelation between PNF and DF, graft preservation, ischemia / reperfusion lesion and graft failure. Beyond his, there is proved evidence that suggests that I/R lesion turns the allograft more vulnerable by increasing its immunogenity, increasing the probability of precocious and late rejection episodes. Based on the daily clinical practice at CHBPT /HCC, 54 cases of hepatic transplantation have been studied, grouped by allocation of each graft: Group (n=27):deceased do nortocirrhotic recipient, Group 2 (n=15): deceased donor to FAP recipient, Group 3 (n=12): FAP living donor to cirrhotic recipient. The histologic and molecular changes in the liver graft were observed until the end of the recipiente operation,together with its clinical consequences, evaluating:-­‐The different capacity of resistance of each graft to the ischemia / reperfusion lesion -­‐ The situations where the recipiente factos overlap the ones of the graft, in the definition of prognosis, and vice versa.-­‐ The relevance of the precocious histologic and molecular lesions of the hepatic tissue in the clinical outcome of the graft and the recipient. Needle biopsies were obtained from 54 liver grafts, 42 deceased brain dead donors and 12 from FAP living donors, at three diferente times of the harvesting and the hepatic transplantation: The first one (T0) before clamping the donor aorta -­‐ The second one (T2) in the end of cold ischemia time -­‐ The third one (T) after the reperfusion of the graft, during the closure of the abdominal wall. Total RNAwas extracted to these samples, converted to cDNA by reverse transcription and the analysis of gene expression was made for CTLA4,IL-­‐1β,IL-­‐4,IL-­‐6,IL-­‐13,TNF-­‐α,Perforin,E Selectin (SELE),Fas-­‐ligand,Granzyme-­‐B,Heme-­‐oxigenase 1 (HO1) and Nitric Oxide Sintetase (iNOS2A) by quantitative PCR, according with the Ct comparative method, using the expression of the non ischemic sample – T0. The fragments of all the biopsies were divided, to send a comparative sample to the usual histologic processement, keeping the same usual protocol at the Transplantation Unit of Curry Cabral Hospital. The presence of some defined histologic parameters, such as steatosis, necrosis, vacuolization, sinusoidal congestion and neutrophilic infiltration, was registered and catalogued in a numeric classification. The clinical and laboratory follow-­‐up, as well as the following of eventual complications, was registered and correlated with the data from organ procurement operations and with the data from the biopsies. The following variables were considered as the most relevant and objective ones, to the interpretation of the clinical evolution, being statistically compared with the clinical and laboratorial collected data: graft dysfunction, post-­‐operative complications, number of readmissions of 2 or more and chronic rejection and /or recipiente death. There were identified some unfavorable clinical characteristics, to be considered under certain circumstances: recipiente female gender (specially associated with malegraft, p=0,077), cold ischemia time of more than 500 minutes (p=0,074), warm ischemia time of more than 90 minutes (p=0,099). In the laboratory analysis, two histologic characteristics were identified as unfavorable and irreversible, associated with bad prognosis: necrosis and balonization (p=0,029); in the gene panel selected in this study, the basal expression of IL-­‐1β (p=0,028), SELE (p=0,013) and FAS-­‐L (p=0,079)were related with worse prognosis.Some intrinsic protective characteristics of the grafts were only indirectly revealed, such as less neutrophilic infiltration and bigger expression of HO1 and iNOS in FAP grafts, being impossible to prove any direct inte ference in the clinical results. A relevant and measurable expression of the anti inflammatory genes IL13 and IL4 was not obtained: with the used methodology, it was impossible to obtain a gene expression profile associated with a favorable clinical outcome.The inverse profile was suggested only by the basal expression of the three mentioned genes (FAS-­‐L, IL-­‐ 1β e SELE) in the same gene panel, according with the followed protocol in this group of 54 patients. The characteristics of the recipient overlapped those from the graft, in the case of :-­‐ FAP diagnosis in the recipient, which determined a bigger predisposition to graft dysfunction, which by itself determines a shorter survival. However, FAP diagnosis in the recipiente depicts a more favorable survival curve. -­‐ Recipients with a low balance risk índex (BAR) defined favorable characteristics to grafts with low and moderate grades of steatosis, making that this characteristic, associated with bad prognosis, looked like a favorable factor, and with no clinical interference. The graft characteristics overlapped those from the receptor in the case of: -­‐ Cold ischemic time more than 500 minutes -­‐ Balonization, necrosis, FAS-­‐L, IL-­‐1β and SELE at T0. The integration of molecular and morphologic results with the clinical evolution, stresses the role of a precocious neutrophils mobilization in the worse outcomes of liver grafts.

Continuing education learning preferences and styles of legal clinic lawyers /

The purpose of this qualitative research was to study the learning preferences and styles of management lawyers who work in Ontario's legal aid clinics. Data were gathered from two sources and analyzed using the constant comparison method. A preand postconference survey provided the principal data on clinic lawyers' learning preferences. Follow-up interviews were then conducted with 3 purposefully selected survey participants to explore their personal learning styles. Kolb's experiential learning theory provided the theoretical framework for discussing personal learning styles. The findings showed a general consistency among the lawyers to learn by listening to lectures and experts. This preference may suggest a lingering influence from law school training. The lawyers' more informal learning associated with daily practice, however, appeared to be guided by various learning styles. The learning style discussions provided some support for Kolb's model but also confirmed some shortcomings noted by other authors. Educators who design continuing education programs for lawyers may benefit from some insights gained from this exploratory research. This study adds to a limited but growing body of work on the learning preferences and styles of lawyers and suggests new questions for future research.

Promoting parent-therapist collaboration in intensive behavioural intervention programs : exploring estrategies to improve teamwork

This qualitative study investigated senior level staff (Senior Therapists), front-line staff (Instructor Therapists), and parent perspectives on parent-therapist collaboration within Intensive Behavioural Intervention settings. Two senior staff interviews, two parent interviews, and a focus group with therapists were conducted to examine how parents and therapists currently interact within IBI settings, parent and therapist expectations of each other, factors that promote and barriers that impede parent-therapist collaboration, and how parent-therapist collaboration might be improved. A constant comparative analysis by question within and across cases revealed five prominent themes of 'Role Definition', 'Perspective-taking/Empathy', 'Trust', 'Open Communication', and 'Consistency'. Additional similarities and differences were discovered between parent and therapist perspectives such as the need for clear parentprofessional boundaries, the importance of maintaining client privacy, and respect. Implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.

Using Network Analysis to Understand and Advance Falls Prevention Services and Programs

The purpose of this study was to understand referral linkages that exist among falls prevention agencies in a southern Ontario region using network analysis theory. This was a single case study which included fifteen individual interviews. The data was analyzed through the constant comparative approach. Ten themes emerged and are classified into internal and external factors. Themes associated with internal factors are: 1) health professionals initiating services; 2) communication strategies; 3) formal partnerships; 4) trust; 5) program awareness; and 6) referral policies. Themes associated with external factors are: 1) client characteristics; 2) primary and community care collaboration; 3) networking; and 4) funding. Recommendations to improve the referral pathway are: 1) electronic database; 2) electronic referral forms; 3) educating office staff; and 4) education days. This study outlined the benefit of using network analysis to understand referral pathways and the importance of implementing strategies that will improve falls prevention referral pathways.

Associate-Candidate Relationships: A Study of Teacher Education Field Experiences

Past research has identified the importance of the relationship between teacher candidates and their associate teachers during field experiences. Through the research questions that framed the study, I sought to contribute to a growing understanding of how the associate teacher-teacher candidate relationship develops from the perspective of teacher candidates. Using an interpretive lens, I explored the associate teacher-teacher candidate relationships of 5 teacher candidates at a mid-sized university in Southern Ontario. In this instrumental multicase study, the 5 participants described 13 pairs of relationships with associate teachers who modeled varying practices. The qualitative data surrounding these case relationships were collected through a focus group and semistructured interviews. Participants’ responses were analyzed using axial coding and constant comparative analysis. Participants identified feedback, guidance, support, genuine interactions, and relationship dynamics as central to successful field experiences. Participants also suggested that associate teachers might be better supported in their role if they were offered increased professional development from the faculties of education that organize the field experiences. The findings documented offer a fresh perspective of the role of the associate teacher in successful teacher education programs, particularly as experienced by the 5 participants.

Instagram, Social Media, and the "Like": Exploring Virtual Identity's Role in 21st Century Students' New Socialization Experience

Personal technologies and social media use have changed the socialization experience of our 21st century learners. As learners have a new, embodied, virtual identity that is an omnipresent force within their social interactions, this study sought to examine how virtual identity influences student relationships both within and outside of a school context. This study also explored how personal technologies and social media use have influenced learners’ perceptions of their own 21st century learning. Using a qualitative inquiry, purposeful sampling was employed to recruit 6 participants between the ages of 15 to 19 to examine their social networking site use and education experience. Data were collected from single, one-on-one semi-structured interviews in which participants discussed their experiences using social media. Data were also collected from the teens’ personal Instagram accounts, and a personal reflexive researcher’s journal was kept for triangulation of data. Open and axial coding strategies alongside constant comparative methods were used to analyze data. Participants shared how they and their peers use social media, the pressures and expectations from other users, social media’s influence on peer relationships, and how social media influences their choices in the physical realm. All 6 participants explained that their teachers do not talk to them about their social media use, and even offered critiques of the school system itself and its inability to prepare students for the new realities of a digital world. This study concludes that while social media is very influential on students’ socialization, educators should be more concerned about the lack of guidance and support that students receive in school in terms of appropriate social media use and the navigation of virtual identity.

La migration de retour de la population italienne immigrée au Canada et en Belgique

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Understanding the Intersectoral Collaboration of Rural Community Health Workers and Teachers: The Example of Addressing Violence against Women and Girls in Vulindlela, South Africa

Objectifs: Cette étude a documenté la collaboration intersectorielle entre les agents de santé communautaires (ASC) et les enseignants visant à combattre la violence à l’égard des femmes et des filles à Vulindlela, une communauté rurale Sud-Africaine. La collaboration entre ces acteurs, les facteurs qui influencent leur collaboration et les avenues possibles pour une amélioration de cette collaboration ont été explorés. Méthodes: Six ASC et cinq enseignants ont pris part à cette recherche participative qui a inclut l'utilisation du dessin comme méthodologie visuelle. La collecte de données a été réalisée en quatre phases, avec un total de huit entretiens de groupes. La stratégie d’analyse principale a inclus une approche dirigée du contenu narratif et une approche de comparaison constante. Résultats: Le système de collaboration entre les enseignants et les ASC manque de définition et ces acteurs ne peuvent donc en faire l’utilisation. Par conséquent la collaboration actuelle entre ces acteurs a été jugée peu développé, impromptue et informelle. De nombreuses contraintes à la collaboration ont été identifiées, y compris le manque de motivation de la part des enseignants, la nature des relations entre les acteurs, et la capacité individuelle limitée des ASC. Conclusion: Compte tenu des nombreuses contraintes à la collaboration entre ces ASC et les enseignants, il n'est pas évident que cette collaboration conduira aux résultats espérés. Dans l'absence de motivation suffisante et d’une prise de conscience réaliste des défis par les acteurs eux-mêmes, les initiatives externes pour améliorer la collaboration sont peu susceptibles de succès.

La résilience des familles endeuillées par le suicide d'un adolescent : émerger malgré la blessure indélébile

Cette étude vise à comprendre et à expliquer la résilience des familles endeuillées par le suicide d’un adolescent . Lorsque le suicide d’un adolescent survient, comme il s’agit d’une mort violente, inattendue, auto-infligée et qu’elle ne s’inscrit pas dans l’ordre normal de la vie, la famille est confrontée à une situation de crise qui nécessite, de sa part, une mobilisation importante d’énergie. On remarque que, malgré cette épreuve, la plupart des familles continuent à fonctionner. Le concept de résilience familiale qui fait référence à la capacité d’une famille de rebondir face à une situation de crise peut expliquer ce phénomène. C’est pourquoi le but de cette étude a été de proposer une théorie du processus de résilience à partir de ce que vivent les familles endeuillées par le suicide de leur adolescent. Le modèle McGill en soins infirmiers constitue la toile de fond théorique compte tenu de sa vision familiale, de sa croyance dans les forces de la famille et de l’importance du rôle de collaboration des infirmières. Pour atteindre le but de notre étude, une approche par théorisation ancrée, inspirée de la vision straussienne, a été choisie. L’échantillonnage théorique a été constitué de données obtenues à l’aide : d’entrevues semi structurées (13) avec les membres de sept familles rencontrés soit de façon individuelle, en couple ou en groupe (n=17 participants); de documents personnels remis par les participants (journal intime, homélie …); d’un questionnaire sociodémographique; et de notes de terrain. Une analyse comparative continue des données à travers une triple codification a permis de proposer une théorisation en profondeur du processus de résilience familiale suite au suicide d’un adolescent. Les principaux résultats indiquent que, dans un premier temps, la famille est confrontée à un cataclysme engendré par le suicide lui-même et influencé par le contexte familial, le contexte social et les émotions vécues. S’ensuit une période de naufrage plus ou moins importante compte tenu des bouées de sauvetage présentes au sein et dans l’entourage des familles. La présence de ces bouées intra et extrafamiliales permet un rebondissement plus ou moins rapide des familles. Par la suite, différentes actions intra et extrafamiliales permettent aux familles d’émerger malgré cette blessure indélébile, c’est-à-dire apprendre et grandir à travers cette expérience. L’analyse a également permis de dégager quatre types de résilience familiale selon que le rebondissement est rapide ou tardif et que l’émergence est continue ou non, soit le processus de résilience des familles énergiques centrifuge et centripète, de la famille stupéfaite, de la famille combattante et de la famille tenace. Cette étude permet d’approfondir la compréhension du vécu des familles endeuillées par le suicide d’un adolescent et d’aider les professionnels de la santé à mieux adapter leurs interventions en fonction des besoins des familles, des bouées de sauvetage présentes et des actions susceptibles de favoriser leur émergence.

Estimation des corrélations phylogénétiques entre paramètres d'évolution moléculaire et Traits d'histoire de vie

Depuis quelques années, l'évolution moléculaire cherche à caractériser les variations et l'intensité de la sélection grâce au rapport entre taux de substitution synonyme et taux de substitution non-synonyme (dN/dS). Cette mesure, dN/dS, a permis d'étudier l'histoire de la variation de l'intensité de la sélection au cours du temps ou de détecter des épisodes de la sélection positive. Les liens entre sélection et variation de taille efficace interfèrent cependant dans ces mesures. Les méthodes comparatives, quant a elle, permettent de mesurer les corrélations entre caractères quantitatifs le long d'une phylogénie. Elles sont également utilisées pour tester des hypothèses sur l'évolution corrélée des traits d'histoire de vie, mais pour être employées pour étudier les corrélations entre traits d'histoire de vie, masse, taux de substitution ou dN/dS. Nous proposons ici une approche combinant une méthode comparative basée sur le principe des contrastes indépendants et un modèle d'évolution moléculaire, dans un cadre probabiliste Bayésien. Intégrant, le long d'une phylogénie, sur les reconstructions ancestrales des traits et et de dN/dS nous estimons les covariances entre traits ainsi qu'entre traits et paramètres du modèle d'évolution moléculaire. Un modèle hiérarchique, a été implémenté dans le cadre du logiciel coevol, publié au cours de cette maitrise. Ce modèle permet l'analyse simultané de plusieurs gènes sans perdre la puissance donnée par l'ensemble de séquences. Un travail deparallélisation des calculs donne la liberté d'augmenter la taille du modèle jusqu'à l'échelle du génome. Nous étudions ici les placentaires, pour lesquels beaucoup de génomes complets et de mesures phénotypiques sont disponibles. À la lumière des théories sur les traits d'histoire de vie, notre méthode devrait permettre de caractériser l'implication de groupes de gènes dans les processus biologique liés aux phénotypes étudiés.