Determination of the Side-Reaction Coefficient of Desferrioxamine B in Trace-Metal-Free Seawater

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Développement d’une nouvelle méthode d’analyse multi-résidus par LDTD/APCI-MS/MS pour la quantification de pesticides et de produits pharmaceutiques dans les eaux usées

Une nouvelle méthode d'extraction en phase solide (SPE) couplée à une technique d'analyse ultrarapide a été développée pour la détermination simultanée de neuf contaminants émergents (l'atrazine, le déséthylatrazine, le 17(béta)-estradiol, l'éthynylestradiol, la noréthindrone, la caféine, la carbamazépine, le diclofénac et le sulfaméthoxazole) provenant de différentes classes thérapeutiques et présents dans les eaux usées. La pré-concentration et la purification des échantillons a été réalisée avec une cartouche SPE en mode mixte (Strata ABW) ayant à la fois des propriétés échangeuses de cations et d'anions suivie d'une analyse par une désorption thermique par diode laser/ionisation chimique à pression atmosphérique couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LDTD-APCI-MS/MS). La LDTD est une nouvelle méthode d'introduction d'échantillon qui réduit le temps total d'analyse à moins de 15 secondes par rapport à plusieurs minutes avec la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem traditionnelle (LC-MS/MS). Plusieurs paramètres SPE ont été évalués dans le but d'optimiser l'efficacité de récupération lors de l'extraction des analytes provenant des eaux usées, tels que la nature de la phase stationnaire, le débit de chargement, le pH d'extraction, le volume et la composition de la solution de lavage et le volume de l'échantillon initial. Cette nouvelle méthode a été appliquée avec succès à de vrais échantillons d'eaux usées provenant d'un réservoir de décantation primaire. Le recouvrement des composés ciblés provenant des eaux usées a été de 78 à 106%, la limite de détection a été de 30 à 122 ng L-1, alors que la limite de quantification a été de 88 à 370 ng L-1. Les courbes d'étalonnage dans les matrices d'eaux usées ont montré une bonne linéarité (R2 > 0,991) pour les analytes cibles ainsi qu’une précision avec un coefficient de variance inférieure à 15%.

Infecção hospitalar associada ao uso de cateter venoso central e a quebra de protocolos pelos profissionais de saúde na UTI de um hospital universitário em Natal/RN

This is a study descriptive cross-sectional and quantitative approaches, which aimed to analyze the association between hospital infection rate for insertion, maintenance of central venous catheter and the breakdown of protocols (rules and routines) by health professionals assisting patients in the ICU of a university hospital in Natal / RN. The process of data collection was through observation with structured form, refers to medical records and structured questionnaires with health professionals. The results were organized, tabulated, categorized and analyzed using SPSS 14.0. The characterization of the subjects was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics, taking into account the nature of the variables, with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Spearman correlation test, it was a discussion of the information obtained, considering the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variance and standard error. The variables that showed a higher level of correlation were treated with the application of significance tests. As the results, 71% of participants were female and 29% male, age ranged from 18 to 85 years (52.6 ± 22.5). The insertion, there was a variation from 0 to 5 errors (1.2 ± 1.4), during maintenance, the average was 2.3 ± 0.9 errors, ranging from 0 to 4. During the insertion and maintenance of CVC, patients who had been an infection ranging from 2 to 9 mistakes (4.2 ± 1.7), since those who did not show the variation goes from 0 to 5 errors (2, 8 ± 1.5). The correlation coefficient between the risk of infection throughout the process and the risk of infection at the insertion showed strong and significant (r = 0.845 p = 0.000) and in relation to risk of infection in maintenance was moderate and significant (r = 0.551 p = 0.001). The mistakes made by professionals in the procedures for insertion and maintenance of the catheter, associated with other conditions, shown as a risk factor for the of IH

Perfil de aptidão cardiorrespiratória em corredores jovens pela cinética do VO2 em testes progressivos e retangulares

Pós-graduação em Desenvolvimento Humano e Tecnologias - IBRC

Optimierung der Pharmakotherapie schizophrener Patienten durch objektive Symptomerfassung und Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring

Der Erfolg einer Schizophrenie-Behandlung ist zum größten Teil abhängig vom Ansprechen des Patienten auf seine antipsychotische Medikation. Welches Medikament und welche Dosis bei einem individuellen Patienten wirksam sind, kann derzeit erst nach mehrwöchiger Behandlung beurteilt werden. Ein Grund für variierendes Therapieansprechen sind variable Plasmakonzentrationen der Antipsychotika. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zu untersuchen, in wieweit der Therapieerfolg zu einem frühen Zeitpunkt der Behandlung durch objektive Symptomerfassung vorhersagbar ist und welche Faktoren die hohe Variabilität der Antipsychotikaspiegel im Blut beeinflussen. rnEine 18-monatige naturalistische klinische Studie an schizophrenen Patienten wurde durchgeführt, um folgende Fragen zu beantworten: Kann man das Therapieansprechen prädizieren und welche Instrumente sind dafür geeignet? Die Psychopathologie wurde anhand zweier Messskalen (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, BPRS und Clinical Global Impressions, CGI) wöchentlich ermittelt, um die Besserung der Krankheitssymptome im Verlauf von 8 Wochen zu bewerten. Therapiebegleitend wurden noch die Serum-Konzentrationen der Antipsychotika gemessen. Objektive Symptomerfassung durch BPRS oder CGI waren als Messinstrumente geeignet, Therapieansprechen vorherzusagen. Bezogen auf den Behandlungsbeginn war eine Verminderung der Symptome hoch prädiktiv für späteres Therapieversagen oder -ansprechen. Eine Verminderung um mehr als 36,5% auf der BPRS Skala in Woche 2 wurde als signifikanter Schwellenwert für Nichtansprechen ermittelt. Patienten, deren Symptombesserung unterhalb des Schwellenwertes lag, hatten eine 11,2-fach höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit, am Ende der Studie nicht auf ihre medikamentöse Therapie anzusprechen als die Patienten, die sich um mindestens 36,5% verbesserten. Andere Faktoren, wie Alter, Geschlecht, Dauer der Erkrankung oder Anzahl der stationären Aufenthalte hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Prädiktion des Therapieansprechens. Therapeutische Antipsychotika-Spiegel übten einen positiven Einfluss auf die Ansprechrate aus. Bei Patienten mit therapeutischen Spiegeln war das Ansprechen rascher und die Ansprechrate größer als unter denjenigen deren Spiegel außerhalb der therapeutisch üblichen Bereiche lag. rnEine wichtige Voraussetzung für den Einsatz von TDM ist das Vorhandensein einer präzisen, reproduzierbaren, zeit- und kostensparenden analytischen Methode zur quantitativen Bestimmung der untersuchten Substanzen. Die Entwicklung und Validierung einer solchen geeigneten Methode wurde für den Nachweis von Haloperidol vorgenommen. Eine HPLC-Methode mit Säulenschaltung erwies sich für TDM geeignet. rnBasierend auf den Ergebnissen der eigenen klinischen Studie zur Response Prädiktion wurde untersucht, welche Faktoren die Variabilität der Pharmakokinetik von Antipsychotika beeinflussen. Die Variabilität der Pharmakokinetik ist ein Grund für fehlendes oder unzureichendes Ansprechen. Es wurde zum einen der Einfluss der galenischen Formulierung auf die Freisetzung und zum anderen der Einfluss von entzündlichen Prozessen auf die Metabolisierung eines Antipsychotikums untersucht. Dazu wurden Patientendaten retrospektiv ausgewertet.rnDie Analyse von 247 Serumspiegeln von Patienten, die mit Paliperidon in OROS®Formulierung, einer neu eingeführten Retardform, behandelt wurden, zeigte, dass die intraindividuelle Variabilität der Talspiegel (Vk) von Paliperidon 35% betrug. Er war damit vergleichbar wie für nicht retardiertes Risperidon 32% (p=n.s.). Die Retardierung hatte demnach keinen Varianz mindernden Effekt auf die Talspiegel des Antipsychotikums. Der Wirkstoff-Konzentrations-Bereich lag bei 21-55 ng/ml und entsprach ebenfalls nahezu dem therapeutischen Bereich von Risperidon (20-60 ng/ml). rnEntzündliche Prozesse können die Metabolisierung von Medikamenten verändern. Dies wurde bisher für Medikamente nachgewiesen, die über CYP1A2 abgebaut werden. Durch die eigene Analyse von 84 Patienten-Serumspiegeln konnte festgestellt werden, dass die Metabolisierung von Quetiapin während eines entzündlichen Prozesses beeinträchtigt war, wahrscheinlich durch Hemmung von CYP3A4. Dies sprach dafür, dass auch Wirkstoffe, die über CYP3A4 abgebaut werden, während eines entzündlichen Prozesses im Körper in ihrer Pharmakokinetik beeinträchtigt sein können. Aus diesem Grund sollte während einer Infektion unter der Therapie mit Quetiapin besonders auf die Nebenwirkungen geachtet werden und der Serumspiegel sollte in dieser Zeit überwacht werden, um den Patienten vor eventuellen Nebenwirkungen oder sogar Intoxikationen zu schützen. rnDie Befunde dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass bei einer Behandlung schizophrener Patienten mit Antipsychotika die Messung der Psychopathologie zur Vorhersage des Therapieansprechens und die Messung der Blutspiegel zur Identifizierung von Faktoren, die die pharmakokinetische Variabilität bedingen, geeignet sind. Objektive Symptomerfassung und Therapeutisches Drug Monitoring sind demnach Instrumente, die für die Steuerung der antipsychotischen Pharmakotherapie genutzt werden sollten.rn

What are the components that contribute to variability in echocardiographic measurements in aortic stenosis?

INTRODUCTION Echocardiography is the standard clinical approach for quantification of the severity of aortic stenosis (AS). A comprehensive examination of its overall reproducibility and the simultaneous estimation of its variance components by multiple operators, readers, probe applications, and beats have not been undertaken. METHOD AND RESULTS Twenty-seven subjects with AS were scanned over 7 months in the echo-department by a median of 3 different operators. From each patient and each operator multiple runs of beats from multiple probe positions were stored for later analysis by multiple readers. The coefficient of variation was 13.3%, 15.9%, 17.6%, and 20.2% for the aortic peak velocity (Vmax), and velocity time integral (VTI), and left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) Vmax and VTI respectively. The largest individual contributors to the overall variability were the beat-to-beat variability (9.0%, 9.3%, 9.5%, 9.4% respectively) and that of inability of an individual operator to precisely apply the probe to the same position twice (8.3%, 9.4%, 12.9%, 10.7% respectively). The tracing (inter-reader) and reader (inter-reader), and operator (inter-operator) contribution were less important. CONCLUSIONS Reproducibility of measurements in AS is poorer than often reported in the literature. The source of this variability does not appear, as traditionally believed, to result from a lack of training or operator and reader specific factors. Rather the unavoidable beat-to-beat biological variability, and the inherent impossibility of applying the ultrasound probe in exactly the same position each time are the largest contributors. Consequently, guidelines suggesting greater standardisation of procedures and further training for sonographers are unlikely to result in an improvement in precision. Clinicians themselves should be wary of relying on even three-beat averages as their expected coefficient of variance is 10.3% for the peak velocity at the aortic valve.

Parametric combustion modeling for ethanol-gasoline fuelled spark ignition engines

Ethanol-gasoline fuel blends are increasingly being used in spark ignition (SI) engines due to continued growth in renewable fuels as part of a growing renewable portfolio standard (RPS). This leads to the need for a simple and accurate ethanol-gasoline blends combustion model that is applicable to one-dimensional engine simulation. A parametric combustion model has been developed, integrated into an engine simulation tool, and validated using SI engine experimental data. The parametric combustion model was built inside a user compound in GT-Power. In this model, selected burn durations were computed using correlations as functions of physically based non-dimensional groups that have been developed using the experimental engine database over a wide range of ethanol-gasoline blends, engine geometries, and operating conditions. A coefficient of variance (COV) of gross indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) correlation was also added to the parametric combustion model. This correlation enables the cycle combustion variation modeling as a function of engine geometry and operating conditions. The computed burn durations were then used to fit single and double Wiebe functions. The single-Wiebe parametric combustion compound used the least squares method to compute the single-Wiebe parameters, while the double-Wiebe parametric combustion compound used an analytical solution to compute the double-Wiebe parameters. These compounds were then integrated into the engine model in GT-Power through the multi-Wiebe combustion template in which the values of Wiebe parameters (single-Wiebe or double-Wiebe) were sensed via RLT-dependence. The parametric combustion models were validated by overlaying the simulated pressure trace from GT-Power on to experimentally measured pressure traces. A thermodynamic engine model was also developed to study the effect of fuel blends, engine geometries and operating conditions on both the burn durations and COV of gross IMEP simulation results.

Cardiac lipid levels show diurnal changes and long-term variations in healthy human subjects

(1) H-MRS is regularly applied to determine lipid content in ectopic tissue - mostly skeletal muscle and liver - to investigate physiological and/or pathologic conditions, e.g. insulin resistance. Technical developments also allow non-invasive in vivo assessment of cardiac lipids; however, basic data about methodological reliability (repeatability) and physiological variations are scarce. The aim of the presented work was to determine potential diurnal changes of cardiac lipid stores in humans, and to put the results in relation to methodological repeatability and normal physiological day-to-day variations. Optimized cardiac- and respiratory-gated (1) H-MRS was used for non-invasive quantification of intracardiomyocellular lipids (ICCL), creatine, trimethyl-ammonium compounds (TMA), and taurine in nine healthy young men at three time points per day on two days separated by one week. This design allowed determination of (a) diurnal changes, (b) physiological variation over one week and (c) methodological repeatability of the ICCL levels. Comparison of fasted morning to post-absorptive evening measurements revealed a significant 37 ± 19% decrease of ICCL during the day (p = 0.0001). There was a significant linear correlation between ICCL levels in the morning and their decrease during the day (p = 0.015). Methodological repeatability for the ICCL/creatine ratio was excellent, with a coefficient of variance of ~5%, whereas physiological variation was found to be considerably higher (22%) in spite of a standardized physiological preparation protocol. In contrast, TMA levels remained stable over this time period. The proposed (1) H-MRS technique provides a robust way to investigate relevant physiological changes in cardiac metabolites, in particular ICCL. The present results suggest that ICCL reveal a diurnal course, with higher levels in the morning as compared to evening. In addition, a considerable long-term variation of ICCL levels, in both the morning and evening, was documented. Given the high methodological repeatability, these effects should be taken into account in studies investigating the metabolic role of ICCL.

Analyse simultanée des hormones stéroïdiennes et leurs formes chimiques dans les matrices d'eau et d'urine par SPE-LC-MS/MS en ligne.

Dans les dernières années, les perturbateurs endocriniens ont été observés dans les rivières qui reçoivent des entrées importantes d’eaux usées. Parmi les perturbateurs endocriniens, les hormones stéroïdiennes naturelles et synthétiques sont des composés dont le potentiel d'imiter ou d'interférer avec les fonctions hormonales normales (développement, croissance et reproduction), est reconnu même au niveau ultra-traces (ng L-1). Bien que les hormones conjuguées soient moins actives que les hormones libres, elles peuvent être clivées et redevenir libres une fois exposées aux processus microbiens avant ou pendant le traitement des eaux usées. En raison de la nécessité d'identifier et de quantifier ces composés dans l'eau, une nouvelle méthode, entièrement automatisée, a été développée pour la détermination simultanée des deux formes de plusieurs hormones stéroïdiennes (conjuguées et libres) dans les matrices d'eau et dans l’urine des femmes. La méthode est basée sur l'extraction en phase solide couplée en ligne à la chromatographie liquide et la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (SPE-LC-MS/MS). Plusieurs paramètres ont été évalués dans le but d'optimiser l'efficacité de la méthode, tels que le type et le débit de la phase mobile, des différentes colonnes de SPE et de chromatographie, ainsi que différentes sources et modes d'ionisation des échantillons pour la MS. La méthode démontre une bonne linéarité (R2 > 0.993), ainsi qu'une précision avec un coefficient de variance inférieure à 10%. Les limites de quantification varient d’un minimum de 3 à 15 ng L-1 pour un volume d'injection entre 1 mL et 5 mL et le recouvrement des composés varie de 72 % à 117 %.

Analyse simultanée des hormones stéroïdiennes et leurs formes chimiques dans les matrices d'eau et d'urine par SPE-LC-MS/MS en ligne

Dans les dernières années, les perturbateurs endocriniens ont été observés dans les rivières qui reçoivent des entrées importantes d’eaux usées. Parmi les perturbateurs endocriniens, les hormones stéroïdiennes naturelles et synthétiques sont des composés dont le potentiel d'imiter ou d'interférer avec les fonctions hormonales normales (développement, croissance et reproduction), est reconnu même au niveau ultra-traces (ng L-1). Bien que les hormones conjuguées soient moins actives que les hormones libres, elles peuvent être clivées et redevenir libres une fois exposées aux processus microbiens avant ou pendant le traitement des eaux usées. En raison de la nécessité d'identifier et de quantifier ces composés dans l'eau, une nouvelle méthode, entièrement automatisée, a été développée pour la détermination simultanée des deux formes de plusieurs hormones stéroïdiennes (conjuguées et libres) dans les matrices d'eau et dans l’urine des femmes. La méthode est basée sur l'extraction en phase solide couplée en ligne à la chromatographie liquide et la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (SPE-LC-MS/MS). Plusieurs paramètres ont été évalués dans le but d'optimiser l'efficacité de la méthode, tels que le type et le débit de la phase mobile, des différentes colonnes de SPE et de chromatographie, ainsi que différentes sources et modes d'ionisation des échantillons pour la MS. La méthode démontre une bonne linéarité (R2 > 0.993), ainsi qu'une précision avec un coefficient de variance inférieure à 10%. Les limites de quantification varient d’un minimum de 3 à 15 ng L-1 pour un volume d'injection entre 1 mL et 5 mL et le recouvrement des composés varie de 72 % à 117 %.

Repeatability of maximal voluntary force and of surface EMG variables during voluntary isometric contraction of quadriceps muscles in healthy subjects

The repeatability of initial values and rate of change of EMG signal mean spectral frequency (MNF), average rectified values (ARV), muscle fiber conduction velocity (CV) and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was investigated in the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) and vastus lateralis (VL) muscles of both legs of nine healthy male subjects during voluntary, isometric contractions sustained for 50 s at 50% MVC. The values of MVC were recorded for both legs three times on each day and for three subsequent days, while the EMG signals have been recorded twice a day for three subsequent days. The degree of repeatability was investigated using the Fisher test based upon the ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA), the Standard Error of the Mean (SEM) and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). Data collected showed a high level of repeatability of MVC measurement (normalized SEM from 1.1% to 6.4% of the mean). MNF and ARV initial values also showed a high level of repeatability (ICC > 70% for all muscles and legs except right VMO). At 50% MVC level no relevant pattern of fatigue was observed for the VMO and VL muscles, suggesting that other portions of the quadriceps might have contributed to the generated effort. These observations seem to suggest that in the investigation of muscles belonging to a multi-muscular group at submaximal level, the more selective electrically elicited contractions should be preferred to voluntary contractions. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Randomized comparison of the quality of realtime fetal ultrasound images transmitted by ISDN and by IP videoconferencing

We compared the quality of realtime fetal ultrasound images transmitted using ISDN and IP networks. Four experienced obstetric ultrasound specialists viewed standard recordings in a randomized trial and rated the appearance of 30 fetal anatomical landmarks, each on a seven-point scale. A total of 12 evaluations were performed for various combinations of bandwidths (128, 384 or 768 kbit/s) and networks (ISDN or IF). The intraobserver coefficient of variation was 2.9%, 5.0%, 12.7% and 14.7% for the four observers. The mean overall ratings by each of the four observers were 4.6, 4.8, 5.0 and 5.3, respectively (a rating of 4 indicated satisfactory visualization and 7 indicated as good as the original recording). Analysis of variance showed that there were no significant interobserver variations nor significant differences in the mean scores for the different types of videoconferencing machines used. The most significant variable affecting the mean score was the bandwidth used. For ISDN, the mean score was 3.7 at 128 kbit/s, which was significantly worse than the mean score of 4.9 at 384 kbit/s, which was in turn significantly worse than the mean score of 5.9 at 768 kbit/s. The mean score for transmission using IP was about 0.5 points lower than that using ISDN across all the different bandwidths, but the differences were not significant. It appears that IP transmission in a private (non-shared) network is an acceptable alternative to ISDN for fetal tele-ultrasound and one deserving further study.

Reproducibility of a laboratory-based 40-km cycle time-trial on a stationary wind-trainer in highly trained cyclists

The purpose of the present study was to examine the reproducibility of laboratory-based 40-km cycle time-trial performance on a stationary wind-trainer. Each week, for three consecutive weeks, and on different days, forty-three highly trained male cyclists ((x) over bar +/- SD; age = 25 +/- 6 y; mass = 75 +/- 7 kg; peak oxygen uptake [(V) over dot O-2 peak] = 64.8 +/- 5.2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) performed: 1) a (V) over dot O-2 peak test, and 2) a 40-km time-trial on their own racing bicycle mounted to a stationary wind-trainer (Cateye - Cyclosimulator). Data from all tests were compared using a one-way analysis of variance. Performance on the second and third 40-km time-trials were highly related (r = 0.96; p < 0.001), not significantly different (57:21 +/- 2:57 vs. 57:12 +/- 3:14 min:s), and displayed a low coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.9 +/- 0.7%. Although the first 40-km time-trial (58:43 +/- 3:17min:s) was not significantly different from the second and third tests (p = 0.06), inclusion of the first test in the assessment of reliability increased within-subject CV to 3.0 +/- 2.9%. 40-km time-trial speed (km x h(-1)) was significantly (p < 0.001) related to peak power output (W; r = 0.75), (V) over dot O-2 peak (1 x min(-1); r = 0.53), and the second ventilatory turnpoint (1 x min(-1); r = 0.68) measured during the progressive exercise tests. These data demonstrate that the assessment of 40-km cycle time-trial performance in well-trained endurance cyclists on a stationary wind-trainer is reproducible, provided the athletes perform a familiarization trial.

Poor correlation of mid-femoral measurements by CT and hip measurements by DXA in the elderly

Background and aims: Hip fracture is a devastating event in terms of outcome in the elderly, and the best predictor of hip fracture risk is hip bone density, usually measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). However, bone density can also be ascertained from computerized tomography (CT) scans, and mid-thigh scans are frequently employed to assess the muscle and fat composition of the lower limb. Therefore, we examined if it was possible to predict hip bone density using mid-femoral bone density. Methods: Subjects were 803 ambulatory white and black women and men, aged 70-79 years, participating in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. Bone mineral content (BMC, g) and volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD, mg/cm(3)) of the mid-femur were obtained by CT, whereas BMC and areal bone mineral density (aBMD, g/cm(2)) of the hip (femoral neck and trochanter) were derived from DXA. Results: In regression analyses stratified by race and sex, the coefficient of determination was low with mid-femoral BMC, explaining 6-27% of the variance in hip BMC, with a standard error of estimate (SEE) ranging from 16 to 22% of the mean. For mid-femur vBMD, the variance explained in hip aBMD was 2-17% with a SEE ranging from 15 to 18%. Adjusting aBMD to approximate volumetric density did not improve the relationships. In addition, the utility of fracture prediction was examined. Forty-eight subjects had one or more fractures (various sites) during a mean follow-up of 4.07 years. In logistic regression analysis, there was no association between mid-femoral vBMD and fracture (all fractures), whereas a 1 SD increase in hip BMD was associated with reduced odds for fracture of similar to60%. Conclusions: These results do not support the use of CT-derived mid-femoral vBMD or BMC to predict DXA-measured hip bone mineral status, irrespective of race or sex in older adults. Further, in contrast to femoral neck and trochanter BMD, mid-femur vBMD was not able to predict fracture (all fractures). (C) 2003, Editrice Kurtis.