Potential pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli from pig and poultry feces on-farm and carcasses at the abattoir in Vietnam

E. coli avec potentiel zoonotique pourrait éclore dans les réservoirs porcins et avicoles. Cette étude consiste à examiner la présence de souches E. coli porteuses de gènes virulents associés aux STEC (E. coli producteurs de Shiga-toxines), EPEC (E. coli entéropathogène), et ExPEC (E. coli pathogène extra-intestinal) chez les porcs et volailles élevés au Vietnam. Des prélèvements d’excréments et de carcasses ont été effectués dans des fermes et abattoirs porcins et avicoles sélectionnés où les animaux ont été suivis de l’élevage à l’abattage. Un total de 13,1% des souches, toutes sources confondues, ont été catégorisées comme potentiellement contaminées par ExPEC, possédant un ou plusieurs gènes de virulence iucD, tsh, papC et cnf. Peu d’isolats d’autres pathotypes ont été observés. Tous les gènes de virulence ExPEC, à l’exception de cnf, ont été identifiés plus fréquemment dans les isolats de fèces et carcasses avicoles que dans les isolats porcins. Même constatation pour le groupe du phylogénétique D. Une multirésistance aux médicaments a été régulièrement observée chez les deux isolats ExPEC. Les isolats de fèces de volailles ont souvent été associés à une résistance à l’acide nalidixique et à la ciprofloxacine (P<0.05), de même qu’au gène blaTEM, alors que les gènes qnr et aac(6’)-Ib ont peu été rencontrés des deux côtés. Cette étude démontre que les isolats ExPEC avicoles sont potentiellement plus pathogèniques que ceux porcins et que les isolats ExPEC de carcasses porcines et avicoles peuvent provenir de leurs excréments par la contamination associée au processus d'abattage. Ainsi, la volaille, particulièrement, serait un facteur de transmission de souches ExPEC zoonotiques.

Les Escherichia coli pathogènes extra-intestinaux (ExPEC) et la résistance aux antimicrobiens des carcasses de poulets au détail au Vietnam

Les marchés traditionnels et maintenant les supermarchés approvisionnent les demandes sans cesse en augmentation pour la viande de volaille au Vietnam. Peu d’études ont examiné la présence des E. coli pathogènes extra-intestinaux (ExPEC), une cause commune d’infection urinaire chez les humains, de même que la résistance aux antimicrobiens, la multi-résistance des Escherichia coli dans la viande de volaille au Vietnam. Le but de cette étude était d’évaluer la salubrité de la viande de volaille au Vietnam et de comparer les patrons de résistance aux antimicrobiens entre le Canada et le Vietnam. Des carcasses fraîches et congelées des marchés traditionnels et des supermarchés ont été échantillonnées au Vietnam. Les E. coli obtenus par rinçage des carcasses ont été caractérisé pour les gènes de virulence ExPEC (iucD, cnf, papC, tsh, Kps, afa, sfa) et pour la résistance aux antimicrobiens, phénotypiquement (Sensititre Aris®) et génotypiquement par PCR. Une multi-résistance et une fréquence élevée de résistance aux antimicrobiens d’importance pour les humains ont été détectées dans les isolats ExPEC. Les E. coli producteurs de β-lactamases à spectre élargi et de type AmpC et les gènes de résistance CTX-M et CMY correspondant ont été détectés. Des isolats multi-résistants BLSE putatif ont été identifiés appartenant au phylogroupe F. Les stratégies sur les antimicrobiens employés sur la ferme au Canada et au Vietnam pourraient influencer les profils de résistance des E. coli provenant des carcasses de poulets. En conclusion, la présence des ExPEC, la fréquence élevée de la résistance aux antimicrobiens et la détection des beta-lactamases soulignent la présence de danger pour la santé humaine de la viande de volaille crue ou insuffisamment cuite au Vietnam.

Prevalence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in marketed broiler chickens and processing environment in Coimbatore City of southern India

Broiler chicken is gaining popularity among the consumers of India. Since poultry is recognised as a leading food vehicle for Salmonella contamination, the prevalence and distribution of Salmonella serotypes in broiler chickens and processing environments of retail outlets has been studied. In the present study 214 samples of broiler chicken and 311 environmental samples from cage were analysed for the presence of Salmonella. Of the various body parts of live chicken analysed prevalence varied from 1.4% in cloacca to 6.9% in crop region. Environmental samples from the cage showed higher prevalence of Salmonella ranging from0 to 16.67%. Apart from Salmonella enteritidis, which was the predominant Salmonella serotype in the chickens as well as in the environmental samples, other serotypes such as S. bareilly, S. cerro, S. mbandaka and S. moladewere also encountered. The results of the research calls for strict hygiene standards for retail broiler chicken processing outlets

The incidence ,Antibiotic resistence and survival of salmonella and escherichia coli isolated from broiler chicken retail outlets

The incidence of salmonella and escherichia coli in chicken retail outlets in a residential area of coimbatore, Tamilnadu India was studied with the view that accessories may be a source of cross contamination.Accessories like cages,knives ,chopping boards weighing balance trays and the hands of butcher were examined.A toatal of 14 salmonella as well as 31 E.coli were isolated from different sources. The incidence of E.coli was higher than that of Salmonella.The highest incidence of Salmonella was found in chopping boards and the maximum level of E.Coli was detected in cages.

The use of life cycle assessment to compare the environmental impact of production and feeding of conventional and genetically modified maize for broiler production in Argentina

The paper presents the methods and results of a life-cycle assessment (LCA) applied to the production of maize grain from a conventional variety compared with maize grain from a variety genetically modified to be herbicide tolerant and insect protected and to contain an enhanced oil and lysine content, and its impact when fed to broiler chickens. The findings show that there are both environmental and human health benefits of growing GM maize including lower impacts on global warming, ozone depletion, freshwater ecotoxicity and human toxicity. However, when considered in terms of the use of maize as a feed input to broiler chicken production, the benefits of the GM alternative become negligible compared to the use of conventional maize.

Regional variation in cortical bone properties from broiler fowl - a first look

1. We used microhardness testing as a probe for fine-scale regional variation in the mechanical performance of bone and present data showing the extent of regional variation in the femora and humeri of 7-week-old broiler birds. 2. Ash content of dry bone was broadly correlated with microhardness, although there is some evidence that the relationship linking the two differs between the femur and the humerus. 3. Regional variations in the properties of bone from poultry are widely overlooked in the literature. Awareness of them is vital and existing measures of bone 'strength' may be misleading if local variation in properties is not taken into account when exploring the effects of nutrition and husbandry practices on bone mechanical performance.

Composition, color, and texture of Thai indigenous and broiler chicken muscles

Chemical compositions and physical properties of mixed-sex Thai indigenous (Gallus domesticus) and broiler (commercial breed, CP707) chicken biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles were determined. Indigenous chicken muscles contained higher protein contents but lower fat and ash contents compared to broiler muscles (P < 0.001). The amino acid profile of the indigenous chicken muscles was similar to that of the broiler muscles except they were slightly richer in glutamic acid (P < 0.05). The indigenous chicken muscles contained more saturated and less polyunsaturated fatty acids than the broiler muscles. There were no differences in the monounsaturated fatty acid contents between the breeds. The total collagen contents of indigenous pectoralis and biceps femoris muscles were 5.09 and 12.85 mg/g, respectively, which were higher than those found in broiler pectoralis (3.86 mg/g) and biceps femoris muscles (8.70 mg/g) (P < 0.001). Soluble collagen contents were lower for indigenous pectoralis and biceps femoris muscles, 22.16 vs. 31.38% and 26.06 vs. 33.87%, respectively. The CIE system values of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) of indigenous chicken muscles were higher than those of broiler muscles. The shear values of indigenous chicken muscles either raw or cooked were higher than those of broiler muscles (P < 0.05). After cooking, the shear values decreased for broiler biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles (P < 0.05), whereas no change was observed for indigenous chicken biceps femoris muscle (P > 0.05). Shear values increased for indigenous chicken pectoralis muscle (P < 0.05).

Microstructure and thermal characteristics of Thai indigenous and broiler chicken muscles

The microstructure and thermal characteristics of Thai indigenous (Gallus domesticus) and broiler chicken (commercial line CP707) biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles were determined. Perimysium thicknesses were 14.2 mum for biceps femoris muscle and 7.10 mum for pectoralis muscle of indigenous chicken muscles, thicker than those of broiler muscles, which were 9.93 mum for biceps femoris muscle and 3.87 mum for pectoralis muscle (P < 0.05). Five endothermic peaks with peak transition temperatures (T-p) of 54.9, 61.7, 65.4, 70.6, and 76.1degreesC were obtained for broiler pectoralis muscle, whereas only 3 endothermic peaks (T-P of 56.6, 62.6, and 74.9degreesC were obtained for broiler biceps femoris muscle. Thai indigenous biceps femoris and pectoralis muscles had endothermic peaks with T-P ranges of 53.5 to 54.8, 60.7 to 61.9, and 75.9 to 76.9degreesC. The fiber diameters of Thai indigenous chicken muscles were greater (P < 0.05) than those of the broiler, 31.7 vs. 20.4 mum for biceps femoris muscle and 28.9 vs. 26.6 pm for pectoralis muscle, respectively. After cooking at 80degreesC for 10 min, the fiber diameter of indigenous chicken muscles significantly decreased while those of the broiler significantly increased. The mean of sarcomere lengths of the raw muscles ranged from 1.56 to 1.64 mun and decreased to 0.92 to 1.32 mum (P < 0.001) for broiler muscles and 1.22 to 1.35 mum (P < 0.001) for indigenous chicken muscles after cooking. The perimysium and endomysium of broiler muscles melted after cooking at 80degreesC, however, only slight disintegration was observed in these tissues in the indigenous chicken muscles.

Effects of vitamin E and fish oil inclusion in broiler diets on meat fatty acid composition and on the flavour of a composite sample of breast meat

BACKGROUND: Enriching poultry meat with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC n-3 PUFA) can increase low population intakes of LC n-3 PUFA, but fishy taints can spoil reheated meat. This experiment determined the effect of different amounts of LC n-3 PUFA and vitamin E in the broiler diet on the fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of the breast meat. Ross 308 broilers (120) were randomly allocated to one of five treatments from 21 to 42 days of age. Diets contained (g kg−1) 0, 9 or 18 LC n-3 PUFA (0LC, 9LC, 18LC), and 100, 150 or 200 mg LD--tocopherol acetate kg−1 (E). The five diets were 0LC100E, 9LC100E, 18LC100E, 18LC150E, 18LC200E, with four pens per diet, except 18LC100E (eight pens). Breast meat was analysed for fatty acids (uncooked) and sensory analysis by R-index (reheated). RESULTS: LC n-3 PUFA content (mg kg−1 meat) was 514 (0LC100E) and 2236 (9LC and 18LC). Compared with 0LC100E, meat from 18LC100E and 18LC150E tasted significantly different, while 23% of panellists detected fishy taints in 9LC100E and 18LC200E. CONCLUSION: Chicken meat can be enriched with nutritionally meaningful amounts of LC n-3 PUFA, but > 100 mg dl--tocopherol acetate kg−1 broiler diet is needed to protect reheated meat from oxidative deterioration. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry

Effects of omega-3 fatty acids on immune function in broiler chickens

There is interest in the enrichment of poultry meat with long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in order to increase the consumption of these fatty acids by humans. However, there is concern that high levels of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids may have detrimental effects on immune function in chickens. The effect of feeding increasing levels of fish oil (FO) on immune function was investigated in broiler chickens. Three-week-old broilers were fed 1 of 4 wheat-soybean basal diets that contained 0, 30, 50, or 60 g/kg of FO until slaughter. At slaughter, samples of blood, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, and thymus were collected from each bird. A range of immune parameters, including immune tissue weight, immuno-phenotyping, phagocytosis, and cell proliferation, were assessed. The pattern of fatty acid incorporation reflected the fatty acid composition of the diet. The FO did not affect the weight of the spleen, but it did increase thymus weight when fed at 50 g/kg (P < 0.001). Fish oil also lowered bursal weights when fed at 50 or 60 g/kg (P < 0.001). There was no significant effect of FO on immune cell phenotypes in the spleen, thymus, bursa, or blood. Feeding 60 g/kg of FO significantly decreased the percentage of monocytes engaged in phagocytosis, but it increased their mean fluorescence intensity relative to that of broilers fed 50 g/kg of FO. Lymphocyte proliferation was significantly decreased after feeding broiler chickens diets rich in FO when expressed as division index or proliferation index, although there was no significant effect of FO on the percentage of divided cells. In conclusion, dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation in broiler chickens, highlighting the need for the poultry industry to consider the health status of poultry when poultry meat is being enriched with FO.