Hálózati kísérletek (Network experiments)

A társadalmi kapcsolatok hálózatának elemzése akárcsak a kísérleti közgazdaságtan, az utóbbi évtizedben rohamosan fejlődő diszciplína, amely számos új tudományos eredménnyel gazdagította és gazdagítja a társadalmi és gazdasági jelenségek magyarázatait. A hálózati kísérletek a két diszciplína találkozási pontján különösen tanulságosak, hiszen nem pusztán a hálózati iparágak működését és problémáit segítenek megérteni és megmagyarázni, de eredményeik meghatározó jelentőségűek a fogyasztói döntéshozatal vizsgálatában és a piaci verseny szabályozásának szempontjából is. A jelen tanulmány áttekintést ad a hálózati kísérletekről, ezen belül a lokális interakciós játékokról, a strukturálisan beágyazott játékokról, a cserehálózatok irodalmáról és a hálózatformálódási játékokról, valamint bemutatja a legfontosabb eredmények gyakorlati alkalmazási lehetőségeit és az alkalmazhatóság korlátait. / === / Analysis of the network of social relations, like experimental economics as a whole, is a discipline that has developed rapidly in recent decades and provided many new findings to explain societal and economic phenomena. Network experiments are notably instructive at the point of contact between the two disciplines, for besides helping to comprehend and explain the operation and problems of the network industries, they produce findings of decisive importance to examining consumer decision-making and regulating market competition. The study looks into network experiments, including local interaction games, structurally grounded games, the literature on exchange networks, and network-shaping games, as well as presenting the main results of applying them and the restrictions on doing so.

Kontraszelekció és erkölcsi kockázat a politikában. Vázlat az információs aszimmetria közgazdaságtani fogalmainak politikatudományi alkalmazhatóságáról (Negative selection and moral risk in politics. An outline of the usefulness to political science of the economic concept of information asymmetry)

Az írás a kontraszelekció és az erkölcsi kockázat információ-gazdaságtani fogalmának politikatudományi alkalmazhatósága mellett érvel. Azt kívánja bemutatni, hogy a politikai piac szereplői közti információs aszimmetria mechanizmusainak éppúgy lehetnek súlyos negatív hatásai a demokratikus politikai rendszer működésére nézve, mint ahogy a gazdasági szereplők közti információs aszimmetria - Nobel-díjas közgazdászok érvei szerint - alááshatja a piaci verseny hatékonyságát. Az írás új megvilágításba helyezi a - már Platón óta ismert - politikai kontraszelekció jelenségét, továbbá részletesen foglalkozik az erkölcsi kockázat és a megbízó-megbízott relációk megjelenésével a politikában. Érinti tovább azoknak a mechanizmusoknak - a jelzésnek és a szűrésnek - a megjelenését a politikában, melyeket a közgazdászok az információs aszimmetria csökkentésére ajánlanak. / === / The paper argues in favour of employing in political science the economic concept of information asymmetry, seeking to show that the mechanisms of information asymmetry among the players on the political market may have negative effects on the operation of a democratic political system as information asymmetry among economic actors – according to arguments of Nobel prize-winning economists – has on the efficiency of market competition. The paper sheds new light on the phenomenon of negative political selection (known since Plato's time), and goes on to deal in detail with the appearance of moral risk and client/agent relations in politics. The author touches also on the appearance in politics of mechanisms – signals and filters – that economists suggest for reducing information asymmetry.

Les contraintes sociales agissant sur la critique musicale journalistique à Montréal en contexte de compétition marchande

Exploration empirique et théorique des diverses contraintes sociales agissant sur la pratique de la critique musicale dans les médias montréalais en contexte de compétition marchande. Pour ce faire, une enquête sociologique qualitative fut menée auprès d’un échantillon de dix animateurs et journalistes musicaux de Montréal. L’auteur développe une théorie selon laquelle critiquer esthétiquement consiste à trier et à choisir en fonction du goût au moyen d’un concept appelé « dynamique EGC », soit le processus par lequel les expériences esthétiques sont filtrées par le goût, qui commande une réponse actée sous forme de critique d’art. Sa recherche s’intéresse d’abord aux impératifs (obstacles) du métier d’animateur et de journaliste musical et montre que c’est la compétition marchande qui prédomine dans un tel travail parce qu’elle surplombe tout le reste. Le mémoire s’attarde ensuite à étudier les déterminismes sociaux poussant certains individus à vouloir pratiquer ce métier. Il est montré que les déterminismes particuliers incitant à la pratique du métier d’animateur musical ne sont pas les mêmes que ceux incitant à la pratique du journalisme musical. Les animateurs sont des « conservateurs esthétiques » qui aiment constamment partager implicitement leur passion, tandis que les journalistes sont des « progressistes esthétiques » préférant donner leur avis explicitement lorsque nécessaire, mais pas nécessairement tout le temps. Dans tous les cas, animateurs et journalistes musicaux sont à comprendre comme des « militants esthétiques », des gens qui tentent de convaincre en même temps qu’ils tentent d’acquérir de la notoriété critique.

Os efeitos das reclamações online na lealdade dos consumidores: um estudo experimental

In an environment of constant change, technological developments, market competition and more informed consumers, the search for a lasting relationship through the conquest of loyalty has become the objective of companies. However, several authors suggest that this loyalty can be affected by negative comments available on the internet. Therefore, this dissertation has as objective to examine if the complaints are available on the internet impact the loyalty to a brand of mobile phone. The research used as the basis the Expanded NCSB model suggest by Johnson et al. (2001), studying five prominent drives of loyalty: image/brand reputation, affective commitment, calculative commitment, perceived value and trust, beyond the satisfaction construct as moderator variable. The research method adopted was the experimental design which included 285 undergraduate students, with the trial which included 285 undergraduate students, with the field study of the mobile industry, specifically, the brands of cell phones. The research approach was quantitative and methods were descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis, linear regression and non-parametric test of Wilcoxon for data analysis. Of the 16 hypothesis stemmed from the research model proposed, 12 were confirmed. The results showed that the complaint available on the internet, here represented by the available on the site Reclame Aqui, may impact consumer perceptions about brand loyalty, as well as its antecedents, being that these complaints can affect all the consumers, regardless of historical satisfaction with the brand. It also noted the positive relationship between the independent variables trust, image/brand reputation, perceived value, affective commitment and calculative commitment and the dependent variable - loyalty, even when considering the data obtained after exposure to the complaint. However, no unanimous conclusion that the relationship between these variables was strongest in the group with satisfactory experience. At the first moment of the research, the trust was the most important variable for the formation of loyalty. However, after exposure to treatment, the image/brand reputation, was more relevant. Contributions of the study, limitations and recommendations for future researches are approached in the present investigation

Between path dependency and contingency: new challenges for the geography of port system evolution.

Seaports play a critical role as gateways and facilitators of economic interchange and logistics processes and thus have become crucial nodes in globalised production networks andmobility systems. Both the physical port infrastructure and its operational superstructure have undergone intensive evolution processes in an effort to adapt to changing economic environments, technological advances,maritime industry expectations and institutional reforms. The results, in terms of infrastructure, operator models and the role of an individual port within the port system, vary by region, institutional and economic context. While ports have undoubtedly developed in scale to respond to the changing volumes and structures in geographies of trade (Wilmsmeier, 2015), the development of hinterland access infrastructure, regulatory systems and institutional structures have in many instances lagged behind. The resulting bottlenecks reflect deficits in the interplay between the economic system and the factors defining port development (e.g. transport demand, the structure of trade, transport services, institutional capacities, etc. cf. Cullinane and Wilmsmeier, 2011). There is a wide range of case study approaches and analyses of individual ports, but analyses from a port system perspective are less common, and those that exist are seldom critical of the dominant discourse assuming the efficiency of market competition (cf. Debrie et al., 2013). This special section aims to capture the spectrum of approaches in current geography research on port system evolution. Thus, the papers reach from the traditional spatial approach (Rodrigue and Ashar, this volume) to network analysis (Mohamed-Chérif and Ducruet, this volume) to institutional discussions (Vonck and Notteboom, this volume; Wilmsmeier and Monios, this volume). The selection of papers allows an opening of discussion and reflection on current research, necessary critical analysis of the influences on port systemevolution and,most importantly, future directions. The remainder of this editorial aims to reflect on these challenges and identify the potential for future research.

Les contraintes sociales agissant sur la critique musicale journalistique à Montréal en contexte de compétition marchande

Exploration empirique et théorique des diverses contraintes sociales agissant sur la pratique de la critique musicale dans les médias montréalais en contexte de compétition marchande. Pour ce faire, une enquête sociologique qualitative fut menée auprès d’un échantillon de dix animateurs et journalistes musicaux de Montréal. L’auteur développe une théorie selon laquelle critiquer esthétiquement consiste à trier et à choisir en fonction du goût au moyen d’un concept appelé « dynamique EGC », soit le processus par lequel les expériences esthétiques sont filtrées par le goût, qui commande une réponse actée sous forme de critique d’art. Sa recherche s’intéresse d’abord aux impératifs (obstacles) du métier d’animateur et de journaliste musical et montre que c’est la compétition marchande qui prédomine dans un tel travail parce qu’elle surplombe tout le reste. Le mémoire s’attarde ensuite à étudier les déterminismes sociaux poussant certains individus à vouloir pratiquer ce métier. Il est montré que les déterminismes particuliers incitant à la pratique du métier d’animateur musical ne sont pas les mêmes que ceux incitant à la pratique du journalisme musical. Les animateurs sont des « conservateurs esthétiques » qui aiment constamment partager implicitement leur passion, tandis que les journalistes sont des « progressistes esthétiques » préférant donner leur avis explicitement lorsque nécessaire, mais pas nécessairement tout le temps. Dans tous les cas, animateurs et journalistes musicaux sont à comprendre comme des « militants esthétiques », des gens qui tentent de convaincre en même temps qu’ils tentent d’acquérir de la notoriété critique.

Os efeitos das reclamações online na lealdade dos consumidores: um estudo experimental

In an environment of constant change, technological developments, market competition and more informed consumers, the search for a lasting relationship through the conquest of loyalty has become the objective of companies. However, several authors suggest that this loyalty can be affected by negative comments available on the internet. Therefore, this dissertation has as objective to examine if the complaints are available on the internet impact the loyalty to a brand of mobile phone. The research used as the basis the Expanded NCSB model suggest by Johnson et al. (2001), studying five prominent drives of loyalty: image/brand reputation, affective commitment, calculative commitment, perceived value and trust, beyond the satisfaction construct as moderator variable. The research method adopted was the experimental design which included 285 undergraduate students, with the trial which included 285 undergraduate students, with the field study of the mobile industry, specifically, the brands of cell phones. The research approach was quantitative and methods were descriptive statistics, factor analysis, cluster analysis, linear regression and non-parametric test of Wilcoxon for data analysis. Of the 16 hypothesis stemmed from the research model proposed, 12 were confirmed. The results showed that the complaint available on the internet, here represented by the available on the site Reclame Aqui, may impact consumer perceptions about brand loyalty, as well as its antecedents, being that these complaints can affect all the consumers, regardless of historical satisfaction with the brand. It also noted the positive relationship between the independent variables trust, image/brand reputation, perceived value, affective commitment and calculative commitment and the dependent variable - loyalty, even when considering the data obtained after exposure to the complaint. However, no unanimous conclusion that the relationship between these variables was strongest in the group with satisfactory experience. At the first moment of the research, the trust was the most important variable for the formation of loyalty. However, after exposure to treatment, the image/brand reputation, was more relevant. Contributions of the study, limitations and recommendations for future researches are approached in the present investigation

Processo de Implementação do Modelo eTOM em Empresas de Telecomunicações

Nos últimos anos, a satisfação do cliente tornou-se um dos fatores críticos de sucesso de maior importância dentro das organizações. Este sucesso está diretamente ligado à lealdade dos clientes com as organizações, que resulta numa continuidade do negócio. Esta lealdade é obtida através da implementação de processos de negócio que permitam uma melhor resposta às necessidades do cliente bem como uma qualidade de serviço superior que permita obter resultados positivos no mercado da concorrência. Através da visão geral de uma metodologia virada para as empresas de telecomunicação, o eTOM (Enhanced Telecom Operations Map), demonstrou-se a importância das empresas de telecomunicação possuírem um modelo de processos de negócio que disponibilize uma linguagem dentro da organização, de modo a permitir agilizar os processo internos e os processos de interação com as partes envolvidas na value network. Tendo como base a metodologia Design Science Research, procedeu-se a criação de um conjunto de cenários de interação com o cliente, onde foram apresentadas soluções práticas na aplicação da framework eTOM. Com isto, foi demonstrada as capacidades do eTOM na implementação de processos, bem como na flexibilidade como estes poderão ser implementados. Partindo dos processos disponibilizados pela framework e com base no contexto e características da organização, foram identificados os processos que, do nosso ponto de vista, são os mais indicados para criação dos processos core da organização.

The emergence of the private entrepreneur in reform era China: re-birth of an earlier tradition, or a more recent product of development and change?

A private sector that now dominates economic activity has emerged in China since 1978, even though many of the essential institutions for market competition have been lacking or are under-developed. We find that there is no evidence that this upsurge of entrepreneurship is a re-birth of an earlier tradition. Instead, the dynamics of entrepreneurial emergence can be attributed to reforms and institutional changes that have occurred since 1949, both before and after the introduction of economic reforms in late 1978. We find that these institutional changes have been evolutionary, adapting to, as well as shaping, emerging forms of economic activity, including entrepreneurship. Our conclusion is that these dynamics of adaptation and evolution produce ‘rule ambiguities’ within the institutional framework that create opportunities for entrepreneurs as well as making these opportunities vulnerable to further institutional change.

E-handel- Konkurrent eller komplement för mikroföretag? : En studie om lokala mikroföretag

I dagens samhälle har det skett en strukturomvandling på marknaden gällande detaljhandeln.Strukturomvandlingen har inneburit utveckling av bland annat omnikanaler och e-handelvilket har förändrat företagens affärsmodellsval för att kunna överleva på marknaden. Ehandelnhar i många år setts som en konkurrent för mikroföretag, men det börjar även blimöjligt för mikroföretag att införa ett integrerat system som innebär att den fysiska butikensamverkar med e-handeln. Resultatet av de ökade möjligheterna för mikroföretag är att de kanvälja mellan tre olika affärsmodellsval gällande sin marknadsplats och tillgänglighet avföretaget och sedan utifrån omnikanaler kan företagen välja hur de vill nå ut tillkonsumenterna.I denna studie vill vi få en ökad förståelse för hur lokala mikroföretag arbetar med att behållasin marknadsplats i den ökade konkurrensen som blir i och med e-handelns tillväxt. För attkunna undersöka mikroföretagen har vi tillämpat en kvalitativ metod med djupgåendehalvstrukturerade intervjuer. För att få reda på hur lokala handlare uppfattar marknaden,konkurrensen och handelsutvecklingen, intervjuades fem stycken strategiskt valdadetaljhandelsföretag.Av undersökningen framgick det att en gemensam syn kring marknaden föreligger vilketinnebar att oavsett företagens val så har företagen sitt fokus på konsumenten. Det framgickäven att en av de viktigaste framgångsfaktorerna är att tillgodose konsumenten med högservicegrad och på så sätt skapa en relation. Relationer bidrar till återkommande och lojalakonsumenter vilket i sin tur bidrar till lönsamhet för företaget. Samtliga informanter var enigaom att relationer upprättas i den fysiska butiken och har således valt att fokusera på denenskilda butiken i internets ständiga utveckling. För att attrahera konsumenter till butiken harde valt att tillhandahålla ett unikt sortiment. Sammanfattningsvis har internet och handelnsutveckling och den konkurrens det medför på lokala handlarna blivit tvungna ta ställning tilldet och anpassa en affärsmodell utefter sin egen verksamhet.

The market for financial report audits : regulation of and competition for auditor independence

The independence of auditors and the quality of financial report audits generally are rarely tested except in circumstances of corporate failure when alleged sub-optimality is present. Often auditors have good defences as to their expertise or competency, but rarely do they have equally convincing defences for the independence of their audit. A major issue for the regulation of auditor independence is that the threats to independence are often subtle and difficult to measure. This paper argues that firms undertaking financial report audits need to be transparent and competitive in respect of auditor independence. Two models that adopt this premise are proposed.

Post-WTO China : competition and technology transfer laws in the 'new' socialist market economy

China has been the focus of much academic and business scrutiny of late. Its economic climate is changing and its huge new market opportunities seem quite tantalizing to the would-be 'technology entrepreneur'. But China's market is a relatively immature one; it is still in the process of being opened up to real competition. The corollary of this is that, at this stage of the transitional process, there is still significant State control of market function. This article discusses Chinese competition law, the technology transfer system, how the laws are being reformed and how the technology entrepreneur fares under them. The bottom line is that while opportunities beckon, the wise entrepreneur will nevertheless continue to exercise caution.

A Supply Function Competition Model for the Spanish Wholesale Electricity Market

We model the Spanish wholesale market as a multiplant linear supply function competition model. According to the theory, the larger generators should have supply curves for each plant which are to the left of the supply curves of plants owned by smaller generators. We test this prediction for fuel plants using data from the Spanish Market Operator (OMEL) from May 2001 to December 2003. Our results indicate that the prediction of the model holds.