In vitro Metabolism of Grandisin, a Lignan with Anti-chagasic Activity

Tetrahydrofuran lignans represent a well-known group of phenolic compounds capable of acting as antiparasitic agents. In the search for new medicines for the treatment of Chagas disease, one promising compound is grandisin which has shown significant activity on trypomastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi. In this work, the in vitro metabolism of grandisin was studied in the pig cecum model and by biomimetic phase I reactions, aiming at an ensuing a preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation. Although grandisin exhibited no metabolization by the pig microbiota, one putative metabolite was formed in a biomimetic model using Jacobsen catalyst. The putative metabolite was tested against T. cruzi revealing loss of activity in comparison to grandisin.

Contribution of woody habitat islands to the conservation of birds and their potential ecosystem services in an extensive Colombian rangeland

The conservation of birds and their habitats is essential to maintain well-functioning ecosystems including human-dominated habitats. In simplified or homogenized landscapes, patches of natural and semi-natural habitat are essential for the survival of plant and animal populations. We compared species composition and diversity of trees and birds between gallery forests, tree islands and hedges in a Colombian savanna landscape to assess how fragmented woody plant communities affect forest bird communities and how differences in habitat characteristics influenced bird species traits and their potential ecosystem function. Bird and tree diversity was higher in forests than in tree islands and hedges. Soil depth influenced woody species distribution, and canopy cover and tree height determined bird species distribution, resulting in plant and bird communities that mainly differed between forest and non-forest habitat. Bird and tree species and traits widely co-varied. Bird species in tree islands and hedges were on average smaller, less specialized to habitat and more tolerant to disturbance than in forest, but dietary differences did not emerge. Despite being less complex and diverse than forests, hedges and tree islands significantly contribute to the conservation of forest biodiversity in the savanna matrix. Forest fragments remain essential for the conservation of forest specialists, but hedges and tree islands facilitate spillover of more tolerant forest birds and their ecological functions such as seed dispersal from forest to the savanna matrix.

Pollen analysis of modern mangrove systems

Three sediment cores from the Bragança Peninsula located in the coastal region in the north-eastern portion of Pará State have been studied by pollen analysis to reconstruct Holocene environmental changes and dynamics of the mangrove ecosystem. The cores were taken from an Avicennia forest (Bosque de Avicennia (BDA)), a salt marsh area (Campo Salgado (CS)) and a Rhizophora dominated area (Furo do Chato). Pollen traps were installed in five different areas of the peninsula to study modern pollen deposition. Nine accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dates provide time control and show that sediment deposits accumulated relatively undisturbed. Mangrove vegetation started to develop at different times at the three sites: at 5120 14C yr BP at the CS site, at 2170 14C yr BP at the BDA site and at 1440 14C yr BP at the FDC site. Since mid Holocene times, the mangroves covered even the most elevated area on the peninsula, which is today a salt marsh, suggesting somewhat higher relative sea-levels. The pollen concentration in relatively undisturbed deposits seems to be an indicator for the frequency of inundation. The tidal inundation frequency decreased, probably related to lower sea-levels, during the late Holocene around 1770 14C yr BP at BDA, around 910 14C yr BP at FDC and around 750 14C yr BP at CS. The change from a mangrove ecosystem to a salt marsh on the higher elevation, around 420 14C yr BP is probably natural and not due to an anthropogenic impact. Modern pollen rain from different mangrove types show different ratios between Rhizophora and Avicennia pollen, which can be used to reconstruct past composition of the mangrove. In spite of bioturbation and especially tidal inundation, which change the local pollen deposition within the mangrove zone, past mangrove dynamics can be reconstructed. The pollen record for BDA indicates a mixed Rhizophora/Avicennia mangrove vegetation between 2170 and 1770 14C yr BP. Later Rhizophora trees became more frequent and since ca. 200 14C yr BP Avicennia dominated in the forest.

Estudio teórico experimental de la estabilidad lateral en vehículos cisterna. Metodología para la determinación del umbral de vuelco.

El oleaje de la masa de líquido contenida en el interior del tanque de los camiones cisterna puede afectar significativamente a su dinámica de marcha y su estabilidad. Plateando como objetivo, el aumento de la seguridad, cualquier mejora en el diseño del vehículo o en la geometría de la virola, redundará en un aumento de la misma. En la actualidad, el marco normativo exige a los vehículos un umbral de vuelco mínimo, verificable mediante ensayo o cálculo en condiciones cuasi-estáticas. La experiencia en su aplicación ha demostrado que, éste último resulta extremadamente conservador, limitando las posibilidades de diseño del fabricante; además, el grado de equivalencia con las condiciones dinámicas a las que se puede ver sometido el vehículo durante su vida útil, no es claro. En esta tesis, se proponen una serie de mejoras en el método de cálculo simplificado, que aumentan la precisión en la estimación del umbral de vuelco, junto con el empleo de un coeficiente de ponderación del ángulo requerido, para tener en cuenta el efecto dinámico del oleaje. Además, se ha desarrollado un método de cálculo alternativo, que disminuye el error de la predicción, aunque requiere conocer un mayor número de parámetros del vehículo. Para cuantificar el efecto de la carga líquida, se ha realizado un análisis experimental, con tanques a escala, de las geometrías más frecuentes, junto con la propuesta de una metodología de simulación de la interacción fluido-vehículo, basada en el acoplamiento entre un modelo obtenido mediante una analogía mecánica que reproduce el efecto del oleaje, con un modelo del vehículo, empleando la técnica de multi-cuerpo, que ha sido validada experimentalmente. Para la obtención de los parámetros que la definen, se propone dos alternativas, la experimentación y estimación parámetros o el empleo la dinámica computacional de fluidos, basada en las ecuaciones de Navier-Stokes, incorporando la técnica de volumen de fluido para capturar la superficie libre. Se ofrecen resultados de ambas y su comparación. Finalmente, se han analizado las diferentes tipologías de maniobras existentes para la evaluación de la estabilidad lateral de los vehículos con ensayos dinámicos, calificando y cuantificando su equivalencia.

Avian Cholera emergence in Arctic-nesting northern Common Eiders: using community-based, participatory surveillance to delineate disease outbreak patterns and predict transmission risk

Emerging infectious diseases are a growing concern in wildlife conservation. Documenting outbreak patterns and determining the ecological drivers of transmission risk are fundamental to predicting disease spread and assessing potential impacts on population viability. However, evaluating disease in wildlife populations requires expansive surveillance networks that often do not exist in remote and developing areas. Here, we describe the results of a community-based research initiative conducted in collaboration with indigenous harvesters, the Inuit, in response to a new series of Avian Cholera outbreaks affecting Common Eiders (Somateria mollissima) and other comingling species in the Canadian Arctic. Avian Cholera is a virulent disease of birds caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida. Common Eiders are a valuable subsistence resource for Inuit, who hunt the birds for meat and visit breeding colonies during the summer to collect eggs and feather down for use in clothing and blankets. We compiled the observations of harvesters about the growing epidemic and with their assistance undertook field investigation of 131 colonies distributed over >1200 km of coastline in the affected region. Thirteen locations were identified where Avian Cholera outbreaks have occurred since 2004. Mortality rates ranged from 1% to 43% of the local breeding population at these locations. Using a species-habitat model (Maxent), we determined that the distribution of outbreak events has not been random within the study area and that colony size, vegetation cover, and a measure of host crowding in shared wetlands were significantly correlated to outbreak risk. In addition, outbreak locations have been spatially structured with respect to hypothesized introduction foci and clustered along the migration corridor linking Arctic breeding areas with wintering areas in Atlantic Canada. At present, Avian Cholera remains a localized threat to Common Eider populations in the Arctic; however expanded, community-based surveillance will be required to track disease spread.

Grafting compatibility among eleven chestnut cultivars and hybrids.

Among the four commercial chestnut species the C. dentata (Marsh.) Boskh. and C. sativa P. Mill. has excellent quality but more susceptible to diseases when compared to C. mollissima Blume and C. crenata Siebold & Zucc. which has inferior quality but can be used as rootstocks. This work aimed to evaluate the behavior of chestnut varieties grafted in different rootstocks under São Bento do Sapucaí, São Paulo, Brazil condition. In 1986, eleven chestnut cultivars and hybrids - Ibuki (IB), Izumo (IZ), Kinchu (KI), KM1 (KM2), KM(2) KM(2), Moriowase (MO), Okuni (OK), Taishowase (TAI), Tamatsukuri (TAM), Tiodowase (TIO) and Senri (SEN) (only graft) ? were grafted each other resulting in hundred ten combinations. Fifteen-year later grafted trees with minimum of three plants were evaluated for tree height, trunk diameter above and below graft union and graft compatibility. Randomized blocks with three replications were submitted to analysis of variance for tree height and trunk diameter. Grouping analysis using the PROC CLUSTER ? SAS system was used to describe the pattern of variance among different combinations. Seventy eight combinations in hundred ten showed perfect grafting compatibility 6 months after grafting. Forty seven combinations showed incompatibility after transplanting and the dieback rate in each combination ranged from 25 to 100%. Among seventy eight combinations established in the field twenty six had enough plants for evaluation fifteen-year later. Tree height and trunk diameter showed highly significant difference among the combinations. The highest plant (6 m) was grafted on Moriowase and Tamatsukuri which showed the highest compatibility as rootstock. The harvesting season is from November to May where MOR, IB, TAM, OK and TAI behave as early-season-cultivar and SEN the latest one.

Composição das tortas oleaginosas comercializadas no Pará.

1970

Anelagem de árvores como tratamento silvicultural em florestas naturais da Amazônia brasileira.

São avaliadas a eficácia de dois tipos de anelagem de árvores, como tratamento silvicultural para florestas naturais da Amazônia e a resistência de oito espécies arbóreas ao tratamento de anelagem, em 5 ha, na Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, à margem da BR 163, km 69, no município de Belterra, Pará. As espécies escolhidas foram: Carapa guianensis (andiroba, Meliaceae); Pouteria heterosepala (abiu, Sapotaceae); Hevea guianensis (seringueira, Euphorbiaceae); Helicostylis pedunculata (muiratinga-folha-peluda, Moraceae); Couratari oblongtfolia (tauari, Lecythidaceae); Sclerolobium crysophyllum (taxi-vermelho, Leguminosae); Virola melinonii (ucuuba-da-terra-firme, Myristicaceae); Bixa arborea (urucu-da-mata, Bixaceae). Os dois tipos de anelagem: anelagem completa e anelagem com entalhes foram analisados em três classes diamétricas, perfazendo seis tratamentos. De cada espécie foram escolhidas duas árvores, perfazendo um total de dezesseis árvores em cada tratamento. Tanto a anelagem completa quanto a anelagem com entalhes podem ser considerados tratamentos eficazes quando utilizado em desbastes, pois já aos cinco anos mostraram uma taxa de mortalidade alta. A anelagem completa se mostrou mais indicada como tratamento silvicultural, porque mostra a maior taxa de mortalidade em todos os tratamentos e dificulta a recuperação da área anelada. As espécies Pouteria heterosepala, Helicostylis pedunculata, Hevea guianensis e Couratari oblongifolia se mostraram mais resistentes a ambos os tipos de anelagem, com uma taxa de mortalidade considerada baixa. Nas espécies Sclerolobium crysophyllum, Virola melinonii, Bixa arborea e Garapa guianensis, a anelagem pode ser aplicada com sucesso, considerando que aos cinco anos já atingiram uma taxa média consideravelmente alta (maior que 60%), sem a utilização de arboricidas.

Contribuição ao estudo químico do sebo de ucuúba.

1951