Modelo Híbrido para la Ayuda al Capitán

En esta Tesis se plantea una nueva forma de entender la evacuación apoyándonos en tecnologías existentes y accesibles que nos permitirán ver este proceso como un ente dinámico. Se trata de una metodología que implica no solo el uso de herramientas de análisis que permitan la definición de planes de evacuación en tiempo real, sino que también se apunta hacia la creación de una infraestructura física que permita alimentar con información actualizada al sistema de forma que, según la situación y la evolución de la emergencia, sea posible realizar planes alternativos que se adapten a las nuevas circunstancias. En base a esto, el sistema asimilará toda esa información y aportará soluciones que faciliten la toma de decisiones durante toda la evolución del incidente. Las aportaciones originales de esta Tesis son múltiples y muy variadas, pudiéndolas resumir en los siguientes puntos: 1. Estudio completo del estado del arte: a. Detección y análisis de diferentes proyectos a nivel internacional que de forma parcial tratan algunos aspectos desarrollados en la Tesis. b. Completo estudio a nivel mundial del software desarrollado total o parcialmente para la simulación del comportamiento humano y análisis de procesos de evacuación. Se ha generado una base de datos que cataloga de forma exhaustiva estas aplicaciones, permitiendo realizar un completo análisis y posibilitando la evolución futura de los contenidos de la misma. En la tesis se han analizado casi un centenar de desarrollos, pero el objetivo es seguir completando esta base de datos debido a la gran utilidad y a las importantes posibilidades que ofrece. 2. Desarrollo de un importante capítulo que trata sobre la posibilidad de utilizar entornos virtuales como alternativa intermedia al uso de simuladores y simulacros. En esta sección se divide en dos bloques: a. Ensayos en entornos reales y virtuales. b. Ensayos en entornos virtuales (pruebas realizadas con varios entornos virtuales). 3. Desarrollo de e-Flow net design: paquete de herramientas desarrolladas sobre Rhinoceros para el diseño de la red de evacuación basada en los elementos definidos en la tesis: Nodes, paths, Relations y Areas. 4. Desarrollo de e-Flow Simulator: Conjunto de herramientas que transforman Rhinoceros en un simulador 3D de comportamiento humano. Este simulador, de desarrollo propio, incorpora un novedoso algoritmo de comportamiento a nivel de individuo que incluye aspectos que no se han encontrado en otros simuladores. Esta herramienta permite realizar simulaciones programadas de grupos de individuos cuyo comportamiento se basa en el análisis del entorno y en la presencia de referencias dinámicas. Incluye otras importantes novedades como por ejemplo: herramientas para análisis de la señalización, elementos de señalización dinámica, incorporación sencilla de obstáculos, etc. También se ha creado una herramienta que posibilita la implementación del movimiento del propio escenario simulando la oscilación del mismo, con objeto de reflejar la influencia del movimiento del buque en el desplazamiento de los individuos. 5. En una fase avanzada del desarrollo, se incorporó la posibilidad de generar un vídeo de toda la simulación, momento a partir del cual, se han documentado todas las pruebas (y se continúan documentando) en una base de datos que recoge todas las características de las simulaciones, los problemas detectados, etc. Estas pruebas constituyen, en el momento en que se ha cerrado la redacción de la Tesis, un total de 81 GB de datos. Generación y análisis de rutas en base a la red de evacuación creada con e-Flow Net design y las simulaciones realizadas con e-Flow Net simulator. a. Análisis para la optimización de la configuración de la red en base a los nodos por área existentes. b. Definición de procesos previos al cálculo de rutas posibles. c. Cálculo de rutas: i. Análisis de los diferentes algoritmos que existen en la actualidad para la optimización de rutas. ii. Desarrollo de una nueva familia de algoritmos que he denominado “Minimum Decision Algorithm (MDA)”, siendo los algoritmos que componen esta familia: 1. MDA básico. 2. MDA mínimo. 3. MDA de no interferencia espacial. 4. MDA de expansión. 5. MDA de expansión ordenada para un único origen. 6. MDA de expansión ordenada. iii. Todos estos algoritmos se han implementado en la aplicación e-Flow creada en la Tesis para el análisis de rutas y que constituye el núcleo del Sistema de Ayuda al Capitán. d. Determinación de las alternativas para el plan de evacuación. Tras la definición de las rutas posibles, se describen diferentes procesos existentes de análisis por ponderación en base a criterios, para pasar finalmente a definir el método de desarrollo propio propuesto en esta Tesis y cuyo objetivo es responder en base a la población de rutas posibles obtenidas mediante los algoritmos MDA, qué combinación de rutas constituyen el Plan o Planes más adecuados para cada situación. La metodología creada para la selección de combinaciones de rutas que determinan un Plan completo, se basa en cuatro criterios básicos que tras su aplicación ofrecen las mejores alternativas. En esta fase también se incluye un complejo análisis de evolución temporal que incorpora novedosas definiciones y formulaciones. e. Derivado de la definición de la metodología creada en esta Tesis para la realización de los análisis de evolución temporal, se ha podido definir un nuevo teorema matemático que se ha bautizado como “Familia de cuadriláteros de área constante”. 7. Especificación de la infraestructura física del Sistema de Ayuda al Capitán: parte fundamental de sistema es la infraestructura física sobre la que se sustentaría. Esta infraestructura estaría compuesta por sensores, actuadores, aplicaciones para dispositivos móviles, etc. En este capítulo se analizan los diferentes elementos que la constituirían y las tecnologías implicadas. 8. Especificación de la infraestructura de servicios. 9. Creación del Blog Virtual Environments (http://epcinnova-virtualenvironments.blogspot.com.es/) en el que se han publicado todas las pruebas realizadas en el capítulo que analiza los entornos virtuales como alternativa a los simuladores y a los ensayos en laboratorio o los simulacros, incluyendo en muchos casos la posibilidad de que el visitante del blog pueda realizar la simulación en el entorno virtual. Este blog también incluye otras secciones que se han trabajado durante la Tesis: • Recopilación de diferentes entornos virtuales existentes. • Diagrama que recopila información sobre accidentes tanto en el ámbito marítimo como en el terrestre (en desarrollo). • Esquema propuesto para el acopio de información obtenida a partir de un simulacro. 10. Esta Tesis es la base para el proyecto e-Flow (nombre de una de las aplicaciones que desarrolladas en esta obra), un proyecto en el que el autor de esta Tesis ha trabajado como Project Manager. En el proyecto participa un consorcio de empresas y la UPM, y tiene como objetivo trasladar a la realidad gran parte de los planteamientos e ideas presentadas en esta Tesis. Este proyecto incluye el desarrollo de la infraestructura física y de servicios que permitirán, entre otras cosas, implementar en infraestructuras complejas una plataforma que posibilita la evacuación dinámica y un control ubicuo de los sistemas de monitorización y actuación implementados. En estos momentos se está finalizando el proyecto, cuyo objetivo final es la implementación de un piloto en un Hospital. También destacamos los siguientes avances a nivel de difusión científico-tecnológico: • Ponencia en el “52 congreso de la Ingeniería Naval en España” presentando un artículo “e-Flow- Sistema integral inteligente de soporte a la evacuación”. En este artículo se trata tanto el proyecto e-Flow del que soy Project Manager, como esta Tesis Doctoral, al ser temas estrechamente vinculados. En 2014 se publicó en dos números de la Revista Ingeniería Naval el artículo presentado a estas jornadas. • Co-autor en el artículo “E-Flow: A communication system for user notification in dynamic evacuation scenarios” presentado en el 7th International Conference on Ubicuous Computing & Ambient Intelligence (UCAMI) celebrado en Costa Rica. Por último, una de las aportaciones más interesantes, es la definición de un gran número de líneas de investigación futuras en base a todos los avances realizados en esta Tesis. ABSTRACT With this Thesis a new approach for understanding evacuation process is considered, taking advantage of the existing and open technologies that will allow this process to be interpreted as a dynamic entity. The methodology involves not only tools that allows on.-time evacuation plans, but also creates a physical insfrastructure that makes possible to feed the system with information on real time so, considering in each moment the real situation as well as the specific emergency development it will be feasible to generate alternative plans that responds to the current emergency situation. In this respect, the system will store all this information and will feedback with solutions that will help the decision making along the evacuation process. The innovative and singular contributions of this Thesis are numerous and rich, summarised as follows: 1.- Complete state-of-art study: a. Detection and analysis of different projects on an international level that, although partially, deal with some aspects developed in this Thesis. b. Thorough study at a international level of the developed software - total or partially done - for the simulation of the human behaviour and evacuation processes analysis. A database has been generated that classifies in detail these applications allowing to perform a full analysis and leading to future evolution of its contents. Within the Thesis work, almost a hundred of developments have been analysed but the purpose is to keep up updating this database due to the broad applications and possibilities that it involves. 2. Development of an important chapter that studies the possibility of using virtual scenarios as mid-term alternative for the use of simulations. This section is divided in two blocks: a. Trials in virtual and real scenarios b. Trials in virutal scenarios (trials performed with several ones). 3. E-Flow net design development: Set of tools developed under Rhinoceros for the evacuation net design based on the elements defined in the Thesis: Nodes, Paths, Relations, Areas 4. E-Flow simulator development: Set of tools that uses Rhinoceros as a 3D simulator of human behaviour. This simulator, of my own design, includes a new and original algorithm of human behaviour that involves aspects that are not found in other simulators. This tool allows to perform groups programmed simulations which behaviour is based on their enviroment analysis and presence of dynamic references. It includes other important innovations as for example: tools for signals analysis, dynamic signal elements, easy obstacle adding etc... More over, a tool that allows the own scenario movement implementation has been created by simulating the own oscillation movement, with the purpose of playing the vessel movement's influences in the individuals' displacements. 5. In an advanced stage of the development, the possibility of generating a video recording of all the simulation was also integrated, then from that moment all tests have been filed (and keep on doing so) in a database that collects all simulation characteristics, failures detected, etc. These stored tests amounts to a total of 81 GB at the moment of finishing the Thesis work. Generation and analysis of paths regarding the evacuation net created with E-Flow design and the simulations performed with E-Flow net Simulator. a. Analysis for the optimisation of the network configuration based in the existing nodes per area. b. Definition of the processes previous to the calculation of the feasible paths c. Paths calculation: i. Analysis of the different algorithms on existance nowadays for the routes optimisation. ii. Development of a new family of algorithms that I have called “Minimum Decision Algorithm (MDA)”, being composed of: 1. MDA basic 2. MDA minimum 3. MDA of not spacial interference 4. MDA of expansion (es de extenderse) o enlargement ( es de crecimiento) 5. MDA of organised expansion for a single origin (of organised enlargement for a single origin) 6. MDA of organised expansion (of organised enlargement) iii. All these algorithms have been implemented in the E-Flow application created in the Thesis dfor the routes analysis and it is the core of the Captain's support system. d. Determination of the alternatives for the evacuation plan. After defining all possible paths, different processes of analysis existing for weighing-based criteria are described, thus to end defining the own development method proposed in this Thesis and that aims to respond in an agreggation of possible routes basis obtained by means of the MDA algorithms what is the routes' combination more suitable for the Plan or Plans in every situation. The methodology created fot the selection of the combinations of routes that determine a complete Plan is baesd in four basic criteria that after applying, offer the best alternatives. In this stage a complex analysis of the progress along time is also included, that adds original and innovative defintions and formulations. e. Originated from the methodology created in this Thesis for the perfoming of the analysy of the progress along time, a new mathematic theorem has been defined, that has been called as "Family of quadrilateral of constant area". 7. Specification of the physiscal infrastructure of the Captain's help system: essential part is this physical infrastructure that will support it. This system will be made of sensors, actuators, apps for mobile devices etc... Within this chapter the different elements and technologies that make up this infrastructure will be studied. 8. Specification for the services infrastructure. 9. Start up of the Blog. " Virtual Environments (http://epcinnova-virtualenvironments.blogspot.com.es/)" in which all tests performed have been published in terms of analysis of the virtual enviroments as alternative to the simulators as well as to the laboratory experiments or simulations, including in most of the cases the possibility that the visitor can perform the simulation within the virtual enviroment. This blog also includes other sections that have been worked along and within this Thesis: - Collection of different virtual scenarios existent. - Schema that gathers information concerning accidents for maritime and terrestrial areas (under development) - Schema proposed for the collecting of information obtained from a simulation. 10. This Thesis is the basis of the E-Flow project (name of one of the applications developed in this work), a project in which the Thesis' author has worked in as Project Manager. In the project takes part a consortium of firms as well as the UPM and the aim is to bring to real life most part of the approaches and ideas contained in this Thesis. This project includes the development of the physical infrastructure as well as the services that will allow, among others, implement in complex infrastrucutres a platform that will make possible a dynamic evacuation and a continuous control of the monitoring and acting systems implemented. At the moment the project is getting to an end which goal is the implementation of a pilot project in a Hospital. We also would like to highlight the following advances concerning the scientific-technology divulgation: • Talk in the " 52th Congress of the Naval Engineering in Spain" with the article "E-Flow . Intelligent system integrated for supporting evacuation". This paper is about project E-Flow which I am Project Manager of, as well as this Thesis for the Doctorate, being both closely related. Two papers published In 2014 in the Naval Engineering Magazine. • Co-author in the article “E-Flow: A communication system for user notification in dynamic evacuation scenarios” [17] introduced in the 7th International Conference on Ubicuous Computing & Ambient Intelligence (UCAMI) held in Costa Rica. Last, but not least, one of the more interesting contributions is the defintion of several lines of research in the future, based on the advances made in this Thesis.

Effect of cage type on the behaviour pattern of rabbit does at different physiological stages

Interest in commercially farmed rabbit welfare has increased in recent years. As a result, new alternative housing systems have been developed, although they require evaluation in order to demonstrate their potential for improving welfare. The aim of this trial was to study the behavioural traits of rabbit does housed in 2 different types of cage (TC): conventional vs. alternative with an elevated platform, at different physiological stages (PS); lactation and gestation. Behavioural observations were carried out on 12 rabbit commercial does using continuous 24 h video recording. Independently of PS and TC, rabbit does spent most of their time on foot mats (on av. 57.7%). However, due to the use of platforms (on av. 23.0% of time), lactating does spent 36.6% less time on foot mats (P<0.001) and gestating does spent 27.0% less time on wire mesh (P<0.001) in alternative cages than in conventional cages. Alternative cages allowed for standing posture, but this behaviour was only observed in gestating does (on av. 4.6 times a day). Frequency of drinking was higher in conventional than in alternative cages (24.6 vs. 19.1 times a day; P<0.05). Gestating does housed in conventional cages reached the highest duration and frequency of interacting with neighbours (276 s/d and 4.6 times/d; P<0.05). The frequency of interacting with kits was lower in alternative than in conventional cages (2.4 vs. 8.6 times a day; P<0.01). Doe behaviour was influenced by the time of day, with less activity during the midday hours. During dark hours, rabbit does more frequently performed restless behaviour such as hyperactivity or nursing, matching the time at which rabbit does spent more time on the platform. The platform was frequently used by rabbit does, regardless of their physiological stage, and during late lactation phase, when mothers were not receptive to nursing, does housed in alternative cages used the platform as a mean to flee from kits trying to suckle. Use of the platform might lead to hygienic problems due to retained faeces on the platform and faeces and urine falling onto animals located in the lower part of the cage. The absence of stereotypies in rabbit does of this trial, suggested that animal welfare was not compromised by the type of housing (conventional or alternative cages).

New systems of management to improve the health and welfare of rabbits in farm conditions = Nuevos sistemas de cría y manejo para mejorar la salud y bienestar de conejos de granja

El objetivo general de esta Tesis Doctoral fue evaluar nuevos sistemas de alojamiento y cría de conejos de granja, estudiando tanto parámetros comportamentales (experimento 1) como productivos y reproductivos (experimento 3). Además, se evaluaron diferentes técnicas de muestreo con el fin de optimizar el tiempo empleado para el estudio del comportamiento animal (experimento 2). En el experimento 1, se estudió el comportamiento de conejas alojadas en dos tipos de jaulas (TJ), convencionales vs. alternativas con una plataforma elevada, en distintos estados fisiológicos (EF), lactantes y gestantes. Se observó el comportamiento de 12 conejas reproductoras con grabaciones de una duración de 24 h continuas. Independientemente del EF y TJ, las conejas pasaron gran parte de su tiempo sobre el reposapatas (57,7 %, de media). Sin embargo, debido al uso de la plataforma (23,0% del tiempo, de media), las conejas lactantes permanecieron un 36,6 % menos de tiempo (P<0,001) sobre el reposapatas y las gestantes un 27,0% menos (P<0,001) sobre el enrejillado en jaulas alternativas que en convencionales. En las jaulas alternativas, las conejas podían adoptar la postura “levantada”, sin embargo ésta fue observada solamente en conejas gestantes una media de 4,6 veces al día. Las conejas bebieron con mas frecuencia en jaulas convencionales que en alternativas (24,6 vs 19,1 veces al día; P<0,05). Se observó una mayor duración y frecuencia del comportamiento “interactuando con compañeras” en conejas gestantes alojadas en jaulas convencionales (276 s/d y 4,6 veces/d; P<0,05). La frecuencia de “interactuando con gazapos” fue menor en jaulas alternativas que en convencionales (2,4 vs 8,6 veces al día; P<0,01). La hora del día afectó al comportamiento de las conejas, teniendo un comportamiento menos activo durante las horas centrales del día. Durante las horas de oscuridad, las conejas estuvieron más inquietas realizando comportamientos como ‘encabritarse’ o amamantar, coincidiendo éstos en el tiempo en el cual las conejas pasaron más tiempo en la plataforma. Las conejas utilizaron frecuentemente la plataforma, independientemente del estado fisiológico. En la fase de lactación, las conejas utilizaron la plataforma para huir de los intentos de mamar por parte de los gazapos cuando éstas no estaban receptivas. El uso de la plataforma puede dar lugar a problemas higiénicos debidos tanto por la acumulación de heces sobre ella como por la caída de heces y orina sobre los animales que están en la parte inferior. La ausencia de estereotipias por parte de las conejas tanto en jaulas alternativas como en convencionales no sugiere una falta de bienestar debida al sistema de alojamiento. En el experimento 2, se compararon distintos métodos de observación simplificada con respecto un método de referencia usando grabaciones continuas de 24 h para la evaluación del comportamiento de conejas en distintos estados fisiológicos (gestantes y lactantes) alojadas en dos tipos de jaulas (convencionales y alternativas). Se analizaron un total de 576 h de grabaciones continuas de 24 h en 12 conejas reproductoras al final del periodo de lactación y en las mismas conejas después del destete. Los comportamientos observados se clasificaron en tres categorías independientes (localización en la jaula, postura y comportamientos funcionales). Se utilizaron grabaciones continuas de 24 h como método de referencia para validar otros cuatro métodos de observación simplificados, utilizando grabaciones de distinta duración y frecuencia a lo largo del día. Métodos regulares: corto y largo con 2.4 y 8 h de observación respectivamente, y métodos irregulares: corto y largo con 6 y 8 h de observación, respectivamente. Como resultado, se observó que independientemente del sistema de alojamiento, el mejor método para reducir el tiempo de observación necesario para evaluar el comportamiento de conejas reproductoras depende del tipo de variable a estudiar y del estado fisiológico de las conejas. En gestantes, los métodos irregulares no fueron adecuados para estimar comportamientos de larga duración tales como tumbada, sentada, descansando y acicalándose. Sin embargo, en ambos estados fisiológicos, los métodos regulares fueron precisos para los comportamientos de los grupos localización y postura y para comportamientos funcionales de larga duración. Por otro lado, los coeficientes de variación de los comportamientos poco frecuentes realizados principalmente durante el periodo de oscuridad fueron muy altos, y el método irregular largo obtuvo los menores errores de estimación para éstos comportamientos. En el experimento 3, se estudió el efecto de un uso combinado de lactaciones largas (hasta 46 días) con jaulas alternativas sobre los parámetros productivos y reproductivos de 104 conejas y sus camadas durante cinco ciclos reproductivos. La mitad de las conejas fueron alojadas en jaulas polivalentes convencionales (39 cm x 100 cm x 30 cm) y la otra mitad en jaulas polivalentes alternativas (39 cm x 100 cm x 60 cm), con una plataforma elevada. Dentro de cada grupo de alojamiento, la mitad de las conejas se destetaron a 32 días y la otra mitad a 46 días tras el parto. Las lactaciones más largas afectaron negativamente al peso (P<0,001), contenido en grasa y energía (P<0,05) de las conejas al final del periodo de lactación, pero éste efecto disminuyó con el número de partos. La fertilidad, prolificidad y la mortalidad de las conejas no fue afectada por la duración de la lactación. El destete tardío dio lugar a un mayor tamaño y peso de la camada al final del periodo de crecimiento (8,9 y 11,3 %, respectivamente) y a un menor índice de conversión por jaula durante el todo el periodo experimental (13,5 %) con respecto al destete convencional (P<0,001). Éstos resultados fueron paralelos a la menor mortalidad global (12,6 vs 17,6 %; P<0,05) observada en gazapos con destete tardío. Las diferencias en los parámetros productivos con las distintas edades al destete sólo fueron observadas en los ciclos con peor estado sanitario (tercer y quinto ciclo), en los cuales el destete tardío redujo la mortalidad. El tipo de jaula no afectó al peso de la coneja, condición corporal, mortalidad, fertilidad ni tamaño de camada durante los cinco primeros ciclos reproductivos. Sin embargo, el peso de la camada y el índice de conversión a los 21 días de edad fueron 4,2% mayor (P<0,001) y 5,0% menor (P<0,005) en animales alojados en jaulas alternativas que en jaulas convencionales. A día 59 las jaulas alternativas dieron lugar a camadas más pesadas (P<0,01); sin embargo, éste efecto fue influenciado por la densidad alcanzada en cada ciclo, ya que cuando la densidad de los animales fue menor que 40kg/m2 (tercer y quinto ciclo), el efecto del tipo de jaula sobre el peso de la camada no fue significativo. De los resultados obtenidos se puede concluir que el uso combinado de lactaciones más largas y jaulas con mayor superficie disponible con una plataforma elevada podría ser una alternativa para mejorar el bienestar animal en determinadas situaciones productivas. ABSTRACT The general aim of this PhD Thesis was to evaluate new housing and husbandry systems of farmed rabbits, studying behavioral (experiment 1), productive and reproductive (experiment 3) parameters. Moreover, different sampling techniques were evaluated in order to optimize the assessment of rabbit behaviour (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the behaviour of rabbit does housed in two different types of cage (TC), conventional vs. alternative with an elevated platform, at different physiological stages (PS), lactation and gestation was to study. Behavioural observations were carried out on 12 commercial rabbit does using continuous 24 hour video recording. Independently of PS and TC, rabbit does spent most of their time on foot mats (57.7 %, as average). However, due to the use of platforms (23.0% of time, as average), lactating does spent 36.6% less time (P<0.001) on foot mats and gestating does spent 27.0% less (P<0.001) time on wire mesh in alternative cages than in conventional cages. Alternative cages allowed for standing posture but this behaviour was only observed in gestating does (4.6 times a day, as average). Frequency of drinking was higher in conventional than in alternative cages (24.6 vs. 19.1 times a day; P<0.05). Gestating does housed in conventional cages reached the highest duration and frequency of interacting with neighbours (276 s/d and 4.6 times/d; P<0.05). The frequency of interacting with kits was lower in alternative than in conventional cages (2.4 vs. 8.6 times a day; P<0.01). Does’ behaviour was influenced by hour of day, being less active at the midday hours. During dark hours rabbit does more frequently performed restless behaviour such as hyperactivity or nursing, matching the time at which rabbit does spent more time on the platform. The platform was frequently used by rabbit does, independent of their physiological state, and during late lactation phase, when mothers were not receptive to nursing, does housed in alternative cages used the platform as a mean to flee from kids trying to suckle. The use of the platform might lead to hygienic problems due to retained faeces on the platform and faeces and urine falling onto animals located in the lower part of the cage. Stereotypies were not observed in any housing system, therefore conventional cages do not suggest lack of animal welfare. In experiment 2, it was compared the results of different simplified sampling methods of behavioural data with respect to reference records of 24-h in order to assess rabbit does behaviours at different physiological stages (gestation and lactation) in animals housed in two types of cages (conventional and alternative). A total of 576 h of continuous video of 12 rabbit does at the end of lactation and on the same females after weaning were analysed. The behavioural observations were studied using three independent categories of classification (location in the cage, posture and functional behaviours). Continuous behavioural recordings of 24 h were considered as the reference method to validate another 4 sampling methods of data collection by aggregated video recordings of different frequency and duration (regular short and long methods with 2.4 and 8 h of observation respectively, and irregular short and long methods with 6 and 8 h of observation, respectively). The current results showed that, independently of housing system, the best method to reduce the total observation time required to assess rabbit does behaviour depends on the trait studied and physiological stage of does. In gestating does, irregular methods were not suitable to estimate behaviours of long duration such as lying, sitting, resting and grooming. However, in both physiological stages, regular methods were accurate for location behaviours, postures and functional behaviours of long duration. Instead, for the study of infrequent behaviours performed mainly during dark period, where coefficients of variation were high, the irregular long method led to the lowest mean estimation errors. In experiment 3, the effects of the combined use of long lactation periods (46 days) with alternative cages on the reproductive and growth performance of 104 rabbit does and their litters during five consecutive reproductive cycles were studied. Half of does were housed in conventional polyvalent cages (39 cm x 100 cm x 30 cm) and the other half in alternative polyvalent cages (39 cm x 100 cm x 60 cm), with a raised platform. Half of the rabbit does in each type of cages were weaned at 32 and the other half at 46 days after parturition. Longer lactations affected negatively to body weight (P<0.001), fat and energy content (P<0.05) of rabbit does at the end of the lactation period, but this effect decreased with the number of parturitions. Fertility, prolificacy and doe mortality were not affected by lactation length. Late weaning led to higher litter size (by 8.9 %) and litter weight (by 11.3 %) at the end of growing period and lower feed conversion ratio per cage during the overall experimental period (13.5 %) than standard weaning (P<0.001). These results were parallels to a lower mortality (12.6 vs 17.6 %; P<0.05) of young rabbit weaned later during the overall experimental period. Differences in performances at different weaning ages were only observed during cycles with worst health status (third and fifth cycles) in which late weaning decreased mortality. Type of cage did not affect doe body weight and body condition, mortality, fertility, prolificacy and litter size during the five firsts reproductive cycles. Nevertheless, at day 21 litter weight and feed conversion ratio were 4.2 % higher (P<0.001) and 5.0 % lower (P<0.005) in animals housed in alternative than in conventional cages. Alternative cages also led to heavier litters at 59 days (P<0.01); however, this effect was influenced by density reached in each cycle, as when the density of animals was lower than 40 kg/m2 (cycles three and five), the difference of litter weight between alternative and conventional cages was not significant. From the results obtained it can be concluded that the combined use of longer lactations and cages with higher available surface with a raised platform could be an alternative to improve animal welfare in some productive situations.

Sensibilizar para a diversidade linguística e cultural no pré-escolar

Relatório de estágio apresentado para obtenção do grau de mestre na especialidade profissional de educação pré-escolar

Random locomotion and chemotaxis of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in the presence of EDTA: PMN in close quarters require neither leukocyte integrins nor external divalent cations

Divalent cations are thought essential for motile function of leukocytes in general, and for the function of critical adhesion molecules in particular. In the current study, under direct microscopic observation with concomitant time-lapse video recording, we examined the effects of 10 mM EDTA on locomotion of human blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). In very thin slide preparations, EDTA did not impair either random locomotion or chemotaxis; motile behavior appeared to benefit from the close approximation of slide and coverslip (“chimneying”). In preparations twice as thick, PMN in EDTA first exhibited active deformability with little or no displacement, then rounded up and became motionless. However, on creation of a chemotactic gradient, the same cells were able to orient and make their way to the target, often, however, losing momentarily their purchase on the substrate. In either of these preparations without EDTA, specific antibodies to β2 integrins did not prevent random locomotion or chemotaxis, even when we added antibodies to β1 and αvβ3 integrins and to integrin-associated protein, and none of these antibodies added anything to the effects of EDTA. In the more turbulent environment of even more media, effects of anti-β2 integrins became evident: PMN still could locomote but adhered to substrate largely by their uropods and by uropod-associated filaments. We relate these findings to the reported independence from integrins of PMN in certain experimental and disease states. Moreover, we suggest that PMN locomotion in close quarters is not only integrin-independent, but independent of external divalent cations as well.

Variação sazonal do metabolismo energético no primeiro ciclo anual de lagartos teiú Tupinambis merianae: correlatos com atividades diárias, adiposidade e proteção antioxidante

Lagartos teiú eclodem no verão e enfrentam o desafio de crescer e armazenar substratos em um curto período de tempo, antes do início do período de jejum e depressão metabólica (≈80%) a temperaturas amenas durante o inverno (≈17 °C). No despertar, o aumento do metabolismo e a reperfusão de órgãos favoreceriam a ocorrência de estresse oxidativo. Na primeira parte do presente estudo investigou−se os ajustes que compatibilizam as demandas em teiús neonatos, especialmente na pré-hibernação, por meio da gravação do comportamento em vídeo e da análise da massa dos corpos gordurosos abdominais e do nível plasmático de corticosterona (CORT) durante o primeiro ciclo anual. No início do outono a massa corpórea dos teiús foi 27 g e o comprimento rostro−cloacal 9,3 cm e aumentaram 40% e 20%, respectivamente, ao longo do outono, enquanto que as taxas diminuíram progressivamente até atingirem o valor zero no início do inverno. Na primavera, a massa corpórea dos teiús aumentou 80% em relação ao despertar e dobrou em relação ao final do verão; o comprimento acumulou um aumento de 27% em relação ao final do verão. A massa relativa dos corpos gordurosos foi 3,7% no início do outono e diminuiu nos meses subsequentes; no despertar, este estoque acumulou uma perda de 63% da sua massa. No início do outono 74% dos teiús estavam ativos por 4,7 h e permaneceram 2 h assoalhando diariamente; ao longo do outono o número de animais ativos e o tempo em atividade diminuíram até que todos se tornaram inativos. Na primavera 83% dos teiús estavam ativos por 7 h e permaneceram 4 h assoalhando. Um padrão sazonal similar foi observado na atividade locomotora e na alimentação. No outono, a alimentação cessou antes da atividade diária e os teiús tornaram−se afágicos algumas semanas antes da entrada em hibernação. Os maiores níveis de CORT foram observados no início do outono, reduzindo progressivamente até valores 75 e 86% menores na dormência e despertar, respectivamente; na primavera os níveis de CORT foram 32% menores em comparação com o início do outono. Este padrão sugere um papel da CORT nos ajustes que promovem a ingestão de alimento e a deposição de substratos energéticos no outono. A redução da atividade geral no final do outono contribuiria para a economia energética e manutenção da massa corpórea, apesar da redução da ingestão de alimento. O curso temporal das alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais em neonatos reforça a ideia de que a dormência sazonal nos teiús é o resultado da expressão de um ritmo endógeno. Na segunda parte do estudo foi investigada a hipótese de que ocorreriam ajustes das defesas antioxidantes durante a hibernação, em antecipação ao despertar. Foram analisados marcadores de estresse oxidativo e antioxidantes em vários órgãos de teiús em diferentes fases do primeiro ciclo anual. A CS, um indicador do potencial oxidante, não variou no fígado e foi menor no rim e no pulmão na hibernação. As enzimas antioxidantes revelaram (1) um efeito abrangente de redução das taxas na hibernação e despertar; por exemplo, GR e CAT foram menores em todos órgãos analisados e a GST tendeu a diminuir no fígado e no rim, embora constante no coração e no pulmão. A G6PDH no fígado e no rim não variou. (2) No fígado, a GST, a Se−GPX e o teor de TBARS foram maiores na atividade de outono em relação à primavera e a Se−GPX permaneceu elevada na hibernação. (3) No fígado, a SOD foi maior na hibernação e despertar em relação ao outono e a Mn−SOD seguiu este padrão. Em contraste, no rim, coração e pulmão a SOD foi menor na hibernação e as taxas se recuperaram no coração e pulmão no despertar. A Mn−SOD seguiu este padrão no pulmão. A concentração e o estado redox da glutationa não variaram no fígado, rim e coração; no pulmão o teor de Eq−GSH e GSH foi menor na hibernação, com tendência à recuperação no despertar. O teor de PC no rim foi maior na hibernação e diminuiu no despertar. No fígado, as alterações no jejum se assemelham às sazonais, como sugerem a inibição da CAT e GR e aumento da Se−GPX. Os efeitos do jejum na primavera no rim diferem dos efeitos sazonais, como sugerem a redução do teor de Eq−GSH e GSH e o aumento da razão GSSG:GSH, a redução da G6PDH e o aumento de PC. No conjunto, houve um efeito predominante de redução das taxas enzimáticas na hibernação e no despertar, exceto pelas taxas aumentadas da SOD e Se−GPX no fígado e pela recuperação da SOD no coração e da GR, SOD e Mn−SOD no pulmão no despertar. As elevadas taxas das enzimas antioxidantes no teiú em comparação a outros ectotermos e a ausência de evidências de estresse oxidativo no despertar sugerem que a atividade enzimática remanescente é suficiente para prevenir danos aos tecidos face às flutuações do metabolismo

Sensibilizar para a diversidade linguística e cultural no pré-escolar

Relatório de estágio apresentado para obtenção do grau de mestre na especialidade profissional de educação pré-escolar

Sea ice habitat characteristics and number of narwhal (Monodon monoceros) sightings in Disko Bay, West Greenland

There is a paucity of information on abundance, densities, and habitat selection of narwhals Monodon monoceros in the offshore pack ice of Baffin Bay, West Greenland, despite the critical importance of winter foraging regions and considerable sea ice declines in the past decades. We conducted a double-platform visual aerial survey over a narwhal wintering ground to obtain pack ice densities and develop the first fully corrected abundance estimate using point conditional mark-recapture distance sampling. Continuous video recording and digital images taken along the trackline allowed for in situ quantification of winter narwhal habitat and for the estimation of fine-scale narwhal habitat selection and habitat-specific sighting probabilities. Abundance at the surface was estimated at 3484 (coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.46) including whales missed by observers. The fully corrected abundance of narwhals was 18 044 (CV = 0.46), or approximately one-quarter of the entire Baffin Bay population. The narwhal wintering ground surveyed (~9500 km**2) had 2.4 to 3.2% open water based on estimates from satellite imagery (NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and 1565 digital photographic images collected on the trackline. Thus, the ~18 000 narwhals had access to 233 km**2 of open water, resulting in an average density of ~77 narwhals/km**2 open water. Narwhal sighting probability near habitats with <10% or 10 to 50% open water was significantly higher than sighting probability in habitats with >50% open water, suggesting narwhals select optimal foraging areas in dense pack ice regardless of open water availability. This study provides the first quantitative ecological data on densities and habitat selection of narwhals in pack ice foraging regions that are rapidly being altered with climate change.

Routine physiotherapy does not induce cardiorespiratory training effect post-stroke

Background and Purpose. Cardiorespiratory fitness is increasingly being recognized as an impairment requiring physiotherapy intervention after stroke. The present study seeks to investigate if routine physiotherapy treatment is capable of inducing a cardiorespiratory training effect and if stroke patients attending physiotherapy who are unable to walk experience less cardiorespiratory stress during physiotherapy when compared to those who are able to walk. Method. A descriptive, observational study, with heart rate monitoring and video-recording of physiotherapy rehabilitation, was conducted. Thirty consecutive stroke patients from a geriatric and rehabilitation unit of a tertiary metropolitan hospital, admitted for rehabilitation, and requiring physiotherapy were included in the study. The main measures of the study were duration (time) and intensity (percentage of heart rate reserve) of standing and walking activities during physiotherapy rehabilitation for non-walking and walking stroke patients. Results. Stroke patients spent an average of 21 minutes participating in standing and walking activities that were capable of inducing a cardiorespiratory training effect. Stroke patients who were able to walk spent longer in these activities during physiotherapy rehabilitation than non-walking stroke patients (p < 0.05). An average intensity of 24% heart rate reserve (HRR) during standing and walking activities was insufficient to result in a cardiorespiratory training effect, with a maximum of 35% achieved for the stroke patients able to walk and 30% for those unable to walk. Conclusions. Routine physiotherapy rehabilitation had insufficient duration and intensity to result in a cardiorespiratory training effect in our group of stroke patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The development and investigation of a novel pulsatile heart assist device

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) contributed to almost 30% of worldwide mortality; with heart failure being one class of CVD. One popular and widely available treatment for heart failure is the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). This heart assist device is used in counterpulsation to improve myocardial function by increasing coronary perfusion, and decreasing aortic end-diastolic pressure (i.e. the resistance to blood ejection from the heart). However, this device can only be used acutely, and patients are bedridden. The subject of this research is a novel heart assist treatment called the Chronic Intermittent Mechanical Support (CIMS) which was conceived to offer advantages of the IABP device chronically, whilst overcoming its disadvantages. The CIMS device comprises an implantable balloon pump, a percutaneous drive line, and a wearable driver console. The research here aims to determine the haemodynamic effect of balloon pump activation under in vitro conditions. A human mock circulatory loop (MCL) with systemic and coronary perfusion was constructed, capable of simulating various degrees of heart failure. Two prototypes of the CIMS balloon pump were made with varying stiffness. Several experimental factors (balloon inflation/deflation timing, Helium gas volume, arterial compliance, balloon pump stiffness and heart valve type) form the factorial design experiments. A simple modification to the MCL allowed flow visualisation experiments using video recording. Suitable statistical tests were used to analyse the data obtained from all experiments. Balloon inflation and deflation in the ascending aorta of the MCL yielded favourable results. The sudden balloon deflation caused the heart valve to open earlier, thus causing longer valve opening duration in a cardiac cycle. It was also found that pressure augmentation in diastole was significantly correlated with increased cardiac output and coronary flowrate. With an optimum combination (low arterial compliance and low balloon pump stiffness), systemic and coronary perfusions were increased by 18% and 21% respectively, while the aortic end-diastolic pressure (forward flow resistance) decreased by 17%. Consequently, the ratio of oxygen supply and demand to myocardium (endocardial viability ratio, EVR) increased between 33% and 75%. The increase was mostly attributed to diastolic augmentation rather than systolic unloading.

Desenho de deficiência visual: uma experiência no ensino de artes visuais na perspectiva da educação inclusiva

Over the past 30 years, Art Education in interface with disabilities has been a subject of increasing interest in research in academia, especially with regard to Special Education, but still has some shortages in terms of socialization studies to discuss this type of teaching from the perspective of inclusive education. In this scenario, this paper presents an analysis from the field of teaching Visual Arts in the context of school inclusion, with emphasis on teaching drawing to the visually impaired. The conducted literature indicates a number of authors who discuss teaching drawing to people with visual disabilities, who are dedicated primarily to the Special Education context. In this sense, the shortage of research that discuss this teaching from the perspective of inclusive education, this research aimed at the inclusive approach to teaching drawing in the school context. Thus, the aim of this study was to develop a proposal for a pedagogical intervention in Visual Arts, with reference to drawing and its construction process, with the participation of seeing and unseeing students. Therefore, the methodological approach, which was qualitative, was the intervention research, in the light of the Bakhtinian principles of dialogism and otherness, with exploratory study characteristics. The locus of the research was the State School Admiral Newton Braga Faria, which is located in Alecrim, on the East Zone of Natal / RN and is near the Institute for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind - IERC / RN. The class chosen for intervention was the 7th grade “C” afternoon shift, which had children aged 12 to 16, with 27 students enrolled, three students with disabilities: 02 blind girls and 01 deafblind boy with light hearing and visual loss. As interlocutors of the research, we could also count on the Art teacher who served as a collaborator, as well as teacher in the school’s Multifunction Resource Room. The instruments and research procedures were observation, semi-structured interview, field diary and the photo / video recording. In the development of research, we conducted 10 workshops with multisensory teaching sequences, articulating the physical, tactile and graphical expressions as intrinsic to the reading and production of drawing for both seeing and unseeing students. The process and data built on research allowed for a reflection on cultural experiences with drawing in the school context and on the interactions between seeing and unseeing students in the production and analysis of tactile-visual drawings. They also point out the construction of a teaching approach to drawing, in the context of the common class, from educational workshops that enable artistic and aesthetic interactions from the perspective of school inclusiveness. Thus, we argued that the mobilization of the tactile, physical and graphical expressions can be adopted in a multisensory approach that enables a pedagogical focus that involves all students and is not restricted to the presence of students with visual impairment.

Improving the care of preterm infants: before, during, and after, stabilisation in the delivery room

Introduction Up to 10% of infants require stabilisation during transition to extrauterine life. Enhanced monitoring of cardiorespiratory parameters during this time may improve stabilisation outcomes. In addition, technology may facilitate improved preparation for delivery room stabilisation as well as NICU procedures, through educational techniques. Aim To improve infant care 1) before birth via improved training, 2) during stabilisation via enhanced physiological monitoring and improved practice, and 3) after delivery, in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), via improved procedural care. Methods A multifaceted approach was utilised including; a combination of questionnaire based surveys, mannequin-based investigations, prospective observational investigations, and a randomised controlled trial involving preterm infants less than 32 weeks in the delivery room. Forms of technology utilised included; different types of mannequins including a CO2 producing mannequin, qualitative end tidal CO2 (EtCO2) detectors, a bespoke quantitative EtCO2 detector, and annotated videos of infant stabilisation as well as NICU procedures Results Manual ventilation improved with the use of EtCO2 detection, and was positively assessed by trainees. Quantitative EtCO2 detection in the delivery room is feasible, EtCO2 increased over the first 4 minutes of life in preterm infants, and EtCO2 was higher in preterm infants who were intubated. Current methods of heart rate assessment were found to be unreliable. Electrocardiography (ECG) application warrants further evaluation. Perfusion index (PI) monitoring utilised in the delivery room was feasible. Video recording technology was utilised in several ways. This technology has many potential benefits, including debriefing and coaching in procedural healthcare, and warrants further evaluation. Parents would welcome the introduction of webcams in the NICU. Conclusions I have evaluated new methods of improving infant care before, during, and after stabilisation in the DR. Specifically, I have developed novel educational tools to facilitate training, and evaluated EtCO2, PI, and ECG during infant stabilisation. I have identified barriers in using webcams in the NICU, to now be addressed prior to webcam implementation.

Step-count accuracy of three motion sensors for older and frail medical inpatients

Objectives: To measure the step-count accuracy of an ankle-worn accelerometer, a thigh-worn accelerometer and one pedometer in older and frail inpatients. Design: Cross-sectional design study. Setting: Research room within a hospital. Participants: Convenience sample of inpatients aged ≥65 years, able to walk 20 metres unassisted, with or without a walking-aid. Intervention: Patients completed a 40-minute programme of predetermined tasks while wearing the three motion sensors simultaneously. Video-recording of the procedure provided the criterion measurement of step-count. Main Outcome Measures: Mean percentage (%) errors were calculated for all tasks, slow versus fast walkers, independent versus walking-aid-users, and over shorter versus longer distances. The Intra-class Correlation was calculated and accuracy was visually displayed by Bland-Altman plots. Results: Thirty-two patients (78.1 ±7.8 years) completed the study. Fifteen were female and 17 used walking-aids. Their median speed was 0.46 m/sec (interquartile range, IQR 0.36-0.66). The ankle-worn accelerometer overestimated steps (median 1% error, IQR -3 to 13). The other motion sensors underestimated steps (40% error (IQR -51 to -35) and 38% (IQR -93 to -27), respectively). The ankle-worn accelerometer proved more accurate over longer distances (3% error, IQR 0 to 9), than shorter distances (10%, IQR -23 to 9). Conclusions: The ankle-worn accelerometer gave the most accurate step-count measurement and was most accurate over longer distances. Neither of the other motion sensors had acceptable margins of error.

Equipping young people to engage with media driven science experiences: beyond science knowledge to science literacy and discerning consumers of news.

This paper reports on a study of a curricular intervention for pupils (age 10-13 years) in the UK aimed at supporting critical engagement with science based media reports. In particular the study focused on core elements of knowledge, skills and attitudes identified in previous studies that characterize critical consumers of science presented as news. This was an empirical study based on classroom observation. Data included responses from individual pupils, in addition video recording of group activity and intentional conversations between pupils and teachers were scrutinised. Analysis focused on core tasks relating to different elements of critical reading. Pupils demonstrated a grasp of questioning and evaluating text, however the capacity to translate this experience in support of a critical response to a media report with a science component is limited in assessing the credibility of text and as an element in critical reading.

Capturing and indexing rehearsals: the design and usage of a digital archive of performing arts

Preserving the cultural heritage of the performing arts raises difficult and sensitive issues, as each performance is unique by nature and the juxtaposition between the performers and the audience cannot be easily recorded. In this paper, we report on an experimental research project to preserve another aspect of the performing arts—the history of their rehearsals. We have specifically designed non-intrusive video recording and on-site documentation techniques to make this process transparent to the creative crew, and have developed a complete workflow to publish the recorded video data and their corresponding meta-data online as Open Data using state-of-the-art audio and video processing to maximize non-linear navigation and hypervideo linking. The resulting open archive is made publicly available to researchers and amateurs alike and offers a unique account of the inner workings of the worlds of theater and opera.