Diagnóstico da qualidade ambiental nas áreas verdes públicas em Presidente Prudente (SP)

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Potencial de ocorrência de avarias ambientais em bacias hidrográficas com ocupação rural mediante análise morfométrica

The understanding of the geo-morphological characteristics allows the identification of flood areas and instability slopes among others important features for land use planning. The study of the hydrological net and the analysis of morphometric parameters help in the geomorphologic characterization, providing specific physics indicators that quantify the risks for environmental damages. The present work used Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and carried out the morphometric analysis of two watersheds in the Alto Rio Sorocaba, municipality of Ibiuna (SP). Using digitalized topographic bases in the scale 1:50,000, the main morphometric parameters were extracted and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) was obtained. Hence the slope, ground illumination, hill orientation and relief feature maps were elaborated. The characteristics for the two watersheds were quite similar, both have low risks for floods and landslides. Therefore, the concave feature is the predominant hill shape for both watersheds. The morphometric parameters directly related to the river density of the watersheds showed some differences, because the Sorocabuçú watershed presents higher value, resulting in a higher level of relief development. Thus, with this characterization it is possible to provide subsidies for environmental planning actions to the area.

Sistema de Informações Geográficas aplicado ao diagnóstico do uso da terra da bacia hidrográfica do Córrego São Caetano - Botucatu (SP)

The study aimed to obtain the land use of the watershed Stream São Caetano - Botucatu (SP), through the satellite image. The cartographic databases were: planialtimetric letter in digital format (IBGE) used in georeferencing, and satellite image. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) -IDRISI Selva was use to perform the image georeferencing and to do the final thematic map. In the software CAD - CartaLinx, it was performed the delimitation of the area under study (boundary, drainage network and areas of use and coverage). The land use of the watershed showed that pasture was the class which occupied most of the area, with 34.51% (1117,94 ha), the remainder of the area was urban (692,19ha), forests (809,79ha), cultures (599,96ha) and a very small part of reforestation (19,53ha). The use of remote sensing and geoprocessing were very satisfactory in the present work. Technologies must be increasingly used in agricultural and environmental studies, because technological tools, such as Geographic Information System (GIS), present speed, efficiency, reliable results, helping in increasing sustainability

Análise do índice de cobertura vegetal da área urbana de Piratininga (SP)

The urban area is now home to 50% of world population and the activities related to their disorganized growth, promote the formation of an unhealthy environment. The urban vegetation is necessary and beneficial, because in addition to bringing the man of nature, mitigates climate change and improve the urban microclimate. This study aimed at surveying and analyzing the rate of existing vegetation in urban Piratininga - SP, and from the data obtained, provide allowance for management and planning of green areas and urban areas. Data came from sample survey conducted in 2007 and computerized survey conducted in 2010 indicated that many new neighborhoods have low opt for planting trees of small to medium which does not enhance the urban environment requiring an environmental planning.

Contribuição dos indicadores de sustentabilidade na gestão urbano ambiental

Recently in Brazil cities have been suffering strong influence concerning concepts of sustainable development and urban-environmental management in order to implement public policies. These approaches combined, subsidize fair democratic construction, along with citizen participation and transparency regarding the use of resources. This study was meant to address the evaluation of performance and environmental quality through the use of sustainability indicators as a tool for planning and management of municipal urban-environmental, its advantages, disadvantages and contributions to the effectiveness in the implementation of policies aimed at local sustainable development. The main objective of the study was to do a comparative analysis of the indicators used in Piracicaba, to the national indicator system and other municipal programs, and also, its application in urban and environmental planning. To achieve this goal, initially a topic selection was made based on a bibliographic analysis in order to discuss the use of management tools and municipal evaluation systems from the perspective of sustainability, showing the management tools such as laws, agreements, documents and mainly, sustainability indicators. It was then, prepared the case study carried out in Piracicaba, São Paulo municipality. With the obtained results, it was possible to provide a model which shows strengths and weaknesses of public actions and policies for the environment, such as project suggestions that could be applied aiming greater sustainability and continuous improvement of municipal environmental performance

Contribuição dos indicadores de sustentabilidade na gestão urbano ambiental

Recently in Brazil cities have been suffering strong influence concerning concepts of sustainable development and urban-environmental management in order to implement public policies. These approaches combined, subsidize fair democratic construction, along with citizen participation and transparency regarding the use of resources. This study was meant to address the evaluation of performance and environmental quality through the use of sustainability indicators as a tool for planning and management of municipal urban-environmental, its advantages, disadvantages and contributions to the effectiveness in the implementation of policies aimed at local sustainable development. The main objective of the study was to do a comparative analysis of the indicators used in Piracicaba, to the national indicator system and other municipal programs, and also, its application in urban and environmental planning. To achieve this goal, initially a topic selection was made based on a bibliographic analysis in order to discuss the use of management tools and municipal evaluation systems from the perspective of sustainability, showing the management tools such as laws, agreements, documents and mainly, sustainability indicators. It was then, prepared the case study carried out in Piracicaba, São Paulo municipality. With the obtained results, it was possible to provide a model which shows strengths and weaknesses of public actions and policies for the environment, such as project suggestions that could be applied aiming greater sustainability and continuous improvement of municipal environmental performance

Environmental suitability of a highly fragmented and heterogeneous landscape for forest bird species in south-eastern Brazil

Assessment of the suitability of anthropogenic landscapes for wildlife species is crucial for setting priorities for biodiversity conservation. This study aimed to analyse the environmental suitability of a highly fragmented region of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, one of the world's 25 recognized biodiversity hotspots, for forest bird species. Eight forest bird species were selected for the analyses, based on point counts (n = 122) conducted in April-September 2006 and January-March 2009. Six additional variables (landscape diversity, distance from forest and streams, aspect, elevation and slope) were modelled in Maxent for (1) actual and (2) simulated land cover, based on the forest expansion required by existing Brazilian forest legislation. Models were evaluated by bootstrap or jackknife methods and their performance was assessed by AUC, omission error, binomial probability or p value. All predictive models were statistically significant, with high AUC values and low omission errors. A small proportion of the actual landscape (24.41 +/- 6.31%) was suitable for forest bird species. The simulated landscapes lead to an increase of c. 30% in total suitable areas. In average, models predicted a small increase (23.69 +/- 6.95%) in the area of suitable native forest for bird species. Being close to forest increased the environmental suitability of landscapes for all bird species; landscape diversity was also a significant factor for some species. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that species distribution modelling (SDM) successfully predicted bird distribution across a heterogeneous landscape at fine spatial resolution, as all models were biologically relevant and statistically significant. The use of landscape variables as predictors contributed significantly to the results, particularly for species distributions over small extents and at fine scales. This is the first study to evaluate the environmental suitability of the remaining Brazilian Atlantic Forest for bird species in an agricultural landscape, and provides important additional data for regional environmental planning.

Comentarios y conclusiones II Seminario Internacional : la interdisciplina en el ordenamiento territorial

Por el éxito y trascendencia de sus eventos anteriores, el Instituto CIFOT siente la obligación de hacer conocer las principales conclusiones del II Seminario de Ordenamiento Territorial, el que comienza a marcar pautas a partir de las preocupaciones comunes, enfoques teórico-metodológicos prevalecientes en el Ordenamiento Territorial, la planificación Estratégica y Ambiental, como también sobre las prácticas de gestión de la información territorial. Se sintetiza la idea central de las conferencias Magistrales: - Dr. Juan Gastó- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile- presenta “ La Ordenación Territorial como eje del Desarrollo Rural", cuyo punto central es la imposibilidad de separar la problemática territorial urbana de la rural. - Dr. Eduardo Salinas- Universidad de La Habana , Cuba- en “El Ordenamiento Territorial como instrumento de la Planificación y Gestión Ambiental" establece la necesidad de una planificación sustentable ambientalmente, con una concepción sistémica y holística de los problemas. -Dra. Elsa Laurelli -Universidad de La Plata , Argentina- en “Nuevas Tendencias del Ordenamiento Territorial en una Economía de Mercado. Limitaciones y posibilidades" plantea coexistencia de áreas receptoras de IDE vs espacios degradados y con problemáticas sociales y reflexiona sobre el rol del Estado para atenuar los efectos del mercado en el territorio y la sociedad. - Dr. Pablo Ciccolella -UBA-, Argentina. En “ Desafíos y opciones en la Gestión Urbana bajo el Capitalismo Global: Planificación Estratégica y Desarrollo Económico-Territorial" alerta sobre la planificación llave en mano que genera un desarrollo elitista, banal y efímero. - Dr. Mariano Zamorano -Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza- presenta “ Una propuesta de Regionalización de la Provincia de Mendoza sobre la base de la Lógica Territorial " destinada a optimizar la gestión municipal y provincial. Al II Seminario de Ordenamiento Territorial concurren alrededor de 140 personas y se exponen 43 trabajos en las siguientes áreas temáticas : - 1 Nuevas tendencias en el Ordenamiento territorial . - 2 Ambiente y Ordenamiento Territorial. - 3 El Ordenamiento Territorial en el ámbito urbano. - 4 El Ordenamiento Territorial en el ámbito rural. - 5 La gestión de la información en el Ordenamiento Territorial. - 6 El rol de las Instituciones en el Ordenamiento Territorial. Conclusiones De l rico debate e intercambio de ideas realizado durante el II Seminario, se extraen tres grandes temas: - La necesidad de una visión general y holística del territorio, evitando la fragmentación disciplinar. - La interdisciplina, como campo de convergencia de problemáticas complejas. La planificación estratégica como instancia participativa y visión integral del territorio. - La metodología para el Ordenamiento Territorial debe ser verdaderamente aplicada. No se puede seguir planificando con una racionalidad limitada en busca de una imagen objetivo rígida mientras el territorio, conformado por sistemas complejos y abiertos, está en constante cambio por exigencias propias de lo global. - Un Estado en retirada no contiene la estructura necesaria ni el consenso para imponerse en sociedades democráticas con dominio absoluto de tipo capitalista.

Bioaccessibility of heavy metals and risk assessment in urban gardens of Madrid

Human health problems and solutions. Urban gardening has spread worldwide in recent years as it enhances food security and selfsupply and promotes community integration. However urban soils are significantly enriched in trace elements relative to background levels. Exposure to the soil in urban gardens may therefore result in adverse health effects depending on the degree of contact during gardening, infant recreational activities and ingestion of vegetables grown in them. In order to evaluate this potential risk, 36 composite samples were collected from the top 20 cm of the soil of 6 urban gardens in Madrid. The aqua regia (pseudototal) and glycine-extractable (bioaccessible) concentrations of Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Additionally, pH, texture, Fe, Ca, and Mn concentrations, and organic matter and calcium carbonate contents were determined in all urban gardens and their influence on trace element bioaccessibility was analyzed.

Antiguo Poblado de Algarrobito ubicado en el Valle del Elqui Chile, y su Patrón Urbano Bioclimático

La importancia de conocer bien el entorno para un proyecto arquitectónico es que podemos adaptarlo a nuestras necesidades fisiológicas de Confort Térmico. Podemos decir entonces que el edificio juega un papel fundamental como técnica de control de nuestro entorno. El edificio nos debería entregar un entorno controlado para que nos sintamos bien térmicamente, considerando además, que la arquitectura por sí misma puede lograr dicho confort la mayor parte de las veces. De no ser así, los usuarios tienden a colocar elementos mecánicos, para generar frío o calor artificialmente. Es fundamental entonces que nuestros edificios, tengan una correcta interacción con los recursos naturales del lugar para lograr dicho confort térmico. Pero lograr el Confort Térmico en todos los edificios de una ciudad como unidad, no logrará que la ciudad entera sea confortable térmicamente, ya que las complejas interacciones hacen que la problemática se deba enfrentar como algo sistémico. Esto quiere decir, que para que una ciudad o un conjunto logren la Confortabilidad Térmica deseada por sus habitantes debiera haber sido planificada conforme a variables urbanas que interactúen con el medio natural en forma eficiente. Con la observación de ciertos conjuntos habitacionales antiguos en el interior del Valle del Elqui, Chile y de sus relaciones entre variables urbanas y naturales, queda de manifiesto ciertas características que conllevan a pensar que existió una planificación ambiental en éstos que llevaron a lograr un conjunto con características bioclimáticas. Las evidencias de la existencia en primer lugar de un patrón urbanístico en dichos conjuntos habitacionales antiguos, hacen pensar que dicho patrón se trataría de un patrón bioclimático rural planificado, lo que hace que exista un gran interés por el estudio de estos conjuntos. Hasta ahora, en Chile, los pocos estudios de Confort Térmico que existen, están orientados a edificaciones aisladas, al Confort térmico interior de la edificación en el ámbito urbano, y en nada a Patrones Bioclimáticos de Conjuntos Habitacionales en una situación de ruralidad como a la referida en esta investigación. Además, los estudios referidos al clima urbano, difieren a los del clima rural, por lo que se necesitan mayores estudios aún para comprender mejor la problemática. Es por esto, que la mayoría de los casos mencionados en este estudio son contextualizados al ámbito urbano por carecer de otros estudios rurales. Es en este sentido que esta investigación cobra real importancia y pretende establecer la relación existente entre las variables morfológicas rurales y los recursos naturales del lugar y que generan un confort térmico ideal para sus habitantes, al mismo tiempo, se analiza la existencia de un Patrón Bioclimático en un poblado denominado Algarrobito ubicado en la cuenca del Valle del Elqui, Chile. Es en este sentido que el propósito principal de este trabajo es determinar la real existencia de un Patrón Bioclimático que relacione la morfología rural y edificada de los antiguos poblados pertenecientes a la cuenca del Valle de Elqui Chile con el microclima del lugar. La metodología empleada se basa en realizar primeramente el estudio del microclima del lugar a través de las Cartas Bioclimáticas. Para ello se obtuvo información de datos climatológicos de las estaciones meteorológicas ubicadas en la cuenca del Valle de Elqui, principalmente las más cercanas al lugar de estudio. Mediante una revisión exhaustiva de la información arquitectónica, así como de una labor de reconocimiento en terreno realizada en el poblado seleccionado y de la aplicación del Climograma local, se identificaron las diferentes zonas bioclimáticas del poblado antiguo y potenciales áreas de estudio en el conjunto. Esta actividad incluyó un estudio preliminar de la energía solar local, vientos, humedad, temperaturas y su interacción con el conjunto, permitiendo una primera aproximación a la problemática del espacio exterior y las viviendas. Esto permitió en base a las condicionantes del lugar, la arquitectura vernácula y los materiales descubrir un Patrón en el antiguo conjunto que permitía entregar confortabilidad térmica a sus habitantes y darse cuenta también, que el nuevo conjunto emplazado en el sector no seguía ese patrón con las disfuncionalidades que ello llevaba. Con esto quedó demostrado en primer lugar la existencia de un Patrón Bioclimático rural, los beneficios del patrón, la importancia de éste como causante de Confortabilidad Térmica del conjunto, y por ende de mejor eficiencia energética, así como también, que el nuevo conjunto no sigue para nada este Patrón, pero que existe también la posibilidad de rectificación y por supuesto, que los nuevos desarrollos residenciales del Valle del Elqui, puedan planificarse en base al patrón bioclimático descubierto. ABSTRACT Knowing the environment of an architectonic proyect is really important for adjusting it to our physiological needs of Thermal Comfort. So we can say that the building plays a key role as a technique of control of our environment. The building should give us a controlled environment to make us feel good thermally, and it usually can reach pleasurable temperatures by itself. If it isn't like that, people cooled or heated the ambience with mechanical elements. So a correct interaction between the buildings and natural resources is important to reach a thermal comfort. But achieving Thermal Comfort in all the buildings of a city as a unit will not achieve the whole city is thermally comfortable, because the complex interactions cause the problem needs to be solved as something systemic. This means that for a city or a set reach the Thermal Comfortability desired by its inhabitants, it should have been planned according to the urban variables that interact with the natural environment efficiently. Observing some old housing complexes in Elqui Valley, Chile, and the relationships between their natural and urban variables, some features lead to think that the environmental planning in these led to achieve a set with bioclimatic features. First, the evidences about the existence of an urban pattern in those old housing complexes, make thinking that the pattern would be a planned urban pattern, which generates interest in its study. In Chile, there have been few studies about Thermal Comfort, oriented to isolated buildings and indoor thermal comfort, but Bioclimatic Urban Patterns haven't been studied at all. In this sense, this investigation acquires a real importance and pretends to establish the relationship between urban variables and natural resources of the place that generates a good thermal comfort for its habitants. At the same time, the existence of a Bioclimatic Urban Pattern in Algarrobito, located in Elqui Valley basin, Chile, is analized. It is in this sense that the main purpose of this work is to determine the real existence of a Bioclimatic Urban Pattern, that links the urban and constructive form of the old villages of it with its microclimate. The methodology used is based on performing first the study of the microclimate of the place through the Bioclimatic Cards. To do this, weather stations, located in Elqui valley, near the place that was studied, were used to obtain information of climatological data. The different bioclimatic zones to the old town and potential areas of study in the set were identified, through an exhaustive review of the architectural information, a field reconnaissance work performed on the selected town and the application of the Local Climograph. This activity included a preliminary study of the local solar energy, the winds, the moisture, the temperatures, and their interaction with the set, allowing a first aproximation to troubles of outer space and housing. This allowed, based on the conditions of the place, vernacular architecture and materials, discovering an urban pattern in the old set, which allowed to give thermal comfort to its inhabitants and realize that the new set of the place did not follow this pattern, with the dysfunctions that it carried. These points demonstrated, in first place, the existence of a Bioclimatic Urban Pattern, the benefits of it, the importance of it as a cause of Thermal Comfortability, and therefore a better efficiency of energy, also that the new set doesn’t follow this Pattern at all, but that the posibility of rectification exists and, of course, that the new residencial development in Elqui Valley can be planned based on bioclimatic pattern discovered.

Localizing a global discipline - Designing new planning programs in Sri Lanka

In order to be relevant and useful in a fragmented developing country context, community and regional planning needs to shift away from the use of rigid tools to more flexible, adaptive approaches. An international review of planning curricula indicated a widespread consensus with respect to key competencies required of planners. This understanding was used in the development of new teaching programs at three Sri Lankan universities. Complementing the technical core knowledge areas, strong emphases on problem structuring, critical and strategic thinking, and the understanding of the political and institutional contexts appear to be crucial to making the agenda of planning for sustainable development more than a fashionable cliche. In order for these core areas to have relevance in a developing country context, however, planning curricula need to achieve a balance between local priorities and a global perspective.

Review of the ecology of Australian urban fauna: A focus on spatially explicit processes

Cities have a major impact on Australian landscapes, especially in coastal regions, to the detriment of native biodiversity. Areas suitable for urban development often coincide with those areas that support high levels of species diversity and endemism. However, there is a paucity of reliable information available to guide urban conservation planning and management, especially regarding the trade-off between investing in protecting and restoring habitat at the landscape level, and investing in programmes to maintain the condition of remnant vegetation at the local (site) level. We review the literature on Australian urban ecology, focusing on urban terrestrial and aquatic vertebrate and invertebrate fauna. We identify four main factors limiting our knowledge of urban fauna: (i) a lack of studies focusing at multiple ecological levels; (ii) a lack of multispecies studies; (iii) an almost total absence of long-term (temporal) studies; and (iv) a need for stronger integration of research outcomes into urban conservation planning and management. We present a set of key principles for the development of a spatially explicit, long-term approach to urban fauna research. This requires an understanding of the importance of local-level habitat quality and condition relative to the composition, configuration and connectivity of habitats within the larger urban landscape. These principles will ultimately strengthen urban fauna management and conservation planning by enabling us to prioritize and allocate limited financial resources to maximize the conservation return.

Evolução espaço-temporal da ocupação urbana sobre áreas naturais no município de Natal-RN

In this work the landscape morphodynamics was used to check the strength and importance of the changes carried out by man on the environment over time, in Natal-RN municipality. The occupation of partially preserved natural areas was analyzed, but environmentally fragile, such as riparian forests, vegetation on the banks of waterways, which play regulatory role of the water flow, and the dunes, which guarantee the rapid recharge of aquifers. The impacts of urban sprawl in Natal Southern and West zones Were identified and characterized, through a detailed mapping in the period between 1969 and 2013 the main Permanent Preservation Areas - PPA (banks of rivers and lagoons, and dunes remaining) and their temporal changes. For this were used aerial photographs and satellite imagery, altimetry data, and pre-existing information, which allowed the creation of a spatial database, and evolution of maps of impervious areas, evolution of the use and occupation and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) from contour lines with contour interval of 1 meter. Based on this study presents a diagnosis of the environmental situation and the state of conservation of natural areas, over the last 44 years, compared to human pressures. In general, it was found that the urban settlement has advanced about 60% of studied natural areas. This advance was growing by the year 2006, when there was a slowdown in the process, except for the Environmental Protection Zone (EPZ) 03, where the river Pitimbú and your PPA, which experienced a more significant loss area. The urban occupation affected the natural drainage and contributed to the contamination of groundwater Natal, due to increased sealed area, the release of liquid and solid waste, as well as the removal of riparian vegetation. Changed irreversibly the natural landscape, and reduced the quality and quantity of water resources necessary for the population. Thus, it is necessary to stimulate the adoption of use and protection of PPA planning measures, to the preservation of the San Valley Region inserted into the EPZ 01, and integrate more remaining dunes, in good condition, this EPZ, due to the importance of those remaining on the environment and the maintenance of quality of life. It is suggested, also, protection of catchment areas, such as PPA ponds and Pitimbú River. Finally, it is expected that this study can assist the managers in making decisions in urban and environmental planning of the municipality