Social network of family caregivers of disabled and dependent patients

Cross-sectional study that used the Social Network Index and the genogram to assess the social network of 110 family caregivers of dependent patients attended by a Home Care Service in São Paulo, Brazil. Data were analyzed using the test U of Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman correlation. Results were considered statistically significant when p<0,05. Few caregivers participated in activities outside the home and the average number of people they had a bond was 4,4 relatives and 3,6 friends. Caregivers who reported pain and those who had a partner had higher average number of relatives who to trust. The average number of friends was higher in the group that reported use of medication for depression. Total and per capita incomes correlated with the social network. It was found that family members are the primary caregiver’s social network.





The Effect of Amifostine on Acute and Late Radiation Side Effects in Head and Neck Cancer Patients

Objective: We aimed to investigate the effect of amifostine on acute and late side effects, and its tolerability in head and neck cancer patients treated with radiotherapy (RT). Material and Methods: The study included 87 patients with primary head and neck cancers and cervical lymph node metastases from unknown primary cancers treated with RT alone or combined with chemotherapy (CT). Forty-one patients (47%) received amifostine combined with RT (ART group) and 46 patients (52%) received RT without amifostine (RT group). The patients were evaluated every week during the treatment and at month 1 and 2 after the completion of RT for acute side effects and month 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 after the treatment for late side effects according to SOMA/LENT scale. Amifostine was administered prior to RT, along with anti-emetic prophylaxis. The two groups were compared with the Student's t and Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests. Results: The ART group had significantly less toxicity (grade! 1 mucositis, grade 2 fibrosis) than patients in the RT group (p=0.001, p=0.03, respectively). At week 3 of RT grade 2 mucositis developed in two patients (5%) in the ART group and 10 patients (22%) in the RT group (p=0.02). The protective effect of amifostine on skin reactions developed at week 4 of RT (p=0.05). Grade 3 xerostomia at 9, 12, and 15 months of follow-up (p=0.02, p=0.02, and p=0.02, respectively), grade 2 xerostomia at 18 and 24 months (p=0.02 and p=0.01, respectively) and fibrosis at 15, 18 and 24 months (p=0.05, p=0.02 and p=0.02, respectively) decreased markedly in the ART group compared with the RT group. Emesis was the most common adverse effect of amifostine. Conclusion: Daily administration of amifostine during RT was effective in avoiding late grade 2-3 xerostomia, as well as grade 2 fibrosis.

Development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for serodiagnosis of ringworm infection in cattle.

The aim of this study was to develop an in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the serological diagnosis of ringworm infection in cattle. We used available recombinant forms of Trichophyton rubrum dipeptidyl peptidase V (TruDppV) and T. rubrum leucin aminopeptidase 2 (TruLap2), which are 98% identical to Trichophyton verrucosum orthologues. Field serum samples from 135 cattle with ringworm infection, as confirmed by direct microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and PCR, and from 55 cattle without any apparent skin lesions or history of ringworm infection that served as negative controls were used. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were determined to evaluate the diagnostic value of our ELISA. Overall, the ELISAs based on recombinant TruDppV and TruLap2 discriminated well between infected animals and healthy controls. Highly significant differences (P < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test) were noted between optical density values obtained when sera from infected versus control cattle were tested. The ELISA developed for the detection of specific antibodies against DppV gave 89.6% sensitivity, 92.7% specificity, a 96.8% positive predictive value, and a 78.4% negative predictive value. The recombinant TruLap2-based ELISA displayed 88.1% sensitivity, 90.9% specificity, a 95.9% positive predictive value, and a 75.7% negative predictive value. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ELISA based on recombinant antigens for assessing immune responses to ringworm infection in cattle; it is particularly suitable for epidemiological studies and also for the evaluation of vaccines and/or vaccination procedures.

Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction (POCD) and Inflammatory Markers in Elderly Patients

Introduction: Particularly in elderly patients, the brain responds to a systemic inflammatory response with an increased production of inflammatory mediators. This has hypothetically been linked to the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). Methods: We investigated 31 patients aged >65 yrs undergoing elective major surgery under standardized general anaesthesia (thiopental, sevoflurane, fentanyl, atracurium). Cognitive function was measured preoperatively and 7 days postoperatively using the extended version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease - Neuropsychological Assessment Battery (CERAD-NAB, validated German version) for which we developed a diagnostic cut-off in healthy elderly volunteers. Systemic C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured preoperatively, 2 days postoperatively, and 7 days postoperatively. Values for CRP, IL-6, operative characteristics and hospital length of stay in patients with POCD and without POCD were compared using the Mann- Whitney U test and are shown as median [range]. Results: Fourteen patients (45%) developed POCD. Values for CRP were not statistically different in patients with POCD and without POCD but tended to be higher in patients with POCD 2 days postoperatively. Patients with POCD had significantly higher IL-6 values on postoperative days 2 and 7 (table 1). These patients also had a significantly longer duration of anaesthesia (305 [195-620] vs.190 [150-560] min, p = 0.034), larger intraoperative blood loss (425 [0-1600] vs. 100 [0-1500] ml, p = 0.018) and longer hospital stays (15 [8-45] vs. 8 [4-40] days, p = 0.008). Table 1 POCD (n = 14) No POCD (n = 17) p value CRP (mg/dl) preop. 4.0 [1.0-245] 4.2 [0.3-36.2] 0.6 2 days postop. 223 [20-318] 98 [4.5-384] 0.07 7 days postop. 58 [15-147] 44 [11-148] 0.2 IL-6 (U/ml) preop. 2[2-28.1] 2 [2-7.3] 0.8 2 days postop. 56 [17-315] 20 [2-123] 0.009 7 days postop. 9[2-77] 4 [2-16] 0.03 Interpretation: In this small group of patients, high IL-6 values postoperatively were associated with POCD supporting a role for systemic inflammation in the development of POCD. In patients with POCD, duration of anaesthesia was significantly longer, and intraoperative blood losses were larger. These risk factors will need to be confirmed in a larger group of patients. The difference in length of stay may be indicative of postoperative complications, which have been linked to POCD earlier.

Leucograma en novillas y becerros (Holstein) infectados con una cepa venezolana de Trypanosoma vivax

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo la evaluación del leucograma en novillas y becerros Holstein infectados experimentalmente con una cepa venezolana de Trypanosoma vivax. Los datos fueron analizados a través de la prueba no paramétrica de U de Mann-Whitney. La comparación de las medias de los numeros totales de los leucocitos (NTL) en las novillas, fue estadísticamente significativo (P < 0,05). Los becerros presentaron neutrofilia al compararse las medias totales del grupo infectado y control (P < 0,05). Los promedios totales de los linfocitos y monocitos en las novillas y becerros, fueron estadísticamente significativos (P < 0,05).

Differential impact of lacunes and microvascular lesions on poststroke depression.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Previous studies have postulated that poststroke depression (PSD) might be related to cumulative vascular brain pathology rather than to the location and severity of a single macroinfarct. We performed a detailed analysis of all types of microvascular lesions and lacunes in 41 prospectively documented and consecutively autopsied stroke cases. METHODS: Only cases with first-onset depression <2 years after stroke were considered as PSD in the present series. Diagnosis of depression was established prospectively using DSM-IV criteria for major depression. Neuropathological evaluation included bilateral semiquantitative assessment of microvascular ischemic pathology and lacunes; statistical analysis included Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, and regression models. RESULTS: Macroinfarct site was not related to the occurrence of PSD for any of the locations studied. Thalamic and basal ganglia lacunes occurred significantly more often in PSD cases. Higher lacune scores in basal ganglia, thalamus, and deep white matter were associated with an increased PSD risk. In contrast, microinfarct and diffuse or periventricular demyelination scores were not increased in PSD. The combined lacune score (thalamic plus basal ganglia plus deep white matter) explained 25% of the variability of PSD occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The cumulative vascular burden resulting from chronic accumulation of lacunar infarcts within the thalamus, basal ganglia, and deep white matter may be more important than single infarcts in the prediction of PSD.

The release of antidiuretic hormone is appropriate in response to hypovolemia and/or sodium administration in children with severe head injury: a trial of lactated Ringer's solution versus hypertonic saline.

We conducted an open, randomized, and prospective study to determine the effect of hypertonic saline on the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and aldosterone in children with severe head injury (Glasgow coma scale <8). Thirty-one consecutive patients at a level III pediatric intensive care unit at a children's hospital received either lactated Ringer's solution (Ringer's group, n = 16) or hypertonic saline (Hypertonic Saline group, n = 15) over a 3-day period. Serum ADH levels were significantly larger in the Hypertonic Saline group as compared with the Ringer's group (P = 0.001; analysis of variance) and were correlated to sodium intake (Ringer's group: r = 0.39, R(2) = 0.15, P = 0.02; Hypertonic Saline group: r = 0.42, R(2) = 0.18, P = 0.02) and volume of fluids given IV (Ringer's group: r = 0.38, R(2) = 0.15, P = 0.02; Hypertonic Saline group: r = 0.32, R(2) = 0.1, P = not significant). Correlation of ADH to plasma osmolality was significant if plasma osmolality was >280 mOsm/kg (r = 0.5, R(2) = 0.25, P = 0.06), indicating an osmotic threshold for ADH release. Serum aldosterone levels were larger on the first day than during Days 2 and 3 in both groups and inversely correlated to serum sodium levels only in the Ringer's group (r = -0.55, R(2) = 0.3, P < 0.001). This group received a significantly larger fluid volume on Day 1 (P = 0.05, Mann-Whitney U-test) than did patients in the Hypertonic Saline group, indicating hypovolemia during the first day. Head-injured children have appropriate levels of ADH. They may be hypovolemic during the first day of treatment, especially if they receive lactated Ringer's solution. IMPLICATIONS: In head-injured patients, we recommend fluid restriction to avoid inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone. In a prospective, randomized, and controlled study in 31 children, we were able to show that the antidiuretic hormone levels are appropriate in response to hypovolemia, sodium load, or both.

Humeral development from neonatal period to skeletal maturity—application in age and sex assessment

The goal of the present study is to examine cross-sectional information on the growth of the humerus based on the analysis of four measurements, namely, diaphyseal length, transversal diameter of the proximal (metaphyseal) end of the shaft, epicondylar breadth and vertical diameter of the head. This analysis was performed in 181 individuals (90 ♂ and 91 ♀) ranging from birth to 25 years of age and belonging to three documented Western European skeletal collections (Coimbra, Lisbon and St. Bride). After testing the homogeneity of the sample, the existence of sexual differences (Student"s t- and Mann-Whitney U-test) and the growth of the variables (polynomial regression) were evaluated. The results showed the presence of sexual differences in epicondylar breadth above 20 years of age and vertical diameter of the head from 15 years of age, thus indicating that these two variables may be of use in determining sex from that age onward. The growth pattern of the variables showed a continuous increase and followed first- and second-degree polynomials. However, growth of the transversal diameter of the proximal end of the shaft followed a fourth-degree polynomial. Strong correlation coefficients were identified between humeral size and age for each of the four metric variables. These results indicate that any of the humeral measurements studied herein is likely to serve as a useful means of estimating sub-adult age in forensic samples.

Työtyytyväisyyskartoitus Helsingin ensikoti ry:n henkilöstölle

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli kartoittaa Helsingin ensikoti ry:n henkilöstön kokemuksia työtyytyväisyyteen vaikuttavista tekijöistä sekä kuvata keskeiset tekijät ja niihin yhteydessä olevat tekijät. Tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin työtyytyväisyyttä seuraavilla osa-alueilla: johtaminen ja johtamiskäytännöt, työyhteisön toiminta, vaikuttamisen mahdollisuus, työilmapiiri, kiirekokemukset ja työn hallinta. Kyselylomake koostui työtyytyväisyyttä mittaavista väittämistä, taustatiedoista ja avoimesta kysmyksestä. Työtyytyväisyyskysely toteutettiin huhti- ja toukokuun vaihteessa 2007. Kyselyn vastausprosentti oli 90,3 % ja (n= 56). Aineisto analysoitiin kaksiportaisesti, jolloin ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tuotettiin keskiarvot työyksikkö ja yhdistystasoilla ilman taustamuuttujatietoja. Analyysin toisessa vaiheessa koko yhdistyksen tiedot taustamuuttujineen analysoitiin SPSS tilastointiohjelmalla. Aineistoa kuvailtiin frekvenssien, keskiarvojen ja hajontalukujen avulla. Jakaumia verrattiin ristiintaulukoinnilla taustamuuttujiin. Väittämien tilastollista riippuvuutta tarkasteltiin Spearmanin korrelaatiokeroimella. Osasta väittämiä muodostettiin seitsemän summamuuttujaa ja taustamuuttujista tehtiin dikotomisia muuttujamuunnoksia. Summamuuttujien yhteyttä taustamuuttujiin tarkasteltiin Mann-Whitney U-testillä. Aineiston luotettavuutta tarkasteltiin Cronbachin alfa-kertoimella. Avoimen kysymyksen tuottama aineisto siirrettiin suorina lainauksina osaksi tuloksia. Vastaajat olivat tyytyväisempiä johtamiseen yhdistystasolla kuin työyksiköissä. Johtamiskäytännöistä erityisesti esimieheltä saatu palaute koettiin riittämättömäksi ja tiedonkulussa koettiin olevan kehitettävää. Tyytyväisyys työyhteisön toimintaan syntyi muun muassa työtovereilta saadusta tuesta. Työyhteisön ristiriitojen ratkaisemisessa koettiin ongelmia. Tyytyväisyys työilmapiiriin ja vaikuttamisen mahdollisuuteen koettiin paremmaksi työryhmissä kuin yhdistystasolla. Tyytyväisyys vaikuttamisen mahdollisuuteen ilmeni muun muassa kokemuksena vaikuttaa asiakkaan tilanteeseen myönteisesti. Perehdyttämistoimintaan oltiin tyytymättömiä. Kiirekokemuksiin vaikutti liian vähäinen aika suorittaa työtehtävät ja vaikeus tauottaa työskentelyä. Tyytyväisyys työnhallintaa liittyi muun muassa yhdistyksen arvojen näkymisenä työskentelyssä ja työtehtävien kiinnostavuutena. Kokemus työn tunnekuormituksen määrästä ja hallinnasta liittyi korkempaan ikään ja pidempään työkokemukseen yhdistyksessä. Johtopäätöksenä voi todeta, että henkilöstö saa työstään muita kuin rahallisia palkkiota, jotka tuovat työtyyväisyyttä. Helsingin ensikoti ry:n työtyytyväisyyden kehittäminen on mahdollista aloittaa tulosten edellyttämillä toimenpiteillä.

Associations between perceived discrimination and health status among frequent Emergency Department users

Objective: Frequent Emergency Department (ED) users are vulnerable individuals and discrimination is usually associated with increased vulnerability. The aim of this study was to investigate frequent ED users' perceptions of discrimination and to test whether they were associated with increased vulnerability. Methods: In total, 250 adult frequent ED users were interviewed in Lausanne University Hospital. From a previously published questionnaire, we assessed 15 dichotomous sources of perceived discrimination. Vulnerability was assessed using health status: objective health status (evaluation by a healthcare practitioner including somatic, mental health, behavioral, and social issues - dichotomous variables) and subjective health status [self-evaluation including health-related quality of life (WHOQOL) and quality of life (EUROQOL) - mean-scores]. We computed the prevalence rates of perceived discrimination and tested associations between perceived discrimination and health status (Fischer's exact tests, Mann-Whitney U-tests)

Clasificación de pruebas no paramétricas. Como aplicarlas en SPSS

Las pruebas no paramétricas engloban una serie de pruebas estadísticas que tienen como denominador común la ausencia de asunciones acerca de la ley de probabilidad que sigue la población de la que ha sido extraída la muestra. Por esta razón es común referirse a ellas como pruebas de distribución libre. En el artículo se describen y trabajan las pruebas no paramétricas, y se resaltan su fundamento y las indicaciones para su empleo cuando se trata de una sola muestra (Chi-cuadrado), de dos muestras con datos independientes (U de Mann-Whitney), de dos muestras con datos relacionados (T de Wilcoxon), de varias muestras con datos independientes (H de Kruskal-Wallis) y de varias muestras con datos relacionados (Friedman).

The adequacy of different robust statistical tests in comparing two independent groups

In the current study, we evaluated various robust statistical methods for comparing two independent groups. Two scenarios for simulation were generated: one of equality and another of population mean differences. In each of the scenarios, 33 experimental conditions were used as a function of sample size, standard deviation and asymmetry. For each condition, 5000 replications per group were generated. The results obtained by this study show an adequate type error I rate but not a high power for the confidence intervals. In general, for the two scenarios studied (mean population differences and not mean population differences) in the different conditions analysed, the Mann-Whitney U-test demonstrated strong performance, and a little worse the t-test of Yuen-Welch.

DISTRIBUIÇÃO E RIQUEZA DE ESPÉCIES ARBÓREAS RARAS EM FRAGMENTOS DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA MISTA AO LONGO DE UM GRADIENTE ALTITUDINAL, EM SANTA CATARINA

RESUMOEste estudo teve por objetivo analisar como a distribuição e riqueza de espécies raras em fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista ocorrem ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal. Para isso, espécies arbóreas (diâmetro à altura do peito > 5 cm) foram amostradas em 10 fragmentos florestais localizados em diferentes pisos altitudinais do Planalto Sul-Catarinense, em uma área total de 10 ha. As espécies que apresentaram número de indivíduos igual ou inferior a 2 em pelo menos um fragmento foram classificadas como raras. A distribuição das espécies foi verificada por meio de dendrograma construído a partir do índice de distância florística de Jaccard e do algoritmo de agrupamento UPGMA. A riqueza total de espécies por fragmento e o número de espécies raras foram comparados entre as subformações montana e alto-montana, por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney (U). As relações entre altitude e os valores de riqueza total e número de espécies raras em cada fragmento foram determinadas por regressões lineares simples. Os resultados indicaram a formação de dois grandes grupos de espécies raras em função do piso altitudinal. Apesar de a riqueza total das comunidades reduzir com o aumento da altitude, o número de espécies raras não apresentou alterações significativas. Conclui-se que na região do Planalto Sul-Catarinense os fragmentos de Floresta Ombrófila Mista apresentam diferentes conjunto de espécies arbóreas raras de acordo com a altitude e que a diminuição da riqueza das comunidades com o aumento do piso altitudinal não é acompanhada pela redução do número de espécies raras.

Antropometria e perfil lipídico em mulheres com câncer de mama: um estudo caso-controle

OBJETIVO: avaliar a composição corporal e o perfil lipídico de mulheres com e sem câncer de mama. MÉTODOS: estudo caso-controle pareado por idade, incluindo 62 mulheres, sendo 31 recém-diagnosticadas com câncer de mama e 31 com alterações mamárias benignas. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista direta, com caracterização sociodemográfica, avaliação da composição corporal por antropometria, incluindo dobras cutâneas (DC) e circunferências, bioimpedância (BIA) e ultrassonografia (USG), além da avaliação do perfil lipídico. Utilizou-se na análise dos dados: Teste de Kolmogorov-smirnov (distribuição normal das variáveis), teste "t" de Student, Qui-quadrado de tendência (U de Mann-Whitney), Qui-quadrado de Pearson, Teste Exato de Fisher e Correção de Yates e "odds ratio". RESULTADOS: comparadas aos controles, mulheres com câncer de mama (casos) apresentaram menor estatura (1,56m±5,68) e (1,59m±6,92), p<0,03; maior porcentagem de gordura corporal, avaliada pela Impedância Bioelétrica (39,87% ±8,26) e (36,00%±6,85), p<0,049; maior dobra cutânea tricipital (27,55mm±8,37 e 22,81mm±5,72; p<0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres com câncer de mama apresentaram menor estatura, maior porcentagem de gordura corporal e maior dobra cutânea tricipital. Não se observou diferença no Índice de Massa Corporal e na Circunferência da Cintura. Não foi encontrada associação entre o perfil lipídico e a ocorrência de câncer de mama.

Efeitos do consumo de bebida alcoólica sobre o feto

OBJETIVO: verificar o consumo de bebida alcoólica durante a gravidez e avaliar os efeitos teratógenos do álcool no feto. MÉTODO: no período de abril a novembro de 2004, foram entrevistadas por meio do questionário T-ACE, 150 puérperas de uma maternidade de Ribeirão Preto/SP e dividas em consumidoras e não-consumidoras de álcool durante a gestação. Os recém-nascidos (RNs) destas mulheres foram avaliados em relação a peso, comprimento e perímetro cefálico ao nascimento. Estes parâmetros antropométricos foram comparados com o consumo de bebida alcoólica pelas mulheres. A análise dos dados foi realizada usando os testes t de Student, teste de Mann-Whitney U e teste do chi2, sendo adotado nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: das puérperas entrevistadas, 79,3% (119) não foram identificadas como consumidoras de álcool pelo questionário T-ACE, ao passo que 20,7% (31) foram consideradas consumidoras pelo mesmo instrumento. A média de comprimento dos RNs cujas mães não consumiram álcool foi de 48,2 cm, ao passo que naqueles cujas mães ingeriram bebida alcoólica foi de 46,7 cm e esta diferença foi significante. Também se observou redução média de 109 g no peso e de 0,42 cm no perímetro cefálico nos filhos de mães consumidoras de álcool, sendo que nos fetos do sexo feminino a redução de peso foi mais acentuada (186 g). CONCLUSÃO: o questionário T-ACE mostrou-se instrumento sensível para rastreamento do consumo alcoólico durante a gravidez. O uso de álcool na gravidez esteve associado à restrição do crescimento fetal, sendo os fetos do sexo feminino aparentemente mais suscetíveis aos efeitos do álcool.