Self-organized sociopolitical interactions as the best way to achieve organized patterns in human social systems: going beyond the top-down control of classical political regimes

La monograf��a presenta la auto-organizaci��n sociopol��tica como la mejor manera de lograr patrones organizados en los sistemas sociales humanos, dada su naturaleza compleja y la imposibilidad de las tareas computacionales de los reg��menes pol��ticos cl��sico, debido a que operan con control jer��rquico, el cual ha demostrado no ser ��ptimo en la producci��n de orden en los sistemas sociales humanos. En la monograf��a se extrapola la teor��a de la auto-organizaci��n en los sistemas biol��gicos a las din��micas sociopol��ticas humanas, buscando maneras ��ptimas de organizarlas, y se afirma que redes complejas an��rquicas son la estructura emergente de la auto-organizaci��n sociopol��tica.

Miniature Carvings in the Canadian Dorset Culture: the Paleo-Eskimo Belief System

En este estudio, intento resumir los debates relacionados con la ��ltima cultura paleoesquimal de Canad�� ��rtica y la de Groenlandia, y llamar la atenci��n sobre las analog��as culturales desde Asia, adem��s de crear un cuadro complejo sobre el chamanismo y el culto al oso de los Dorset. Los temas como el origen del arte de los Dorset, la transici��n Pre-Dorset-Dorset, y los contactos entre los Dorset y los Thule son relevantes para reconstruir el sistema de creencias de los Dorset. Sin embargo, la totalidad del sistema de creencias de los paleoesquimales no se puede comprender sobre la base de los hallazgos arqueol��gicosy las analog��as etnogr��ficas remotas.

Germany as viewed by other Member States. EPIN Working Paper No. 33, 21 June 2012

Germany���s problem is not so much that it is generally right about the need for fiscal discipline but that it has to learn how to be right: this is the most difficult issue to manage from a political standpoint. This EPIN (European Policy Institutes Network) paper brings together contributions from a cross-section of EU member states and the Gallup World Poll survey on the question of how Germany is being viewed at this time of economic and political crisis. The conclusions, subtitled: The Narcissism of Small Differences is a refreshingly candid and insightful analysis of current European relations, noting that Germany���s current weight reflects only the conjuncture of extraordinary domestic and international economic factors. How Germany and the other member states behave towards one another now will have implications for all long after this moment has passed.

Cuero, calzado y afines en Chile: ��una industria en desaparici��n o en b��squeda de un nuevo destino?

Incluye Bibliograf��a

Cambios innovativos en sectores tradicionales de pa��ses en desarrollo: el caso de la industria del calzado en la Argentina

Incluye Bibliograf��a

Avalia����o de seis testes sorol��gicos no diagn��stico da brucelose bubalina

ABSTRACT: Four hundred and forty buffalo sera, selected from about 1,200 blood samples of another study, were examined. The samples were tested by six serological methods: two of agglutination, two of indirect ELISA and two of competitive ELISA. To determine the relative sensitivity and specificity of different tests, animals with a positive result to competitive ELISA of the FAO/IAEA were considered as infected. The relative sensitivity of competitive ELISA, indirect ELISA with conjugate anti-bovine light chain monoclonal antibody labelled with HRPO, indirect ELISA with anti-bovine IgG conjugate, rose Bengal test and rapid slide agglutination test was 100%, 98.57%, 97.14%, 91.42% and 79.28%, and the relative specificity 99.33%, 97.33%, 95.66%, 94.00% and 86.33%, respectively. The value of the different serological tests for the diagnosis of brucellosis is discussed.

Ocorr��ncia da leucose enzo��tica dos bovinos no Estado do Par��, Brasil

A ocorr��ncia da infec����o pelo V��rus da Leucose Enzo��tica dos Bovinos (BLV) no Estado do Par��, foi estudada atrav��s do m��todo de imunodifus��o em ��gar-gel (AGID) e por um ensaio imunoenzimatico (ELISA) indireto, paralelamente. Os exames foram realizados com amostras de soros sangu��neos oriundos de bovinos de diferentes ra��as sendo a maioria deles adultos. A preval��ncia observada foi de 49,8% (359/721) no ELISA e 26,0% (174/668) no AGID. Todos os 14 grupos dos animais estudados pelo ELISA indireto, mostraram a exist��ncia da infe����o, enquanto que pelo m��todo da AGID, dois grupos de animais foram negativos.

Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy in higher eukaryotes

Research in autophagy continues to accelerate,(1) and as a result many new scientists are entering the field. Accordingly, it is important to establish a standard set of criteria for monitoring macroautophagy in different organisms. Recent reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose.(2,3) There are many useful and convenient methods that can be used to monitor macroautophagy in yeast, but relatively few in other model systems, and there is much confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure macroautophagy in higher eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers of autophagosomes versus those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway; thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from fully functional autophagy that includes delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of the methods that can be used by investigators who are attempting to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as by reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that investigate these processes. This set of guidelines is not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to verify an autophagic response.

Histological evaluation of human intrabony periodontal defects treated with an unsintered nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite paste

OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to clinically and histologically evaluate the healing of human intrabony defects treated with open flap surgery (OFD) and application of a new, resorbable, fully synthetic, unsintered, nanocrystalline, phase-pure hydroxyapatite (nano-HA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six patients, each of them displaying very advanced intrabony defects around teeth scheduled for extraction due to advanced chronic periodontitis and further prosthodontic considerations, were included in the study. Following local anaesthesia, mucoperiosteal flaps were reflected; the granulation tissue was removed, and the roots were meticulously debrided by hand and ultrasonic instruments. A notch was placed at the most apical extent of the calculus present on the root surface or at the most apical part of the defect (if no calculus was present) in order to serve as a reference for the histological evaluation. Following defect fill with nano-HA, the flaps were sutured by means of mattress sutures to allow primary intention healing. At 7 months after regenerative surgery, the teeth were extracted together with some of their surrounding soft and hard tissues and processed for histological analysis. RESULTS The postoperative healing was uneventful in all cases. At 7 months following surgery, mean PPD reduction and mean CAL gain measured 4.0��������0.8 and 2.5��������0.8 mm, respectively. The histological analysis revealed a healing predominantly characterized by epithelial downgrowth. Limited formation of new cementum with inserting connective tissue fibers and bone regeneration occurred in three out of the six biopsies (i.e. 0-0.86 and 0-1.33 mm, respectively). Complete resorption of the nano-HA was found in four out of the six biopsies. A few remnants of the graft particles (either surrounded by newly formed mineralized tissue or encapsulated in connective tissue) were found in two out of the six biopsies. CONCLUSION Within their limits, the present results indicate that nano-HA has limited potential to promote periodontal regeneration in human intrabony defects. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The clinical outcomes obtained following surgery with OFD���+���nano-HA may not reflect true periodontal regeneration.

Mosaic arthroplasty of the medial femoral condyle in horses - an experimental study.

One Arabian and 5 Hungarian half-bred horses were used to study the macroscopic and microscopic survival of autologous osteochondral grafts in the weight-bearing surface of the medial femoral condyle (MFC). Grafts were harvested from the cranial surface of the medial femoral trochlea (MFT) under arthroscopic control. Three of them were transplanted into the weight-bearing surface of the contralateral MFC using an arthrotomy approach. Three months later this transplantation procedure was repeated on the opposite stifle joints in the same animals, but at that time transplantation was performed arthroscopically. Follow-up arthroscopy was carried out 12 months after the first operations, and biopsies were taken from both the recipient and the donor sites for histological examination. During follow-up arthroscopy, the transplanted areas looked congruent and smooth. Microscopically, the characteristics of hyaline cartilage were present in 5 out of the 10 biopsies examined; however, in the other half of biopsies glycosaminoglycan (GAG) loss and change in the architecture of the transplanted cartilage was observed. In a 16-year-old horse, all grafts broke during harvesting, and thus transplantation was not performed. No radiological signs of osteoarthritic changes were detected 9 to 12 months after the operations in the donor and recipient joints. Clinically, no lameness or effusion was present three months after the transplantations.