Nuevos restos viarios romanos en el norte de Burgos. ¿Vía "Flaviobriga-luliobriga"? Intento de reconstrucción del trazado por medio de sistemas de información geográficos

Este artículo forma parte de la investigación realizada en el marco de la tesis de licenciatura de su autora: "La red viaria romana en el norte de Burgos. Valles de Mena, Losa y Sotoscueva. Vía Pisoraca- Flauiobriga. Via Flauiobriga-Iuliobriga. Vías secundarias", leída en el Departamento de Estudios Clásicos de la Facultad de Filología, Geografía e Historia de la UPV/EHU el 9 de octubre de 1996.

Proposta de implantação de telhado verde para captação e uso de águas pluviais em área de relevância ambiental: Ilha Grande/RJ.

Visando minimizar os impactos causados pelas ações antrópicas sobre o meio ambiente, mais especificamente sobre os recursos hídricos, torna-se imprescindível a busca por fontes alternativas para suprir as crescentes demandas de água para os mais diversos fins. Medidas como o reuso da água e a captação e aproveitamento de água das chuvas são fundamentais no contexto atual de busca por modelos sustentáveis de gestão dos recursos hídricos. No presente trabalho foi realizada extensa pesquisa bibliográfica sobre como o uso de telhados verdes pode contribuir para o uso racional da água potável e para a redução da ocorrência de enchentes. A área de estudo em questão foi Ilha Grande, localizada no litoral sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, uma Área de Preservação Permanente que, dentre outras Unidades de Conservação da Natureza, abriga o Parque Estadual de Ilha Grande. Para se analisar a viabilidade de implantação de um telhado verde na região, mais especificamente na Vila Dois Rios (23o11S, 44o12W), foi realizado o levantamento das séries históricas de chuvas da última década na região. Espécies vegetais compatíveis para uso em telhado verde foram encontradas na Ilha e, além disso, foram identificadas as premissas construtivas e operacionais relevantes. Para promover a conscientização dos visitantes e moradores locais foi elaborada uma cartilha informativa ilustrativa. Por fim, concluiu-se que existe a viabilidade de implantação de um telhado verde para captação e aproveitamento das águas das chuvas em Ilha Grande.

Estágio atual da gestão de recursos hídricos na Bolívia.

O crescimento da demanda mundial, por água de boa qualidade, a uma taxa superior a da renovabilidade do ciclo hidrológico é, consensualmente, prevista nos meios técnicos e científicos internacionais. De fato, o consumo mundial de água continua crescendo rapidamente com a elevação de consumo dos setores agrícola, industrial e residencial. Tal situação tem causado sérias limitações as necessidades humanas e degradações dos ecossistemas aquáticos. A escassez de água no novo século induz o homem a discutir o futuro deste recurso e conseqüentemente de sua própria existência.Governos, empresas e sociedade precisam por tanto repensar os critérios de crescimento levando em consideração os impactos ao meio ambiente e o desenvolvimento sustentável. Nesse sentido política publicas que envolvam o gerenciamento adequado dos recursos hídricos são fundamentais para o desenvolvimento de qualquer país. É em este contexto que este projeto se desenvolve. Este estudo contempla uma descrição das características da Bolívia e apresenta uma abordagem histórica da gestão da água no país. Para efeitos comparativos apresenta uma descrição da gestão dos recursos hídricos no Brasil. A sugestão para as modificações na lei das águas que se encontra atualmente em fase de aprovação junto ao parlamento boliviano é apresentada dentro de um sistema de gestão de recursos hídricos descentralizado e com participação social tendo como unidade de gestão a bacia hidrográfica.

Yemaya, No. 43, July 2013

South Africa- Shifting livelihoods, Viet Nam-Strengthening livelihoods, Chile - gains and challenges, Uganda- making changes possible, Maritza Mena from Costa Rica, Ground-breaking gender indicators, You tube resources

Climate change, water resources, and the politics of adaptation in the Middle East and North Africa

Through an examination of global climate change models combined with hydrological data on deteriorating water quality in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), we elucidate the ways in which the MENA countries are vulnerable to climate-induced impacts on water resources. Adaptive governance strategies, however, remain a low priority for political leaderships in the MENA region. To date, most MENA governments have concentrated the bulk of their resources on large-scale supply side projects such as desalination, dam construction, inter-basin water transfers, tapping fossil groundwater aquifers, and importing virtual water. Because managing water demand, improving the efficiency of water use, and promoting conservation will be key ingredients in responding to climate-induced impacts on the water sector, we analyze the political, economic, and institutional drivers that have shaped governance responses. While the scholarly literature emphasizes the importance of social capital to adaptive governance, we find that many political leaders and water experts in the MENA rarely engage societal actors in considering water risks. We conclude that the key capacities for adaptive governance to water scarcity in MENA are underdeveloped. © 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

Conscientiousness and laboriousness as academic achievement predictors in a Spanish students sample

To understand academic performance of students, the variable of conscientiousness from personality inventory Big Five, has been recognized as an important key. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship established between the personality factor conscientiousness itself and two of its facets, laboriousness and planning, with academic performance, and observe if there are genre differences in consciousness personality factor. A total of 456 Spanish students of high school and college participated in the study. They were requested to answer a personality report and a self inform questionnaire. The results show that both conscientiousness as a personality dimension and the consideration of laboriousness facet are able to predict academic performance, especially with regard to student’s exam marks, classroom attendance and dedication to study. The genre variable pointed out that feminine genre is more conscious than male in that personality factor. From a practical perspective, these results indicate that the establishment of a routine of continuous work is suitable for improving student grades and their adaptation to the educational environment.

Optimizing The Nasal Allergen Challenge Model For The Study Of Allergic Rhinitis

Background The Allergic Rhinitis Clinical Investigator Collaborative (AR-CIC) uses a Nasal Allergen Challenge (NAC) model to study the pathophysiology of AR and provides proof of concept for novel therapeutics. The NAC model needs to ensure optimal participant qualification, allergen challenge, clinical symptoms capture and biological samples collection. Repeatability of the protocol is key to ensuring unbiased efficacy analysis of novel therapeutics. The effect of allergen challenge on IL-33 gene expression and its relation to IL1RL1 receptor and cytokine secretion was investigated. Methods Several iterations of the NAC protocol was tested, comparing variations of qualifying criteria based on the Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS) and Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF). The lowest allergen concentration was delivered and TNSS and PNIF recorded 15 minutes later. Participants qualified if the particular criteria for the protocol were met, otherwise the next higher allergen concentration (4-fold increase), was administered until the targets were reached. Participants returned for a NAC visit and received varying allergen challenge concentrations depending on the protocol, TNSS/PNIF were recorded at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, and hourly up to 12 hours, a 24 hour time point was added in later iterations. Repeatability was evaluated using a 3-4week interval between screening, NAC1, and NAC2 visits. Various biomarker samples were collected. Results A combined TNSS and PNIF criterion was more successful in qualifying participants. The cumulative allergen challenge (CAC) protocol proved more reliable in producing a robust clinical and biomarker response. Repeatability of the CAC protocol was achieved with a 3-week interval between visits, on a clinical and biological basis. IL-33 cytokine is an important biomarker in initiating the inflammatory response in AR in humans. IL-33 and IL1RL1 expression might employ a negative feedback mechanism in human nasal epithelial cells. Comparing the clinical and biological response to ragweed vs cat allergen challenge, proved the CAC protocol’s suitability for use employing different allergens. Conclusion The AR-CIC’s CAC protocol is an effective method of studying AR, capable of generating measurable and repeatable clinical and biomarker responses, enabling better understanding of AR pathophysiology and ensuring that any change would be purely due to medication under investigation in a clinical trial setting.

Vitamin D and mortality: meta-analysis of individual participant data from a large consortium of cohort studies from Europe and the United States

Objective: To investigate the association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (25(OH)D) and mortality in a large consortium of cohort studies paying particular attention to potential age, sex, season, and country differences.

Design: Meta-analysis of individual participant data of eight prospective cohort studies from Europe and the US.

Setting: General population.

Participants: 26 018 men and women aged 50-79 years

Main outcome measures: All-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality.

Results: 25(OH)D concentrations varied strongly by season (higher in summer), country (higher in US and northern Europe) and sex (higher in men), but no consistent trend with age was observed. During follow-up, 6695 study participants died, among whom 2624 died of cardiovascular diseases and 2227 died of cancer. For each cohort and analysis, 25(OH)D quintiles were defined with cohort and subgroup specific cut-off values. Comparing bottom versus top quintiles resulted in a pooled risk ratio of 1.57 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.81) for all-cause mortality. Risk ratios for cardiovascular mortality were similar in magnitude to that for all-cause mortality in subjects both with and without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline. With respect to cancer mortality, an association was only observed among subjects with a history of cancer (risk ratio, 1.70 (1.00 to 2.88)). Analyses using all quintiles suggest curvilinear, inverse, dose-response curves for the aforementioned relationships. No strong age, sex, season, or country specific differences were detected. Heterogeneity was low in most meta-analyses.

Conclusions: Despite levels of 25(OH)D strongly varying with country, sex, and season, the association between 25(OH)D level and all-cause and cause-specific mortality was remarkably consistent. Results from a long term randomised controlled trial addressing longevity are being awaited before vitamin D supplementation can be recommended in most individuals with low 25(OH)D levels.

Quantification of the smoking-associated cancer risk with rate advancement periods: meta-analysis of individual participant data from cohorts of the CHANCES consortium

BACKGROUND: Smoking is the most important individual risk factor for many cancer sites but its association with breast and prostate cancer is not entirely clear. Rate advancement periods (RAPs) may enhance communication of smoking related risk to the general population. Thus, we estimated RAPs for the association of smoking exposure (smoking status, time since smoking cessation, smoking intensity, and duration) with total and site-specific (lung, breast, colorectal, prostate, gastric, head and neck, and pancreatic) cancer incidence and mortality.

METHODS: This is a meta-analysis of 19 population-based prospective cohort studies with individual participant data for 897,021 European and American adults. For each cohort we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) for the association of smoking exposure with cancer outcomes using Cox regression adjusted for a common set of the most important potential confounding variables. RAPs (in years) were calculated as the ratio of the logarithms of the HRs for a given smoking exposure variable and age. Meta-analyses were employed to summarize cohort-specific HRs and RAPs.

RESULTS: Overall, 140,205 subjects had a first incident cancer, and 53,164 died from cancer, during an average follow-up of 12 years. Current smoking advanced the overall risk of developing and dying from cancer by eight and ten years, respectively, compared with never smokers. The greatest advancements in cancer risk and mortality were seen for lung cancer and the least for breast cancer. Smoking cessation was statistically significantly associated with delays in the risk of cancer development and mortality compared with continued smoking.

CONCLUSIONS: This investigation shows that smoking, even among older adults, considerably advances, and cessation delays, the risk of developing and dying from cancer. These findings may be helpful in more effectively communicating the harmful effects of smoking and the beneficial effect of smoking cessation.

Burden of Cancer in a Large Consortium of Prospective Cohorts in Europe

BACKGROUND: Disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) are an indicator of mortality, morbidity, and disability. We calculated DALYs for cancer in middle-aged and older adults participating in the Consortium on Health and Ageing Network of Cohorts in Europe and the United States (CHANCES) consortium.

METHODS: A total of 90 199 participants from five European cohorts with 10 455 incident cancers and 4399 deaths were included in this study. DALYs were calculated as the sum of the years of life lost because of premature mortality (YLLs) and the years lost because of disability (YLDs). Population-attributable fractions (PAFs) were also estimated for five cancer risk factors, ie, smoking, adiposity, physical inactivity, alcohol intake, and type II diabetes.

RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 12 years, the total number of DALYs lost from cancer was 34 474 (382 per 1000 individuals) with a similar distribution by sex. Lung cancer was responsible for the largest number of lost DALYs (22.9%), followed by colorectal (15.3%), prostate (10.2%), and breast cancer (8.7%). Mortality (81.6% of DALYs) predominated over disability. Ever cigarette smoking was the risk factor responsible for the greatest total cancer burden (24.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 22.2% to 26.0%), followed by physical inactivity (4.9%, 95% CI = 0.8% to 8.1%) and adiposity (1.8%, 95% CI = 0.2% to 2.8%).

CONCLUSIONS: DALYs lost from cancer were substantial in this large European sample of middle-aged and older adults. Even if the burden of disease because of cancer is predominantly caused by mortality, some cancers have sizeable consequences for disability. Smoking remained the predominant risk factor for total cancer burden.

Plan de mejoramiento de los proesos de transformación y comercialización de plantas medicinales orgánicas en la Empresa Jambi Kiwa.

La Asociación de Productores de Plantas Medicinales de Chimborazo se crea en abril de 2001, mediante Acuerdo Ministerial N-202-MSB-CH, reconocida legalmente por el Ministerio de Bienestar Social de la provincia de Chimborazo. Una vez que los miembros de la Asociación de Productores de Plantas Medicinales de Chimborazo empezaron a producir y transformar las plantas medicinales de manera más planificada y a tener mayor demanda, se comenzó con la búsqueda de un espacio físico que pueda adaptarse para la realización de este proceso y gracias a la cooperación de organizaciones externas y la mano de obra con la que aportaron los socios, se empieza con la construcción de la fábrica. En el año 2003, Jambi Kiwa se registra como marca y nombre en el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Propiedad Intelectual (IEPI) con el propósito de precautelar los derechos sobre sus productos. Jambi Kiwa es la fábrica y marca de los productos de la Asociación de Productores de Plantas Medicinales de Chimborazo, que se encarga de procesar las plantas medicinales orgánicas y comercializar los productos finales.