An investigation into the temperature distribution resulting from cutting of compact bone using a reciprocating bone saw

Surgical procedures such as osteotomy and hip replacement involve the cutting of bone with the aid of various manual and powered cutting instruments including manual and powered bone saws. The basic mechanics of bone sawing processes are consistent with most other material sawing processes such as for wood or metal. Frictional rubbing between the blade of the saw and the bone results in the generation of localised heating of the cut bone. Research studies have been carried out which consider the design of the bone saw which deals with specifics of the saw teeth geometry and research which examines the effect of drilling operations on heating of the bone has shown that elevated temperatures will occur from frictional overheating. This overheating in localised areas is known to have an impact on the rate of healing of the bone post operation and the sharpness life of the blade. The purpose of this study was to measure the temperature at three zones at fixed intervals of 3mm, 6mm, and 9mm away from the cutting zone. It should be noted that it was the first time that this measurement technique was used to measure the temperature gradient through the bone specimen thereby establishing the extent to which clinicians are experiencing thermal injury during sawing of bone while using a reciprocating saw. The effect of various cutting feed rate on temperature elevation was also investigated in this research. The results showed that there will be a region of bone at least 9mm either side of the cutting blade experiencing thermal injury as temperatures in this region exceeded the threshold temperature of 44°C for necrosis (cell death).

A study of the interaction between national and corporate culture in a selection of Irish based companies

This research studies the phenomenon of national and corporate culture. National culture is the culture the members of a country share and corporate culture is a subculture which members of an organisation share (Schein, 1992). The objective of this research is to reveal if the employees within equivalent Irish and American companies share the same corporate and national culture and to ascertain if, within each company, there is a link between national culture and corporate culture. The object of this study is achieved by replicating research which was conducted by Shing (1997) in Taiwan. Hypotheses and analytical tools developed by Shing are employed in the current study to allow comparison of results between Shing’s study and the current study. The methodology used, called for the measurement and comparison of national and corporate culture in two equivalent companies within the same industry. The two companies involved in this study are both located in Ireland and are of American and Irish origin. A sample of three hundred was selected and the response rate was 54%. The findings from this research are: (1) The two companies involved had different corporate cultures, (2) They had the same national culture, (3) There was no link between national culture and corporate culture within either company, (4) The findings were not similar to those of Shing (1997). The implication of these findings is that national and corporate culture are separate phenomena therefore corporate culture is not a response to national culture. The results of this research are not reflected in the finding’s of Shing (1997), therefore they are context specific. The core recommendation for management is that, corporate culture should take account of national culture. This is because although employees recognise the espoused values of corporate culture (Schein, 1992), they are at the same time influenced by a much stronger force, their national culture.

Stroke

Stroke is a preventable and treatable disease. It can present with the sudden onset of any neurological disturbance, including limb weakness or numbness, speech disturbance, visual loss or disturbance of balance. Over the last two decades, a growing body of evidence has overturned the traditional perception that stroke is simply a consequence of aging which inevitably results in death or severe disability. Evidence is accumulating for more effective primary and secondary prevention strategies, better recognition of people at highest risk and thus most in need of active intervention, interventions that are effective so on after the onset of symptoms, and an understanding of the processes of care that contribute to a better outcome. In addition, there is now good evidence to support interventions and care processes in stroke rehabilitation. In the UK, the National Sentinel Stroke Audits 2,3 have documented changes in secondary care provision over the last 10 years, with increasing numbers of patients being treated in stroke units, more evidence-based practice, and reductions in mortality and length of stay. In order for evidence from research studies to improve outcomes for patients, it needs to be put into practice. National guidelines provide clinicians, managers and service users with summaries of evidence and recommendations for clinical practice. Implementation of guidelines in practice, supported by regular audit, improves the processes of care and clinical outcome. This guideline covers interventions in the acute stage of a stroke (‘acute stroke’) or transient ischaemic attack (TIA). Most of the evidence considered relates to interventions in the first 48 hours after onset of symptoms, although some interventions of up to 2 weeks are covered as well. This guideline is a stand-alone document, but is designed to be read alongside the Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party guideline ‘National clinical guideline for stroke’* which considers evidence for interventions from the acute stage into rehabilitation and life after stroke. The Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party guideline is an update of the 2004 2nd edition and includes all the recommendations contained within this guideline. This acute stroke and TIA guideline is also designed to be read alongside the Department of Health’s (DH) ‘National stroke strategy’ (NSS). Where there are differences between the recommendations made within this acute stroke and TIA guideline and the NSS, the Guideline Development Group (GDG) members feel that their recommendations are derived from systematic methodology to identify all of the relevant literature.

A Wireless Mesh Network NS-3 Simulation Model: Implementation and Performance Comparison With a Real Test-Bed

Wireless mesh networks present an attractive communication solution for various research and industrial projects. However, in many cases, the appropriate preliminary calculations which allow predicting the network behavior have to be made before the actual deployment. For such purposes, network simulation environments emulating the real network operation are often used. Within this paper, a behavior comparison of real wireless mesh network (based on 802.11s amendment) and the simulated one has been performed. The main objective of this work is to measure performance parameters of a real 802.11s wireless mesh network (average UDP throughput and average one-way delay) and compare the derived results with characteristics of a simulated wireless mesh network created with the NS-3 network simulation tool. Then, the results from both networks are compared and the corresponding conclusion is made. The corresponding results were derived from simulation model and real-worldtest-bed, showing that the behavior of both networks is similar. It confirms that the NS-3 simulation model is accurate and can be used in further research studies.

Percepción de riesgo, estrés y consumo de drogas. Estudio transcultural entre adolescentes de Barcelona y Bogotá

Este estudio explora las diferencias en los hábitos de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, entre jóvenes de Barcelona y Bogotá. Evalúa la influencia de la percepción de riesgo sobre hábitos de consumo y estrategias de afrontamiento. Adicionalmente examina la influencia de la gravedad percibida de una situación estresante sobre estas últimas. Participaron 865 jóvenes de ambas ciudades, entre los 15 y los 18 años. Se utilizaron las variables de riesgo estudiadas por Benthin, Slovic y Severson (1993) para evaluar la percepción de riesgo. Los hábitos de consumo se evaluaron mediante la frecuencia, la intención de consumo, así como la edad de inicio. Se utilizó el CRI:Youth de Moos (1992) para determinar las estrategias de afrontamiento y la valoración del problema estresante. Se encontró que existen diferencias en la edad en que se inicia el consumo de alcohol y en la que se embriagan por primera vez según el género, la ciudad donde residen y la edad del adolescente. Los jóvenes de Barcelona tienen una propensión y un consumo real de marihuana y tabaco mayor que los jóvenes de Bogotá. Percibir placer o beneficios predice un incremento en la intención y la frecuencia de consumo de la mayoría de las sustancias. La facilidad para acceder a éstas sólo presenta una asociación con el uso frecuente del tabaco. Los datos sugieren que la gravedad percibida de estresores relativos a las drogas y la ciudad de residencia tienen un efecto sobre la utilización de las estrategias de evitación y aproximación cognitiva. Adicionalmente no se detectaron diferencias en función de las estrategias de afrontamiento empleadas según las variables de percepción de riesgo a excepción de la presión percibida, la cual aumenta el uso de la reevaluación del problema y la búsqueda de recompensas.

Adolescent substance-use assessment: methodological issues in the use of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD).

During the past twenty years, various instruments have been developed for the assessment of substance use in adolescents, mainly in the United States. However, few of them have been adapted to, and validated in, French-speaking populations. Consequently, although increasing alcohol and drug use among teenagers has become a major concern, the various health and social programs developed in response to this specific problem have received little attention with regard to follow-up and outcome assessment. A standardized multidimensional assessment instrument adapted for adolescents is needed to assess the individual needs of adolescents and assign them to the most appropriate treatment setting, to provide a single measurement within and across health and social systems, and to conduct treatment outcome evaluations. Moreover, having an available instrument makes it possible to develop longitudinal and transcultural research studies. For this reason, a French version of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) was developed and validated at the University Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic in Lausanne, Switzerland. This article aims to discuss the methodological issues that we faced when using the ADAD instrument in a 4-year longitudinal study including adolescent substance users. Methodological aspects relating to the content and format of the instrument, the assessment administration and the statistical analyses are discussed.

Factores de rendimiento en entornos multicore

Este documento refleja el estudio de investigación para la detección de factores que afectan al rendimiento en entornos multicore. Debido a la gran diversidad de arquitecturas multicore se ha definido un marco de trabajo, que consiste en la adopción de una arquitectura específica, un modelo de programación basado en paralelismo de datos, y aplicaciones del tipo Single Program Multiple Data. Una vez definido el marco de trabajo, se han evaluado los factores de rendimiento con especial atención al modelo de programación. Por este motivo, se ha analizado la librería de threads y la API OpenMP para detectar aquellas funciones sensibles de ser sintonizadas al permitir un comportamiento adaptativo de la aplicación al entorno, y que dependiendo de su adecuada utilización han de mejorar el rendimiento de la aplicación.

Salut mental i execució penal

La recerca vol complimentar l’encàrrec de la Secretaria de Serveis Penitenciaris, Rehabilitació i Justícia juvenil, feta al Centre d’Estudis Jurídics i Formació Especialitzada respecte al coneixement de la problemàtica de les persones sotmeses a sancions penals que pateixen algun tipus de trastorn mental. L’interès de la recerca es centra en conèixer l’abast del fenomen de la salut mental en l’execució penal a nivell quantitatiu i conèixer més a fons les característiques i particularitats del col•lectiu afectat, per tal de poder millorar la seva atenció des dels serveis d’execució penal i la seva derivació un cop finalitzat el compliment de la pena o mesura. En la primera part de l’estudi s’aproxima al col•lectiu de persones afectades de trastorns mentals que es troben complint una pena de presó o una mesura de seguretat a Catalunya durant un període determinat de temps. Concretament la mostra la composen els interns penitenciaris de les presons ubicades a les comarques de Barcelona que durant l’any 2005 van passar com a mínim un dia per una unitat de psiquiatria dels centres penitenciaris: CP Homes Barcelona, CP Quatre Camins, CP Brians 1 i la Unitat Hospitalària Penal Penitenciària. També formen part de l’estudi les persones sotmeses a mesures de seguretat de les comarques de Barcelona que estaven d’alta durant l’any 2005. S’analitzen nombroses variables que descriuen aquest col•lectiu i la manera en que s’adapten al compliment de la pena. També es compara aquest grup de persones amb altres col•lectius de penats sense problemes mentals declarats. La segona part de l’estudi recull mitjançant la tècnica Delphi, l’opinió de professionals i experts vinculats al tema de la salut mental i l’execució de penes, a qui s’ha preguntat sobre diverses qüestions clau. Concretament se’ls ha preguntat pel diagnòstic de les persones penades amb trastorns mentals, el seu tractament, les propostes de derivació i les perspectives de futur en aquest tema. S’ha posat especial èmfasi en les previsions i estimacions que fan eles experts sobre les possibilitats futures de la sanitat penitenciària i les propostes de solució i millora dels principals problemes detectats per ells mateixos.

Salud mental y ejecución penal

La investigación recoge la situación de las personas que sufren algún tipo de trastorno mental y se encuentran cumpliendo una medida de ejecución penal, ya sea internamiento en prisión o bien una medida de seguridad. La muestra del estudio la componen las personas que en el año 2005 pasaron como mínimo un día por las unidades psiquiátricas de los centros penitenciarios, o que cumplieron alguna medida de seguridad (en el ámbito territorial de las comarcas de Barcelona). En la segunda parte del estudio, más de un centenar de profesionales y expertos opinan sobre las principales necesidades presentes y futuras de la intervención en salud mental en el mundo de la ejecución penal.

L'intercanvi de llavors com a mecanisme per a la conservació de l'agrobiodiversitat. Estudi de cas: Vallès Oriental

En les últimes dècades hi ha hagut un interès creixent en la conservació de les varietats locals. En relació amb això, s’argumenta que els horts domèstics tenen un paper fonamental en el manteniment de la diversitat genètica. Pel que fa a l’objectiu, consisteix a analitzar la conservació de l’agrobiodiversitat a la comarca del Vallès Oriental mitjançant una anàlisi de la xarxa d’intercanvi, el nombre de varietats locals i el coneixement que hi està associat. Aquest còmput d’informació ha permès realitzar un inventari de totes les varietats locals, el seu coneixement associat, una anàlisi del context social dels hortelans i una anàlisi de les xarxes d’intercanvi, que evidencien si aquests factors afecten de forma directa o indirecta la millora i el manteniment de l’agrobiodiversitat.

Adolescent substance-use assessment: methodological issues in the use of the ADAD (Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis).

During the past twenty years, various instruments have been developed for the assessment of substance use in adolescents, mainly in the United States. However, few of them have been adapted to, and validated in, French-speaking populations. Consequently, although increasing alcohol and drug use among teenagers has become a major concern, the various health and social programs developed in response to this specific problem have received little attention with regard to follow-up and outcome assessment. A standardized multidimensional assessment instrument adapted for adolescents is needed to assess the individual needs of adolescents and assign them to the most appropriate treatment setting, to provide a single measurement within and across health and social systems, and to conduct treatment outcome evaluations. Moreover, having an available instrument makes it possible to develop longitudinal and trans-cultural research studies. For this reason, a French version of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) was developed and validated at the University Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic in Lausanne, Switzerland. This paper aims to discuss the methodological issues that we faced when using the ADAD instrument in a 4-year longitudinal study including adolescent substance users. Methodological aspects relating to the content and format of the instrument, the assessment administration and the statistical analyses are discussed.

Key competences in the new ventures: a model for evaluating

This research studies from an internal view based on the Competency-Based Perspective (CBP), key organizational competencies developed for small new business. CBP is chosen in an attempt to explain the differences characterizing the closed companies from the consolidated ones. The main contribution of this paper is the definition of a set of key organizational competencies for new ventures from services and low technology based sectors. Using the classification proposed by [1] and a review of the entrepreneurship literature, the main competencies were defined and classified as: managerial, input-based, transformation-based, and output-based competencies. The proposed model for evaluating new ventures organizational competence is tested by means of Structural Equation

Meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy in neurosurgical practice.

Comparative effectiveness research (CER) allows evidence to be evaluated on the effectiveness, benefits, and detriments of management options, diagnostic tests, or ways to deliver health care. This process can be achieved in different ways, such as with well-designed randomized controlled trials or by meta-analyses. Several medical subspecialties are increasingly using CER, but CER remains underused by the neurosurgical community. Meta-analysis is a highly accurate method that permits results from multiple well-designed research studies to be quantitatively compared. Meta-analysis can be performed in many settings, such as the evaluation of treatment or of a diagnostic test or prognostic factor. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled treatment trials are well known, but there is a paucity of papers describing the ways to perform a meta-analysis of a diagnostic test. The aim of this paper is to improve neurosurgeons' familiarity with the meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy by describing and detailing each stage leading to publication.

El temps en la justícia de menors

La recerca es proposa conèixer el temps objectiu que triga el sistema penal juvenil a donar resposta a les conductes presumptament delictives dels joves que hi arriben. L’interès per comptabilitzar i analitzar aquest temps de resposta del sistema penal juvenil es basa en dos motius: el primer és conèixer la incidència que té el temps en l’eficiència del sistema, eficiència que se sol associar al fet que es resolguin els assumptes amb agilitat. El segon motiu té a veure amb l’eficàcia de la pena o de la resposta que l’infractor pugui rebre. Des de l’àmbit penal i criminològic diversos autors, citats en la recerca, assenyalen que una resposta més ràpida fa la pena més eficaç. La recerca ha estudiat 8.059 procediments oberts a Catalunya l’any 2008 a joves infractors i en dona dades de la durada segons algunes variables (referides a les característiques dels joves, als fets delictius, al tipus de resolució, al territori que l’ha gestionat, als casos en els que s’ha fet mediació i reparació de menors, etc.). En els casos que ha estat possible, també s’ha fet una comparació entre l’any d’estudi (2008) i un any de control (2005) per saber quines han estat les diferències. Aquesta és la primera recerca que es publica a Catalunya sobre el total de temps que triga la justícia penal a donar resposta a una infracció presumptament comesa per un menor.

El acogimiento en familia ajena en España: una evaluación de la práctica y sus resultados

El acogimiento familiar ha de ser la medida prioritaria para los casos de menores que deben ser separados de su família por motivos de protección. En España es una alternativa que cuenta tan sólo con veinte años de existencia y hasta la fecha no existen prácticamente datos acerca del grado de su implantación y sus características cuando se trata de acogimiento en familia ajena, mientras que son varios los trabajos que han estudiado el acogimiento en familia extensa. Este artículo presenta por primera vez en la literatura científica los datos más relevantes que permiten caracterizar la práctica del acogimiento en familia ajena en España, mediante el estudio de una muestra de seis comunidades autónomas bienrepresentativas, con un total de 357 casos. El artículo presenta los perfiles de los niños, las familias biológicas y acogedoras,el proceso y algunos resultados sobre una submuestra de casos cerrados (n = 179). Se analizarán algunas característicasespecialmente importantes como la larga estancia y la estabilidad de estos acogimientos, que los diferencia de los realizados en otros países