Implicit priming of picture naming : a theoretical and methodological note on the implicit priming task. 'Potenciación implícita del nombrado de imágenes : una nota teórica y metodológica sobre la tarea de pontenciación implícita'.

Resumen tomado de la revista

Efectos de la estructura silábica en el priming silábico.

Resumen en inglés. Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Incremento del aprendizaje de habilidades socioemocionales de alumnos con autismo a través del efecto priming.

Este proyecto intenta validar los efectos beneficiosos de un programa de aprendizaje apoyado en el efecto priming, para paliar los déficits socioemocionales de niños autistas. Los objetivos son elaborar un programa de enseñanza de habilidades socioemocionales destinado a la integración social de personas con autismo; validación del programa a efectos de aprendizaje de habilidades; generalización a través del ensayo del efecto priming; y elaboración de normas criteriales de éxito del progrma en función de las variables de carácter clínico, neuropsicológico, cognitivo, edad y sexo. Para desarrollarlo, primero se preparan los materiales didácticos y se forma a los profesores. Después se selecciona a los alumnos y se analiza su comportamiento socioeconómico para elaborar la línea base de actuación individual. Por último, se aplica el programa en el aula y luego en situaciones sociales reales. La evaluación se circunscribe a la selección de sujetos según criterios clínicos y a la valoración de los resultados alcanzados con el diseño pre-post test. Para cuantificar las interacciones sociales se acude a la observación natural.

Evaluating the 'threat' effects of grade repetition exploiting the 2001 reform by the French-speaking community of Belgium. 'Evaluación de los efectos de 'amenaza' de la repetición de grado aprovechando la reforma del año 2001 por la comunidad francófona de Bélgica'.

Resumen basado en el de la publicación

Priming, mindfulness e efeito placebo: revisão sistemática da literatura e intervenção em trabalhadores blue collar

Os placebos têm sido estudados ao longo dos tempos, apresentando resultados em várias áreas e potencialidades ainda por descobrir. A maneira como os utilizar e explorar mantém-se em aberto em várias áreas de intervenção. Este trabalho pretendeu, com a elaboração de dois artigos, analisar a influência do priming, mindfulness e efeito placebo na actividade física e exercício físico, no que diz respeito a parâmetros de composição corporal e hemodinâmica. Para isso realizou-se a revisão sistemática da literatura do artigo 1, que tinha como objectivo analisar a influência do Priming e Mindfulness como facilitadores do Efeito Placebo com base na Actividade Física, Exercício Físico e alteração de comportamentos visando a saúde. No artigo 2, definiu-se como objectivo principal analisar a influência de uma intervenção com priming na actividade física, composição corporal e pressão arterial em sujeitos com uma actividade profissional blue collar. Os resultados apontam para a validade do priming como instrumento despoletador de mudança no comportamento e efeito placebo. A intervenção realizada não surtiu os efeitos esperados no grupo experimental. O grupo de controlo, por algum factor não controlado, revelou melhorias significativas na maioria dos parâmetros avaliados. Verificou-se que o priming pode ser um instrumento válido na mudança de comportamentos, havendo ainda a necessidade de compreender melhor como é que se deverá aplicar esta ferramenta ao contexto do exercício físico. Um estado de mindfulness mais elevado parece estar associado à facilitação da mudança de comportamento.

The effects of phonological and semantic priming in speech production

This paper is a review of experiments to investigate the influence of experimental task, level of processing, and time course in speech production via the priming paradigm.

CD40 Triggering of Heterodimeric IL-12 p70 Production by Dendritic Cells In Vivo Requires a Microbial Priming Signal

CD40 ligation triggers IL-12 production by dendritic cells (DC) in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that CD40 cross-linking alone is not sufficient to induce IL-12 production by DC in vivo. Indeed, resting DC make neither the IL-12 p35 nor IL-12 p40 subunits and express only low levels of CD40. Nevertheless, after DC activation by microbial stimuli that primarily upregulate IL-12 p40 and augment CD40 expression, CD40 ligation induces a significant increase in IL-12 p35 and IL-12 p70 heterodimer production. Similarly, IL-12 p70 is produced during T cell activation in the presence but not in the absence of microbial stimuli. Thus, production of bioactive IL-12 by DC can be amplified by T cell–derived signals but must be initiated by innate signals.

Priming and re-drying improve the survival of mature seeds of Digitalis purpurea during storage

Most priming studies have been conducted on commercial seed lots of unspecified uniformity and maturity, and subsequent seed longevity has been reported to both increase and decrease. Here a seed lot of Digitalis purpurea L. with relatively uniform maturity and known history was used to analyse the effects of priming on seed longevity in air-dry storage. Seeds collected close to natural dispersal and dried at 15 % relative humidity (RH), 15 degrees C, were placed into experimental storage (60 % RH, 45 degrees C) for 14 or 28 d, primed for 48 h at 0, -1, -2, -5, -10 or -15 MPa, re-equilibrated (47 % RH, 20 degrees C) and then returned to storage. Further seed samples were primed for 2 or 48 h at -1 MPa and either dried at 15 % RH, 15 degrees C or immediately re-equilibrated for experimental storage. Finally, some seeds were given up to three cycles of experimental storage and priming (48 h at -1 MPa). Priming at -1 MPa had a variable effect on subsequent survival during experimental storage. The shortest lived seeds in the control population showed slightly increased life spans; the longer lived seeds showed reduced life spans. In contrast, seeds first stored for 14 or 28 d before priming had substantially increased life spans. The increase tended to be greatest in the shortest lived fraction of the seed population. Both the period of rehydration and the subsequent drying conditions had significant effects on longevity. Interrupting air-dry storage with additional cycles of priming also increased longevity. The extent of prior deterioration and the post-priming desiccation environment affect the benefits of priming to the subsequent survival of mature seeds. Rehydration-dehydration treatments may have potential as an adjunct or alternative to the regeneration of seed accessions maintained in gene banks for plant biodiversity conservation or plant breeding.

Antecedent priming at trace positions in children's sentence processing

The present study examines whether children reactivate a moved constituent at its gap position and how children's more limited working memory span affects the way they process filler-gap dependencies. 46 5-7 year-old children and 54 adult controls participated in a cross-modal picture priming experiment and underwent a standardized working memory test. The results revealed a statistically significant interaction between the participants' working memory span and antecedent reactivation: High-span children (n = 19) and high-span adults (n = 22) showed evidence of antecedent priming at the gap site, while for low-span children and adults, there was no such effect. The antecedent priming effect in the high-span participants indicates that in both children and adults, dislocated arguments access their antecedents at gap positions. The absence of an antecedent reactivation effect in the low-span participants could mean that these participants required more time to integrate the dislocated constituent and reactivated the filler later during the sentence.

Enhanced priming for trauma-related material in posttraumatic stress disorder

Intrusive reexperiencing in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been linked to perceptual priming for trauma-related material. A prospective longitudinal study (N = 69) investigated perceptual priming for trauma-related, general threat, and neutral words in assault survivors with and without PTSD, using a new version of the word-stem completion task. Survivors with PTSD showed enhanced priming for trauma-related words. Furthermore, priming for trauma-related words measured soon after the trauma was associated with subsequent PTSD severity at 3 6, and 9 months. The enhanced priming effect was specific to trauma-related words. Enhanced perceptual priming for traumatic material appears to be one of the cognitive processes operating in PTSD.

Effect of priming cooperation or individualism on a collective and interdependent task: changeover speed in the 4 x 100-meter relay race

Priming effects of cooperation vs. individualism were investigated on changeover speed within a 4 x 100-m relay race. Ten teams of four adult beginner athletes ran two relays, a pretest race and an experimental race 3 weeks later. Just before the experimental race, athletes were primed with either cooperation or individualism through a scrambled-sentence task. Comparing to the pretest performance, cooperation priming improved baton speed in the exchange zone (+30 cm/s). Individualism priming did not impair changeover performance. The boundary conditions of priming effects applied to collective and interdependent tasks are discussed within the implicit coordination framework.

Shaking hands: Priming by social action effects

In a semi-naturalistic response-effect compatibility paradigm, participants were given the opportunity to learn that hand-shaking actions would be followed by social effects (human hand-shaking stimuli from a third-person perspective) or inanimate effects (block arrow stimuli). Relative to the actions, these effects appeared on the same or the opposite side of the screen (positional compatibility), and pointed towards or away from the response hand (directional compatibility). After learning, response times indicated a positional compatibility effect for both social and inanimate effects, but a directional compatibility effect occurred only for social action effects. These findings indicate that actions can be represented, not only by their effects on the inanimate world, but also by their effects on the actions of others. They are consistent with ideomotor theory, and with the view that actions are represented by bidirectional response-effect associations. They also have implications with respect to the origins and on-line control of imitation and the systems supporting imitation.