A navegação regional como mecanismo de transformação da economia da borracha

Trata da transformação do mercado amazônico no século XIX, a partir da economia da borracha, tendo como teoria de base o sentido de transformação de mercado de Karl Polanyi – autor do clássico A grande transformação: as origens de nossa época, publicado em 1944. Trata-se, portanto, de um trabalho de história econômica com fundamentação teórica extraída da sociologia econômica. As transformações que estavam ocorrendo no mercado amazônico se delineavam em várias esferas – principalmente a partir da década de 1870, quando a economia regional passa a se inserir definitivamente no padrão de acumulação capitalista. Ocorreram transformações mercadológicas nos seringais do Pará (seringais dos rios Acará, Capim, Guamá e Moju, ilha do Marajó, rio Xingu e rio Tapajós – todos esses de fase pré-capitalista) até o Amazonas (seringais dos rios Solimões, Madeira, depois Purus e Juruá, no Acre – esses agora no estágio de economia capitalista), transformações no perfil da mão-de-obra dos seringais (dos tapuios aos imigrantes nordestinos), transformações na infra-estrutura das cidades, principalmente Belém e Manaus, e transformações no padrão das inversões de capital, principalmente de origem estrangeiro. A navegação regional (tanto tradicional dos barcos à vela, quanto das canoas e principalmente do barco a vapor) se insere neste contexto como um mecanismo eficaz, determinante, para essas transformações, ainda que ela mesma estivesse sendo transformada, também, pela economia da borracha – portanto, um movimento dialético. Sem a navegação a vapor não teria sido possível a realização da grande corrida rumo aos seringais da Região Amazônica como, também, sem a utilização das canoas, dificilmente se conseguiria avançar na imensa rede de igarapés, furos e lagos para abastecer o interior, as cidades e os próprios seringais. A navegação a vapor é o grande destaque do nosso trabalho, pois inserida na Amazônia, em 1853, pelo Visconde de Mauá, e fazendo parte da revolução tecnológica dos países desenvolvidos, passa ser o meio de transporte mais importante do comércio local – uma simples viagem de Manaus para Belém pela navegação a vela tradicional levava em média dois meses. Pelo barco a vapor o mesmo percurso se fazia em até 10 dias. A navegação a vapor introduziu a Amazônia no sentido concreto da revolução tecnológica, cultural e econômica dos países desenvolvidos. A empresa de navegação a vapor Amazon River, criada em 1912, foi o empreendimento mais inovador da economia da borracha e durante toda a primeira metade do século XX.

Passageiros de terceira classe: o transporte de emigrantes na história econômica da Navigazione Generale Italiana

From the 1860s, the Italian emigration reached many entily, becoming on national problem and a source of revenue for shipping companies operating in the Atlantic. In Italy, the resources were fundamental in financing the replacement of the old sailboats by more modern steamers. Established in 1881, the Navigazione Generale Italiana (NGI) had not scoped to carry passengers. It acted in trade of goods conjugated with postal services widely subsidized by the state. By incorporating that transported immigrants, in a concentration process that would transform it in the largest shipping company in Italy, the NGI opened the thriving business of emigration to the Americas. Based on reports and Balance Exercises Financial of the company between the years 1881 and 1915, papers relating to merchant shipping and emigration legislation (laws of 1888 and 1901), this paper aims to present some results of research on the importance trafficking of Italian emigrants Navigazione Generale Italiana for marking the specialization process of its fleet this kind of service.

Do vento ao vapor em mares já antes navegados: a companhia de navegação La Veloce e o transporte de emigrantes pelo Atlântico

In the final decades of the nineteenth century, the growth of Italian emigration was constituted in a secure source of income for the shipping companies that operated in the Atlantic and played a major role in financing the replacement of old sailboats by modern steamers. Based on reports and balance exercises financial, besides newspapers related to mercantile marine, this article aims to present some results of the research about the importance of Italians emigrants’ transporting to the shipping company La Veloce, showing its economic trajectory and particularities.

Risk-based Modeling to Develop Zoning Criteria for Land-use Near Canadian Airports

Land development in the vicinity of airports often leads to land-use that can attract birds that are hazardous to aviation operations. For this reason, certain forms of land-use have traditionally been discouraged within prescribed distances of Canadian airports. However, this often leads to an unrealistic prohibition of land-use in the vicinity of airports located in urban settings. Furthermore, it is often unclear that the desired safety goals have been achieved. This paper describes a model that was created to assist in the development of zoning regulations for a future airport site in Canada. The framework links land-use to bird-related safety-risks and aircraft operations by categorizing the predictable relationships between: (i) different land uses found in urbanized and urbanizing settings near airports; (ii) bird species; and (iii) the different safety-risks to aircraft during various phases of flight. The latter is assessed relative to the runway approach and departure paths. Bird species are ranked to reflect the potential severity of an impact with an aircraft (using bird weight, flocking characteristics, and flight behaviours). These criteria are then employed to chart bird-related safety-risks relative to runway reference points. Each form of land-use is categorized to reflect the degree to which it attracts hazardous bird species. From this information, hazard and risk matrices have been developed and applied to the future airport setting, thereby providing risk-based guidance on appropriate land-uses that range from prohibited to acceptable. The framework has subsequently been applied to an existing Canadian airport, and is currently being adapted for national application. The framework provides a risk-based and science-based approach that offers municipalities and property owner’s flexibility in managing the risks to aviation related to their land use.

Determinants of reduced walking speed in people with musculoskeletal pain

OBJECTIVE: Maintenance of good walking speed is essential to independent living. People with musculoskeletal disease often have reduced walking speed. We investigated determinants of slower walking, other than musculoskeletal disease, that might provide valuable additional targets for therapy. METHODS: We analyzed data from the Somerset and Avon Survey of Health, a community based survey of people aged over 35 years. A total of 2703 participants who reported hip or knee pain at baseline (1994/1995) were studied, and reassessed in 2002-2003; 1696 were available for followup, and walking speed was tested in 1074. Walking speed (m/s) was used as outcome measure. Baseline characteristics, including comorbidities and socioeconomic factors, were tested for their ability to predict reduced walking speed using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: Age, female sex, and immobility at baseline were predictive of slower walking speed. Other independent risk factors included the presence of cataract, low socioeconomic status, intermittent claudication, and other cardiovascular conditions. Having a cataract was associated with a decrease of 0.10 m/s (95% CI 0.03, 0.16). Those in social class V had a walking speed 0.22 m/s (95% CI 0.126, 0.31) slower than those in social class I. CONCLUSION: Comorbidities, age, female sex, and lower socioeconomic position determine walking speed in people with joint pain. Issues such as poor vision and social-economic disadvantage may add to the effect of musculoskeletal disease, suggesting the need for a holistic approach to management of these patients.

The OMERACT ultrasound task force -- Advances and priorities

This article reports the most recent work of the OMERACT Ultrasound Task Force (post OMERACT 8) and highlights of future research priorities discussed at the OMERACT 9 meeting, Kananaskis, Canada, May 2008. Results of 3 studies were presented: (1) assessing intermachine reliability; (2) applying the scoring system developed in the hand to other joints most commonly affected in rheumatoid arthritis (RA); and (3) assessing interobserver reliability on a deep target joint (shoulder). Results demonstrated good intermachine reliability between multiple examiners, and good applicability of the scoring system for the hand on other joints (including shoulder). Study conclusions were discussed and a future research agenda was generated, notably the further development of a Global OMERACT Sonography Scoring (GLOSS) system in RA, emphasizing the importance of testing feasibility and added value over standard clinical variables. Future disease areas of importance to develop include a scoring system for enthesitis and osteoarthritis.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the cruise of the SS Amra in the Maldives

In this volume, Agassiz gives a detailed account of the results of the cruise the steamer "Amra" chartered from the British India Steam Navigation Company. The cruise covered the attols of the Maldives archipelago. The deep sea formations are described in detail.