Análisis del modelo de Internacionalización de e-Tech Simulation según la teoría de redes

La teoría de redes de Johanson y Mattson (1988) explica como las pequeñas empresas, también conocidas como PyMes, utilizan las redes de negocio para desarrollar sus procesos de internacionalización. Es así que a través de las redes pueden superar sus limitaciones de tamaño para encontrar cierto tipo de fluidez y dinamismo en su gestión, con el fin de aprovechar los beneficios de la internacionalización. A partir del desarrollo y fortalecimiento de las relaciones dentro de la red la organización puede posicionarse en una instancia competitiva cada vez más fuerte (Jarillo, 1988). Según Forsgren y Johanson (1992), para los gerentes es importante coordinar la interacción entre los diferentes actores de la red, ya que a través de estas su posición dentro de la red mejora y así mismo el flujo de recursos será mayor. El propósito de este trabajo es analizar el modelo de internacionalización según la teoría de redes, desde una perspectiva cultural, de e-Tech Simulation una PyME “Born to be global” norteamericana. Esta empresa ha minimizado su riesgo de internacionalización, a través del desarrollo de acuerdos entre los diferentes actores. Al mejorar su posición dentro de la red, es decir al fortalecer aún más los lazos existentes y crear nuevas relaciones, la empresa ha obtenido mayores beneficios de la misma y ha logrado ser aún más flexible con sus clientes. Es por esto que a partir de este análisis se planteó una serie de recomendaciones para mejorar los procesos de negociación dentro de la red, bajo un contexto cultural. De igual forma se evidencio la importancia del papel del emprendimiento del gerente en los procesos de internacionalización, así como su habilidad para mezclar los recursos obtenidos de diferentes mercados internacionales para satisfacer las necesidades de los clientes.

Benchmarking energy use in licensed restaurants and pubs

Commercial kitchens often leave a large carbon footprint. A new dataset of energy performance metrics from a leading industrial partner is presented. Categorising these types of buildings is challenging. Electricity use has been analysed using data from automated meter readings (AMR) for the purpose of benchmarking and discussed in terms of factors such as size and food output. From the analysed results, consumption is found to be almost double previous sector estimates of 6480 million kWh per year. Recommendations are made to further improve the current benchmarks in order to attain robust, reliable and transparent figures, such as the introduction of normalised performance indicators to include kitchen size (m2) and kWh per thousand-pound turnover.

Social entrepreneurship in South Africa: exploring the influence of environment

The influence of environment on social entrepreneurship requires more concerted examination. This paper contributes to emerging discussions in this area through consideration of social entrepreneurship in South Africa. Drawing upon qualitative case study research with six social enterprises, and examined through a framework of new institutional theories and writing on new venture creation, this research explores the significance of environment for the process of social entrepreneurship, for social enterprises, and for social entrepreneurs. Our findings provide insights on institutional environments, social entrepreneurship, and the interplay between them in the South African context, with implications for wider social entrepreneurship scholarship.

Everyday revolution: the making of the Soviet Urban commune

This chapter charts the rise the urban commune as a cultural construct in early Soviet Russia and, in so doing, explores the implication of assessing the spaces in-between the apparatus of state -- very much a new venture in Soviet history.

Desenvolvimento de novos produtos e sustentabilidade: um estudo de caso pela ótica de recursos

A inovação e a sustentabilidade em seus esforços contínuos desenvolvem uma relação bilateral, na qual a sustentabilidade depende da inovação e a sustentabilidade também é um “motor” de inovação. O desenvolvimento de novos produtos (New Product Development - NPD) é reconhecido como um dos principais tipos de inovação, e apesar da extensa literatura, ainda apresenta desafios para as empresas por introduzir descontinuidade nas suas operações, requerendo maior entendimento de como a empresa se reconfigura frente a mudanças estratégicas. Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever como os princípios de sustentabilidade são incorporados ao NPD, como processo e capacidade organizacional, pela ótica de recursos. Um estudo de caso único e exemplar de uma empresa brasileira do setor de cosméticos explora o NPD desta empresa e suas mudanças perante a orientação estratégica para a sustentabilidade. No caso analisado é mostrado como os princípios de sustentabilidade foram incorporados ao NPD pela ótica de recursos, competências e capacidades operacionais, estabelecendo a relação entre inovação e sustentabilidade. A estratégia relacionada à sustentabilidade dependeu do processo e da capacidade de NPD para ser incorporada às operações da empresa. Além disto, ele mostra a especificidade da empresa Natura, ao se observar que sua cultura e sua visão já traziam claros elementos relacionados às perspectivas da sustentabilidade, mesmo antes da própria empresa adotar este direcionamento estratégico explicitamente. Este estudo visa contribuir com um campo ainda pouco explorado de análise de inovação e sustentabilidade de forma conjunta e nos níveis das operações e do negócio. Espera-se que as seis proposições teóricas feitas proporcionem oportunidades para novos estudos.

Trajetória profissional e rupturas epistemológicas na educação física e na atuação do professor

This dissertation is the result of concerns with the theoretical-methodological and pedagogical learning processes occurred in the practice of physical education in school, which accompany me since the initial training, when I experienced learning in a piecemeal fashion, focused on technicality and sportivization. In order to better qualify the pedagogical interventions of physical education in school, I have always been worried on applying what I received at the University, but the routine of classes was always demanding others doings. In this sense, there were many moments of epistemological ruptures occurred in my training, in which I always sought new investment in training to account for the provision of a more humanistic and grounded in real educational precepts physical education. To that end I had to reflect on the pedagogical interventions throughout my training, in order not to carry out the activities as heavy doings, but as metamorphoses of knowledge and thus generating learning for students. Thus, this dissertation fits into this context with the overall goal of discussing my professional career, considering the epistemological ruptures of Physical Education, occurred in my training and expertise. The objective is also to identify the contributions of these formations in professional activities, centered on storytelling and reflection of significant experiences in the teaching of sports and Physical Education. We highlight the paradigm shifts, leaving the gymnastic methods, through dance-physical education method, psychomotor, reaching the contemporary critical theories experienced from the culture of movement as well as its implications for professional practice. We chose a qualitative research, using the autobiographical method, using as sources or techniques, narratives, photographic recording and video samples. In the studies within the area of education, for the most part, qualitative research came to oppose the positivist view of the quantification on analysis of social phenomena. New ideas were appearing in order to present innovative perspectives to understand the real. The survey data will be presented in narrated form (descriptive), analyzed based on the theoretical framework that guides the study, especially authors who discuss school physical education, vocational training and body conception. We believe our study may be of relevance for training in Physical Education that as from pedagogical reflections in certain historical realities, envisions being able to open new perspectives for the performance of other physical education teachers

Modelagem térmica para avaliação da temperatura no fresamento de aços para moldes e matrizes

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEIS

Propriedades e aspectos geométricos de estimadores tipo James-Stein e do estimador de Hartigan

The James-Stein estimator is a biased shrinkage estimator with uniformly smaller risk than the risk of the sample mean estimator for the mean of multivariate normal distribution, except in the one-dimensional or two-dimensional cases. In this work we have used more heuristic arguments and intensified the geometric treatment of the theory of James-Stein estimator. New type James-Stein shrinking estimators are proposed and the Mahalanobis metric used to address the James-Stein estimator. . To evaluate the performance of the estimator proposed, in relation to the sample mean estimator, we used the computer simulation by the Monte Carlo method by calculating the mean square error. The result indicates that the new estimator has better performance relative to the sample mean estimator.

Ensino de relações arbritárias e busca de simetria em Cebus apella

Para alguns teóricos, a ausência de controle sobre variáveis de procedimento tem gerado dificuldade em documentar formação de classes em sujeitos não-humanos ou humanos com desenvolvimento atrasado. O presente trabalho foi dividido em dois experimentos. O Experimento I teve como objetivo avaliar o uso combinado dos procedimentos de “reforçamento específico”, “variações de S-”, “blocos de tentativas gradualmente menores” e “omissão do S+ do bloco anterior no bloco seguinte” no treino de relações arbitrárias e teste de simetria. Foi utilizado como sujeito um macaco-prego macho jovem da espécie Cebus apella (Guga). O procedimento incluiu as seguintes fases: pré-treino; treino de discriminações simples; treino de discriminações condicionais arbitrárias (A1B1 e A2B2) e teste de simetria. Os resultados demonstram que Guga concluiu o treino de relações arbitrárias. O resultado do teste de simetria mostrou responder preciso para uma das relações testadas e em nível do acaso para a outra, com responder preciso para ambas as relações na primeira tentativa de teste. No Experimento II foram acrescentadas duas novas relações (A3B3, A4B4) às relações condicionais já treinadas (A1B1, A2B2). Os resultados do teste de simetria com as novas relações mostram responder preciso para uma delas e 75% de acerto para a outra. O presente estudo encoraja o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para reduzir incoerência de controle de estímulos e reforça a possibilidade de que variáveis de procedimento podem estar na base da dificuldade de documentar propriedades de classes de equivalência em organismos não-humanos.

Gestão energética nos setores transversais para redução do consumo de energia em uma empresa automobilística

Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEG

University students' assessment of entrepreneurial environments

Entrepreneurial intention is a primary step to create new venture in the entrepreneurial process. Environmental conditions are one of the main factors that are strengthening or weakening intention of prospective entrepreneur. Therefore, it is important to develop conducive environments for entrepreneurship to promote entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the promoted entrepreneurial intention will raise the rate of new venture creation. This paper investigates the relationships between five key environments for entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial intention. The five entrepreneurial environments are: government policies and procedures, socioeconomic conditions, entrepreneurial and business skills, financial assistance, and non-financial assistance, respectively. Conjoint analysis was used to determine the significance of five environmental factors conducive to entrepreneurial intention. In this conjoint experiment, 1370 decisions were made by 137 university students. Significant relationships were found between all of these environmental factors and intention. Comparative importance of environmental factors was also calculated, along with sub-conjoint analyses based on characteristics of the sample.

Metodi di ottimizzazione morfologica nel progetto preliminare di propulsori aeronautici avanzati

The aim of this Doctoral Thesis is to develop a genetic algorithm based optimization methods to find the best conceptual design architecture of an aero-piston-engine, for given design specifications. Nowadays, the conceptual design of turbine airplanes starts with the aircraft specifications, then the most suited turbofan or turbo propeller for the specific application is chosen. In the aeronautical piston engines field, which has been dormant for several decades, as interest shifted towards turboaircraft, new materials with increased performance and properties have opened new possibilities for development. Moreover, the engine’s modularity given by the cylinder unit, makes it possible to design a specific engine for a given application. In many real engineering problems the amount of design variables may be very high, characterized by several non-linearities needed to describe the behaviour of the phenomena. In this case the objective function has many local extremes, but the designer is usually interested in the global one. The stochastic and the evolutionary optimization techniques, such as the genetic algorithms method, may offer reliable solutions to the design problems, within acceptable computational time. The optimization algorithm developed here can be employed in the first phase of the preliminary project of an aeronautical piston engine design. It’s a mono-objective genetic algorithm, which, starting from the given design specifications, finds the engine propulsive system configuration which possesses minimum mass while satisfying the geometrical, structural and performance constraints. The algorithm reads the project specifications as input data, namely the maximum values of crankshaft and propeller shaft speed and the maximal pressure value in the combustion chamber. The design variables bounds, that describe the solution domain from the geometrical point of view, are introduced too. In the Matlab® Optimization environment the objective function to be minimized is defined as the sum of the masses of the engine propulsive components. Each individual that is generated by the genetic algorithm is the assembly of the flywheel, the vibration damper and so many pistons, connecting rods, cranks, as the number of the cylinders. The fitness is evaluated for each individual of the population, then the rules of the genetic operators are applied, such as reproduction, mutation, selection, crossover. In the reproduction step the elitist method is applied, in order to save the fittest individuals from a contingent mutation and recombination disruption, making it undamaged survive until the next generation. Finally, as the best individual is found, the optimal dimensions values of the components are saved to an Excel® file, in order to build a CAD-automatic-3D-model for each component of the propulsive system, having a direct pre-visualization of the final product, still in the engine’s preliminary project design phase. With the purpose of showing the performance of the algorithm and validating this optimization method, an actual engine is taken, as a case study: it’s the 1900 JTD Fiat Avio, 4 cylinders, 4T, Diesel. Many verifications are made on the mechanical components of the engine, in order to test their feasibility and to decide their survival through generations. A system of inequalities is used to describe the non-linear relations between the design variables, and is used for components checking for static and dynamic loads configurations. The design variables geometrical boundaries are taken from actual engines data and similar design cases. Among the many simulations run for algorithm testing, twelve of them have been chosen as representative of the distribution of the individuals. Then, as an example, for each simulation, the corresponding 3D models of the crankshaft and the connecting rod, have been automatically built. In spite of morphological differences among the component the mass is almost the same. The results show a significant mass reduction (almost 20% for the crankshaft) in comparison to the original configuration, and an acceptable robustness of the method have been shown. The algorithm here developed is shown to be a valid method for an aeronautical-piston-engine preliminary project design optimization. In particular the procedure is able to analyze quite a wide range of design solutions, rejecting the ones that cannot fulfill the feasibility design specifications. This optimization algorithm could increase the aeronautical-piston-engine development, speeding up the production rate and joining modern computation performances and technological awareness to the long lasting traditional design experiences.

Fighting corruption with pyramids: A Law and Economics approach to combating corruption in post-socialist countries

Corruption is, in the last two decades, considered as one of the biggest problems within the international community, which harms not only a particular state or society but the whole world. The discussion on corruption in law and economics approach is mainly run under the veil of Public choice theory and principal-agent model. Based on this approach the strong international initiatives taken by the UN, the OECD and the Council of Europe, provided various measures and tools in order to support and guide countries in their combat against corruption. These anti-corruption policies created a repression -prevention-transparency model for corruption combat. Applying this model, countries around the world adopted anti-corruption strategies as part of their legal rules. Nevertheless, the recent researches on the effects of this move show non impressive results. Critics argue that “one size does not fit all” because the institutional setting of countries around the world varies. Among the countries which experience problems of corruption, even though they follow the dominant anti-corruption trends, are transitional, post-socialist countries. To this group belong the countries which are emerging from centrally planned to an open market economy. The socialist past left traces on institutional setting, mentality of the individuals and their interrelation, particularly in the domain of public administration. If the idiosyncrasy of these countries is taken into account the suggestion in this thesis is that in public administration in post-socialist countries, instead of dominant anti-corruption scheme repression-prevention-transparency, corruption combat should be improved through the implementation of a new one, structure-conduct-performance. The implementation of this model is based on three regulatory pyramids: anti-corruption, disciplinary anti-corruption and criminal anti-corruption pyramid. This approach asks public administration itself to engage in corruption combat, leaving criminal justice system as the ultimate weapon, used only for the very harmful misdeeds.

Erfolgskontrolle in der kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung : Analyse und Modifikation einer fragwürdigen Forderung

Seit Jahren werden Diskussionen über Erfolgskontrolle in der kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung geführt. Im Vordergrund steht dabei die Suche nach Indikatoren und Verfahren, die es den kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderungen ermöglichen sollen, Erfolge zu messen. rnDa die Wirtschaftsförderung zu den freiwilligen Leistungen einer Gemeinde zählt, erhöht sich der Druck der Rechtfertigung gegenüber der Öffentlichkeit oder der Politik, das gilt insbesondere in Zeiten knapper öffentlicher Haushalte. Firmenansiedlungen, eine positive wirtschaftliche Entwicklung oder eine geringe Arbeitslosenquote sind sowohl im öffentlichen Bewusstsein als auch in der Politik wesentliche Kriterien einer erfolgreichen Wirtschaftsförderung. Sich ständig ändernde Rahmenbedingungen im wirtschaftsstrukturellen Gefüge haben dazu geführt, dass diese klassischen Nachweise von Erfolg immer seltener als solche präsentiert werden können. Erfolge sollten dennoch gemessen werden, um Maßnahmen und Instrumente einer kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung zu überprüfen und gegebenenfalls an die geänderten Bedingungen anzupassen. rnEs ist schon mehr als 30 Jahre her, als in den 1970er Jahren die Suche nach Methoden und Verfahren der Erfolgskontrolle in der öffentlichen Verwaltung begann. Erfolge von kommunaler Wirtschaftsförderung können nicht einfach und ausschließlich an den markantesten wirtschaftlichen Ziffern der Kommune gemessen werden, z. B. der Zahl der sozialversicherungspflichtigen Arbeitsplätze. Seit Jahren wird um einen Lösungsweg bei der Durchführung von Erfolgskontrolle in der kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung gerungen, abschließend wurde jedoch noch kein vollends befriedigend praktikabler Weg gefunden. Zu hinterfragen ist vor dem Hintergrund, inwiefern die vier Elemente einer Erfolgskontrolle, nämlich die Zielerreichungs-, Vollzugs-, Bedingungs- und Wirkungskontrolle, tatsächlich und hinreichend zum Einsatz kommen können.rnDie vorliegenden empirischen Untersuchungen beleuchten nun das Thema aus Sicht der kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderer und liefern Ergebnisse, die zu einem veränderten Bewusstsein gegenüber der Durchführung von Erfolgskontrolle in der kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung führen müssten. Unabhängig von der Organisationsform und der Größe einer kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung lässt sich empirisch nachweisen, dass der Anspruch, den der Begriff der Erfolgskontrolle in seiner gängigen Beschreibung erhebt, nicht hinreichend von einer kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung erfüllt werden kann. rnMit Hilfe des neu entwickelten Prozesses einer modifizierten Erfolgskontrolle wird in vorliegender Arbeit ein idealtypischer Ablauf für eine kommunale Wirtschaftsförderung dargestellt. Der neue Ansatz einer modifizierten Erfolgskontrolle ist eine konsequente Reduzierung der Anforderungen auf das Praktikable und führt dazu, dass Erfolge der kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung dargestellt werden können, ohne dass das Verfahren mehr Fragen offen lässt, als es beantwortet. Durch die modifizierte Erfolgskontrolle können die spezifischen Erfolge einer kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderung dargestellt und dokumentiert werden. rnEine modifizierte Erfolgskontrolle kann zweierlei: Sie ist eine Hilfestellung für die politisch Verantwortlichen bei der Erkenntnis, dass eine Notwendigkeit nach konkreten und der Ist-Situation sowie den Randbedingungen angepassten Zielformulierungen besteht. Sie bietet aber auch eine Möglichkeit, dass die kommunalen Wirtschaftsförderungseinrichtungen dem in der öffentlichen Diskussion formulierten Anspruch nach Erfolgskontrolle mit einem hohen Grad an Praktikabilität gerecht werden können. rnBevor also viele kommunale Wirtschaftsförderungen durch die fragwürdige Forderung an eine Erfolgskontrolle aufgrund der zu hohen Anforderungen an Methodik, Zeit und Personal aufgeben, sollte ihnen die Konzentration auf das Praktikable wieder Anreiz sein, eine modifizierte Erfolgskontrolle nach dem neuen Prozessschema in Angriff zu nehmen. rnrn