Numerical Simulation of Electroosmotic Flow with Step Change in Zeta Potential

Electroosmotic flow is a convenient mechanism for transporting polar fluid in a microfluidic device. The flow is generated through the application of an external electric field that acts on the free charges that exists in a thin Debye layer at the channel walls. The charge on the wall is due to the chemistry of the solid-fluid interface, and it can vary along the channel, e.g. due to modification of the wall. This investigation focuses on the simulation of the electroosmotic flow (EOF) profile in a cylindrical microchannel with step change in zeta potential. The modified Navier-Stoke equation governing the velocity field and a non-linear two-dimensional Poisson-Boltzmann equation governing the electrical double-layer (EDL) field distribution are solved numerically using finite control-volume method. Continuities of flow rate and electric current are enforced resulting in a non-uniform electrical field and pressure gradient distribution along the channel. The resulting parabolic velocity distribution at the junction of the step change in zeta potential, which is more typical of a pressure-driven velocity flow profile, is obtained.

Review of bio-particle manipulation using dielectrophoresis

During the last decade, large and costly instruments are being replaced by system based on microfluidic devices. Microfluidic devices hold the promise of combining a small analytical laboratory onto a chip-sized substrate to identify, immobilize, separate, and purify cells, bio-molecules, toxins, and other chemical and biological materials. Compared to conventional instruments, microfluidic devices would perform these tasks faster with higher sensitivity and efficiency, and greater affordability. Dielectrophoresis is one of the enabling technologies for these devices. It exploits the differences in particle dielectric properties to allow manipulation and characterization of particles suspended in a fluidic medium. Particles can be trapped or moved between regions of high or low electric fields due to the polarization effects in non-uniform electric fields. By varying the applied electric field frequency, the magnitude and direction of the dielectrophoretic force on the particle can be controlled. Dielectrophoresis has been successfully demonstrated in the separation, transportation, trapping, and sorting of various biological particles.

Wind-tunnel modelling of dispersion from a scalar area source in urban-like roughness

A wind-tunnel study was conducted to investigate ventilation of scalars from urban-like geometries at neighbourhood scale by exploring two different geometries a uniform height roughness and a non-uniform height roughness, both with an equal plan and frontal density of λ p = λ f = 25%. In both configurations a sub-unit of the idealized urban surface was coated with a thin layer of naphthalene to represent area sources. The naphthalene sublimation method was used to measure directly total area-averaged transport of scalars out of the complex geometries. At the same time, naphthalene vapour concentrations controlled by the turbulent fluxes were detected using a fast Flame Ionisation Detection (FID) technique. This paper describes the novel use of a naphthalene coated surface as an area source in dispersion studies. Particular emphasis was also given to testing whether the concentration measurements were independent of Reynolds number. For low wind speeds, transfer from the naphthalene surface is determined by a combination of forced and natural convection. Compared with a propane point source release, a 25% higher free stream velocity was needed for the naphthalene area source to yield Reynolds-number-independent concentration fields. Ventilation transfer coefficients w T /U derived from the naphthalene sublimation method showed that, whilst there was enhanced vertical momentum exchange due to obstacle height variability, advection was reduced and dispersion from the source area was not enhanced. Thus, the height variability of a canopy is an important parameter when generalising urban dispersion. Fine resolution concentration measurements in the canopy showed the effect of height variability on dispersion at street scale. Rapid vertical transport in the wake of individual high-rise obstacles was found to generate elevated point-like sources. A Gaussian plume model was used to analyse differences in the downstream plumes. Intensified lateral and vertical plume spread and plume dilution with height was found for the non-uniform height roughness

A high-order arbitrarily unstructured finite-volume model of the global atmosphere: tests solving the shallow-water equations

Simulations of the global atmosphere for weather and climate forecasting require fast and accurate solutions and so operational models use high-order finite differences on regular structured grids. This precludes the use of local refinement; techniques allowing local refinement are either expensive (eg. high-order finite element techniques) or have reduced accuracy at changes in resolution (eg. unstructured finite-volume with linear differencing). We present solutions of the shallow-water equations for westerly flow over a mid-latitude mountain from a finite-volume model written using OpenFOAM. A second/third-order accurate differencing scheme is applied on arbitrarily unstructured meshes made up of various shapes and refinement patterns. The results are as accurate as equivalent resolution spectral methods. Using lower order differencing reduces accuracy at a refinement pattern which allows errors from refinement of the mountain to accumulate and reduces the global accuracy over a 15 day simulation. We have therefore introduced a scheme which fits a 2D cubic polynomial approximately on a stencil around each cell. Using this scheme means that refinement of the mountain improves the accuracy after a 15 day simulation. This is a more severe test of local mesh refinement for global simulations than has been presented but a realistic test if these techniques are to be used operationally. These efficient, high-order schemes may make it possible for local mesh refinement to be used by weather and climate forecast models.

Landmark-based morphometric analysis in selected species of serranid fishes (Perciformes : Teleostei)

Morphological differences among 6 species of marine fishes belonging to 2 subfamilies of the family Serranidae (Serraninae: Dules auriga, Diplectrum formosum, and D, radiale; Epinephelinae: Epinephelus marginatus, Mycteroperca acutirostris, and M. bonaci) were studied by the geometric morphometric method of thin-plate splines and multivariate analysis of partial-warp scores. The decomposition of shape variation into uniform and nonaffine components of shape change indicate that major differences among species are related to both components of shape variation. Significant differences were found among species with respect to the uniform components, but there is no clear separation of taxonomic groups related to these components, and species are instead separated on the basis of body height and caudal peduncle length. Non-uniform changes in body shape, in turn, clearly differentiate the species of Serraninae and Epinephelinae. These shape changes are probably related to differences in habitat and feeding habits among the species.

Non-lacunary Gibbs Measures for Certain Fractal Repellers

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Hausdorff dimension of non-hyperbolic repellers. I: Maps with holes

This is the first paper in a two-part series devoted to studying the Hausdorff dimension of invariant sets of non-uniformly hyperbolic, non-conformal maps. Here we consider a general abstract model, that we call piecewise smooth maps with holes. We show that the Hausdorff dimension of the repeller is strictly less than the dimension of the ambient manifold. Our approach also provides information on escape rates and dynamical dimension of the repeller.

Fourth-order method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in a constricting channel

A fourth-order numerical method for solving the Navier-Stokes equations in streamfunction/vorticity formulation on a two-dimensional non-uniform orthogonal grid has been tested on the fluid flow in a constricted symmetric channel. The family of grids is generated algebraically using a conformal transformation followed by a non-uniform stretching of the mesh cells in which the shape of the channel boundary can vary from a smooth constriction to one which one possesses a very sharp but smooth corner. The generality of the grids allows the use of long channels upstream and downstream as well as having a refined grid near the sharp corner. Derivatives in the governing equations are replaced by fourth-order central differences and the vorticity is eliminated, either before or after the discretization, to form a wide difference molecule for the streamfunction. Extra boundary conditions, necessary for wide-molecule methods, are supplied by a procedure proposed by Henshaw et al. The ensuing set of non-linear equations is solved using Newton iteration. Results have been obtained for Reynolds numbers up to 250 for three constrictions, the first being smooth, the second having a moderately sharp corner and the third with a very sharp corner. Estimates of the error incurred show that the results are very accurate and substantially better than those of the corresponding second-order method. The observed order of the method has been shown to be close to four, demonstrating that the method is genuinely fourth-order. © 1977 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Hausdorff dimension for non-hyperbolic repellers II: Da diffeomorphisms

We study non-hyperbolic repellers of diffeomorphisms derived from transitive Anosov diffeomorphisms with unstable dimension 2 through a Hopf bifurcation. Using some recent abstract results about non-uniformly expanding maps with holes, by ourselves and by Dysman, we show that the Hausdorff dimension and the limit capacity (box dimension) of the repeller are strictly less than the dimension of the ambient manifold.

Influência da deformação do encosto e do alojamento no campo de tensões em bronzinas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Influência da espessura da camada de cimento e da variação da temperatura no comportamento mecânico de fragmentos cerâmicos utilizados em restaurações estéticas

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Estimativas da condutividade térmica dos minerais e rochas e influência de parâmetros térmicos e petrofísicos na resistividade aparente da formação

O presente estudo realiza estimativas da condutividade térmica dos principais minerais formadores de rochas, bem como estimativas da condutividade média da fase sólida de cinco litologias básicas (arenitos, calcários, dolomitos, anidritas e litologias argilosas). Alguns modelos térmicos foram comparados entre si, possibilitando a verificação daquele mais apropriado para representar o agregado de minerais e fluidos que compõem as rochas. Os resultados obtidos podem ser aplicados a modelamentos térmicos os mais variados. A metodologia empregada baseia-se em um algoritmo de regressão não-linear denominado de Busca Aleatória Controlada. O comportamento do algoritmo é avaliado para dados sintéticos antes de ser usado em dados reais. O modelo usado na regressão para obter a condutividade térmica dos minerais é o modelo geométrico médio. O método de regressão, usado em cada subconjunto litológico, forneceu os seguintes valores para a condutividade térmica média da fase sólida: arenitos 5,9 ± 1,33 W/mK, calcários 3.1 ± 0.12 W/mK, dolomitos 4.7 ± 0.56 W/mK, anidritas 6.3 ± 0.27 W/mK e para litologias argilosas 3.4 ± 0.48 W/mK. Na sequência, são fornecidas as bases para o estudo da difusão do calor em coordenadas cilíndricas, considerando o efeito de invasão do filtrado da lama na formação, através de uma adaptação da simulação de injeção de poços proveniente das teorias relativas à engenharia de reservatório. Com isto, estimam-se os erros relativos sobre a resistividade aparente assumindo como referência a temperatura original da formação. Nesta etapa do trabalho, faz-se uso do método de diferenças finitas para avaliar a distribuição de temperatura poço-formação. A simulação da invasão é realizada, em coordenadas cilíndricas, através da adaptação da equação de Buckley-Leverett em coordenadas cartesianas. Efeitos como o aparecimento do reboco de lama na parede do poço, gravidade e pressão capilar não são levados em consideração. A partir das distribuições de saturação e temperatura, obtém-se a distribuição radial de resistividade, a qual é convolvida com a resposta radial da ferramenta de indução (transmissor-receptor) resultando na resistividade aparente da formação. Admitindo como referência a temperatura original da formação, são obtidos os erros relativos da resistividade aparente. Através da variação de alguns parâmetros, verifica-se que a porosidade e a saturação original da formação podem ser responsáveis por enormes erros na obtenção da resistividade, principalmente se tais "leituras" forem realizadas logo após a perfuração (MWD). A diferença de temperatura entre poço e formação é a principal causadora de tais erros, indicando que em situações onde esta diferença de temperatura seja grande, perfilagens com ferramentas de indução devam ser realizadas de um a dois dias após a perfuração do poço.

Study of corrosion resistance of laser welded Au-Pd-Ag-In alloy using electrochemical.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the corrosion resistance of AuPdAgIn alloy, submitted to laser beam welding, in 0.9% NaCl solution, using electrochemical techniques. Measures of the open circuit potential (OCP) versus time were applied to electrochemical experiments, as well as potentiodynamic direct scanning (PDS) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) on AuPdAgIn alloy, submitted to laser beam welding in 0.9% NaCl solution. Some differences observed in the microstructure can explain the results obtained for corrosion potential, Ecorr, and corrosion resistance, Rp. EIS spectra have been characterized by distorted capacitive components, presenting linear impedance at low frequencies, including a non-uniform diffusion. The area of the laser weld presented corrosion potential slightly superior when compared to the one of the base metal. The impedance results suggest the best resistant corrosion behavior for laser weld than base metal region. This welding process is a promising alternative to dental prostheses casting.

Years of potential life lost among Hispanics and non-Hispanics in Bexar County

While numerous studies have found similar mortality rates for Hispanics compared to non-Hispanic whites, surprisingly little is known about years of potential life lost (YPLL) differentials in mortality. The primary purpose of this paper is to quantify the effect that YPLL has on Hispanics in order to determine if YPLL differs between Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Using YPLL may bring attention to dissimilarities that are often obscured through traditional measures. Bexar County 2000-2004 data from the Texas Department of State Health Services, Vital Statistics Unit was analyzed for the descriptive analysis and 2003 Bexar County Multiple Cause Death data was analyzed for the regression analysis. The multiple regression models were used to examine Hispanic and non-Hispanic white differences in years of potential life lost (YPLL) before age 75 from all-causes of death. For this analysis, YPLL was regressed on ethnicity, education level and marital status for men and women. The descriptive analysis found YPLL from all-causes was greater among non-Hispanic whites than Hispanics. However, the regression analysis found Hispanics lost more year of potential from all-causes of death compared to non-Hispanic whites. This indicates that the effect of ethnicity on YPLL differs for different methods of analysis. Future research efforts should keep in mind the method of analysis when using YPLL. Understanding differences in mortality among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites is important for targeting future health policies and research to aid in eliminating Hispanic health disparities. ^

9-fold Fresnel-Köhler concentrator for increased uniform irradiance on high concentrations

Non-uniform irradiance patterns created by Concentrated Photovoltaics (CPV) concentrators over Multi-Junction Cells (MJC) can originate significant power losses, especially when there are different spectral irradiance distributions over the different MJC junctions. This fact has an increased importance considering the recent advances in 4 and 5 junction cells. The spectral irradiance distributions are especially affected with thermal effects on Silicone-on-Glass (SoG) CPV systems. This work presents a new CPV optical design, the 9-fold Fresnel Köhler concentrator, prepared to overcome these effects at high concentrations while maintaining a large acceptance angle, paving the way for a future generation of high efficiency CPV systems of 4 and 5 junction cells.