Motivation scolaire et adaptation psychosociale d'élèves du secondaire scolarisés en classe de prolongation de cycle

Depuis la mise en place de la réforme, il y a plus de dix ans, les directions d’établissement sont tenues de trouver des solutions alternatives au redoublement, afin d’aider les élèves en difficulté à rattraper leur retard. C’est afin de répondre à cet impératif que la classe de prolongation de cycle a été mise en place dans les écoles secondaires. Des élèves en fin de 1er cycle, jugés incapables de poursuivre au cycle supérieur, y sont regroupés et pendant une année, ils bénéficient de mesures de soutien afin d’atteindre le niveau de compétence attendu (plus précisément en français en en mathématiques) pour pouvoir vivre un passage réussi au second cycle. Peu de résultats de recherches sont toutefois disponibles quant à l’efficacité de cette modalité. La présente étude vise donc à estimer l’incidence de deux modèles de prolongation de cycle (co-enseignement et avec enseignant unique), sur la motivation et l’adaptation psychosociale des élèves. Ainsi, les élèves qui expérimentent un modèle de co-enseignement demeurent en groupe fermé et sont accompagnés par trois enseignants titulaires qui se partagent la responsabilité de la quasi-totalité des composantes du programme de formation. Les élèves qui expérimentent un modèle avec enseignant unique demeurent eux aussi en groupe fermé, mais sont encadrés par une seule enseignante titulaire qui assume la responsabilité des enseignements en français et en mathématiques. Les autres matières sont enseignées par des spécialistes. Cent trente-quatre élèves au total, fréquentant trois écoles secondaires francophones montréalaises situées en milieu défavorisé, ont donc formé les groupes expérimentaux et témoins. En début et en fin d’année, les participants ont répondu à un questionnaire d’enquête mesurant l’évolution de leur motivation générale pour les apprentissages, de leur motivation spécifique aux disciplines, de leur adaptation psychosociale, de même que certaines facettes de leurs relations avec leurs pairs, leurs enseignants et leurs parents. Les résultats d’analyses de variance multivariées à mesures répétées (MANOVA) et des tests univariés subséquents permettent d’observer, chez les élèves qui ont expérimenté la prolongation de cycle en co-enseignement, une augmentation de leur sentiment de compétence général vis-à-vis l’école. De plus, leurs buts de performance-évitement et leur anxiété sociale ont diminué. Chez les élèves qui ont expérimenté la prolongation de cycle avec enseignant unique, ce même sentiment de compétence vis-à-vis l’école et celui spécifique au français ont augmenté. En revanche, ces derniers s’expriment plus négativement que leurs homologues en ce qui concerne leur intérêt général envers l’école, leur sentiment d’appartenance à leur école et leurs relations avec leurs pairs. Ces résultats indiquent donc que cette mesure a un effet mitigé sur la motivation et l’adaptation psychosociale des élèves. De plus, les quelques bénéfices perçus peuvent être la conséquence du fait de se retrouver dans un environnement scolaire moins compétitif. Cela dit, il apparaît important de préciser que les enseignants qui ont testé le modèle de co-enseignement en étaient à une première expérience. Leurs pratiques sont susceptibles de se bonifier, ce qui laisse croire que des résultats plus disparates pourraient éventuellement être observés entre ces deux modèles de prolongation. Par ailleurs, la pérennité des gains observés est inconnue. En conséquence, il conviendrait de poursuivre cette étude pour être en mesure de déterminer si ceux-ci sont durables dans le temps et afin de constater la pleine mesure de l’efficacité du modèle de prolongation de co-enseignement.

Motivaciones (metas) relacionadas con la asistencia a actividades extracurriculares en estudiantes de psicología

El presente trabajo de investigación corresponde a un estudio exploratorio-descriptivo que indaga las motivaciones de un grupo de estudiantes de psicología de la Universidad del Rosario (UR) en Bogotá Colombia, para asistir a actividades extracurriculares (AEC). El grupo se compone de 131 estudiantes de segundo a noveno semestre. Para indagar las motivaciones, se elaboró una encuesta basada en el modelo de metas de Alonso (1991) que incluye metas relacionadas con la tarea, la autovaloración, la valoración social y consecución de recompensas externas. La encuesta se aplicó desde el segundo semestre de 2009 al primer semestre de 2011. Para el análisis estadístico se utilizó el software SPSS y se elaboraron distribuciones de frecuencia y tablas de contingencia. Para observar la posible relación entre asistencia a AEC y las motivaciones de los estudiantes se utilizó el Chi Cuadrado y el Estadístico Exacto de Fisher. Los resultados indican que existe relación entre la asistencia a AEC ofrecidas por la UR desde que estudia psicología y la motivación intrínseca (P=0,006), y la asistencia a AEC antes de entrar a estudiar psicología y la consecución de premios y recompensas a nivel social (P=0,021).

Calidad de vida laboral y liderazgo en trabajadores asistenciales y administrativos en un centro oncológico de la ciudad de Bogotá

El propósito de este estudio fue describir la Calidad de vida laboral (CVL) y el estilo de liderazgo percibido por el personal administrativo/asistencial de un centro oncológico y estimar la asociación entre ellas, considerando las características sociodemográficas. Para ello se aplicó el Cuestionario de Vida profesional [CVP-35] y el Test de Adjetivos de Pitcher [PAT]. En general, los participantes presentan una CVL satisfactoria, caracterizada principalmente por motivación intrínseca, lo cual fue más evidente en el personal asistencial. Respecto al liderazgo, se observó una percepción de ausencia de liderazgo o características poco deseables de éste, lo cual aunque no determina la CVL, si constituye un factor modulador de la misma, las variables sociodemográficas no guardaron relación con la CVL. Por último se resalta la responsabilidad social que tienen los directivos sobre bienestar de los trabajadores de la salud, y consecuentemente sobre la atención al paciente. Se discuten estos hallazgos y lo pertinente de utilizar las categorías emergentes del PAT.

Burnout, liderazgo y satisfacción laboral en el personal asistencial de un Hospital de Tercer Nivel en Bogotá

El propósito de este estudio fue identificar la presencia del síndrome de burnout, los estilos de liderazgo y la satisfacción laboral de los profesionales asistenciales de hospital de tercer nivel y observar su relación, considerando variables sociodemográficas. Para ello se utilizó el MBI, el TAP y el Test de Satisfacción Laboral S20/23 respectivamente. De acuerdo con los resultados, se encontró baja presencia de burnout y altos niveles de realización personal, a pesar de las condiciones laborales adversas, precursoras del síndrome. Contrario a lo reportado en la literatura, las personas con el síndrome o en riesgo, presentan alta satisfacción laboral, sustentada en la motivación intrínseca, lo cual constituye un factor protector. No se encontró relación directa entre liderazgo y burnout, pero el liderazgo si se relaciona con la satisfacción laboral a través de la motivación intrínseca. Se confirman el papel mediador de las variables sociodemográficas.

A utilidade das disciplinas na perspectiva dos alunos: estudo exploratório por questionário

RESUMO: Algumas investigações têm apontado que a “motivação dos alunos” influencia a participação e os resultados escolares, destacando-se de um conjunto de outras variáveis. A declaração de Utilidade das disciplinas, atribuída pelos alunos, poderá ser um dos construtos de “motivação” determinantes no “gosto pelas actividades lectivas”, influenciando, hipoteticamente, o empenho na aprendizagem e, a partir daí, os resultados escolares dos alunos. Argumentou-se, nos 3 estudos aqui apresentados, as relações da atribuição de Utilidade das Disciplinas, incluindo a perspectiva do tempo futuro, com o Gosto pelas disciplinas, o empenho na aprendizagem e os resultados dos alunos. De forma a verificar, perante este enquadramento, onde se destacam a Teoria de Expectiva-Valor, o conceito de Perspectiva de Tempo Futuro associado ao conceito de Instrumentalidade, e hipóteses, foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário. Na análise aos questionários realçamos que foi verificado uma tendência para atribuir pelo menos uma disciplina como a que os alunos mais gostam e mais útil consideram; uma justificação com motivos relacionados com a sua perspectiva de vida futura à disciplina que indicam como a mais útil e resultados médios altos a essas mesmas disciplinas. ABSTRACT: Some studies have pointed out that the "motivation of the students’ participation and influence on educational attainment, highlighting a number of other variables. The declaration of Utility of disciplines, awarded by students, may be one of the constructs of "motivation" in determining taste for teaching activities, influencing, hypothetically, the commitment to learning and, thereafter, the students’ school results. It was argued in three studies presented here, the relations of the allocation of Utility of disciplines, including the prospect of future time, with the taste for discipline, the commitment to learning and student outcomes. In order to asses this framework, where we highlight the expectancy-value theory, the concept of Future Time Perspective associated with the concept of Instrumentality, and hypotheses, a questionnaire was designed and applied. In the analysis the questionnaires highlight a trend that was to assign at least one discipline as the students like best and more useful view, a justification with reasons related to their future life prospects which indicate the discipline as the most useful and results medium high on those subjects.

Prospective teachers’ conceptions of what characterize a gifted student in mathematics

This paper explores Swedish prospective teachers’ conceptions of what characterise a gifted student in mathematics. This was studied through a qualitative questionnaire focusing on attributions. The results show that a majority of the students attribute intrinsic motivation to gifted students, more often than extrinsic motivation. Other themes were other affective factors (e.g. being industrious), cognitive factors (e.g. easy to learn), and social factors such as good behaviour and background.

The MOA framework and behavioural response

This paper discusses the application of a conceptual social marketing model, the MOA (motivation, opportunity and ability) framework, in the context of an environmental management case study relating to land management. The main objectives involved examination of the relationships between the MOA constructs and the relationships between these constructs and socially desirable behaviour. Structural Equation Modelling was chosen to examine the relationships in data collected from a telephone survey. The results from the analysis of the data revealed that the relationships between the MOA components could be used to explain changes in durable socially desirable behaviour. In particular, intrinsic motivation is more likely than extrinsic motivation to produce a durable socially desirable behaviour change.

Understanding the Components in Social Behavioural Change: Implications for Non-profit Organisations

In this paper we investigate the relationship between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and government influence with the over riding objective of developing more effective and efficient social behavioural change programs that have been instigated by public sector environmental management organisations. Based on the notion of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, which has previously been shown to explain altitudes and behaviour associated with environmental issues, we extend the analysis in this paper to include the influence of government. A survey of a random sample of 566 landmanagers in South-eastern Australia was conducted and the data collected subsequently analysed using a structural equation modelling approach. The model that was developed identified the relationship between intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation and government influence.

Motives influencing soccer coaching : an empirical study of professional soccer coaches in South Africa

Heightened competition both on a global and national level has raised the bar regarding the expectations that sport organisations have of their coaches. Using the Self-Determination Theory (SOT), which emphasizes the distinction between intrinsically- and extrinsically- driven behaviours, the current study investigated the specific intrinsic and extrinsic factors that motivate professional soccer coaches in South Africa to coach. A non-experimental design using a quantitative approach to assess the motives of individual involvement of coaches in South Africa was employed. The Coach Motivation Scale (CMS) designed to assess motivational factors in coaching was administered to a purposive sample of 112 soccer coaches. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the number and nature of factors of the underlying structure of the data. In addition, correlation analysis was conducted on the data set. Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation correlated significantly with highest academic qualification. Arising from the findings of the study implications for further study are suggested and recommendations made.

A Pedagogia em movimento: expressões artísticas para uma acção educativa inovadora

A investigação incide na forma como as expressões artísticas se difundem e conjugam com a prática regular dos profissionais de educação de infância na sua escola. Recolhemos dados referentes à Equipa de Animação do Gabinete Coordenador de Educação Artística, constituída por educadores e professores, um departamento da Secretaria Regional de Educação e Cultura da Madeira, formada em 1986, com a finalidade de motivar e disseminar, através das suas intervenções artísticas nas escolas, educadores e professores para uma educação baseada também nas áreas expressivoartísticas. Tendo sido consignado à educação artística um direito humano universal para todos os aprendentes pela Convenção sobre os Direitos da Criança da Unicef adoptada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas em 1989 e ratificada por Portugal em 1990, tornava-se pertinente reflectir e averiguar a forma como se concretiza este projecto em particular, divisar se a prática se coaduna com a política a nível do reconhecimento do valor da educação artística na escola. O estudo insere-se no quadro da acção da Equipa de Animação, norteado por metodologias qualitativas, com aplicação de inquéritos por questionário, entrevistas e observações no ambiente dos sujeitos. Pretendemos apurar a forma como consubstancia os seus objectivos, o impacto que exerce na comunidade escolar, se os educadores nas escolas apreciam e dão continuidade às actividades propostas e se a motivação extrínseca é capaz de contribuir para uma motivação intrínseca a ponto de serem promovidos mais projectos relacionados com a educação artística. A emergente necessidade de um compromisso mais intenso com o desenvolvimento das emoções, quer na criança, quer no adulto, conferem às expressões artísticas a importante missão de as promover como processo inovador. Neste quadro, tornou-se relevante descobrir que lugar fica reservado nas escolas para a implementação de projectos a partir das propostas da Equipa de Animação. Assim, o tema subjacente ao estudo insere-se no vasto universo da expressão/comunicação e abarca uma série de subtemas, todos eles relacionados com a área das expressões. Pretende-se que esta investigação contribua para a clarificação dos axiomas referidos e que suscite uma atenção e interesse renovados, como componente efectiva do novo quadro conceptual de todo e qualquer profissional de educação. Como principais resultados reporta-se que uma motivação vinda do exterior é uma mais valia, sobretudo de uma equipa especializada. Que a intervenção da Equipa de Animação funciona como elemento impulsionador para a crescente dinamização de actividades, sobretudo, no âmbito da expressão musical e dramática. Que esta dinâmica depende do educador que aufere da animação. Que é do inteiro agrado das crianças esta forma de teatro na escola e que é motivadora de aprendizagens. A nível formativo, permaneceu revigorada a necessidade de formação contínua para uma prática educativa mais direccionada para o desenvolvimento da criatividade, através da dimensão artística, num contributo efectivo para a maturação e transformação do ser humano.

Efeito da salinidade da água do mar no rendimento, composição e atividades biológicas de frações polissacarídicas da Chlorophyta Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata

Seaweeds sulfated polysaccharides have been described as having various pharmacological activities. However, nothing is known about the influence of salinity on the structure of sulfated polysaccharides from green seaweed and pharmacological activities they perform. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salinity of seawater on yield and composition of polysaccharides-rich fractions from green seaweed Caulerpa cupressoides var. flabellata, collected in two different salinities beaches of the coast of Rio Grande do Norte, and to verify the influence of salinity on their biological activities. We extracted four sulfated polysaccharides-rich fractions from C. cupressoides collected in Camapum beach (denominated CCM F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0), which the seawater has higher salinity, and Buzios beach (denominated CCB F0.3; F0.5; F1.0; F2.0). Different from that observed for other seaweeds, the proximate composition of C. cupressoides did not change with increased salinity. Moreover, interestingly, the C. cupresoides have high amounts of protein, greater even than other edible seaweeds. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the yield of polysaccharide fractions of CCM and its CCB counterparts, which indicates that salinity does not interfere with the yield of polysaccharide fractions. However, there was a significant difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio of F0.3 (p<0.05) and F0.5 (p<0.01) (CCM F0.3 and CCB F0.5 was higher than those determined for their counterparts), while the sulfate/sugar ratio the F1.0 and F2.0 did not change significantly (p>0.05) with salinity. This result suggested that the observed difference in the sulfate/sugar ratio between the fractions from CCM and CCB, is not merely a function of salinity, but probably also is related to the biological function of these biopolymers in seaweed. In addition, the salinity variation between collection sites did not influence algal monosaccharide composition, eletrophoretic mobility or the infrared spectrum of polysaccharides, demonstrating that the salinity does not change the composition of sulfated polysaccharides of C. cupressoides. There were differences in antioxidant and anticoagulant fractions between CCM and CCB. CCB F0.3 (more sulfated) had higher total antioxidant capacity that CCM F0.3, since the chelating ability the CCM F0.5 was more potent than CCB F0.5 (more sulfated). These data indicate that the activities of sulfated polysaccharides from CCM and CCB depend on the spatial patterns of sulfate groups and that it is unlikely to be merely a charge density effect. C. cupressoides polysaccharides also exhibited anticoagulant activity in the intrinsic (aPTT test) and extrinsic pathway (PT test). CCB F1.0 and CCM F1.0 showed different (p<0,001) aPTT activity, although F0.3 and F0.5 showed no difference (p>0,05) between CCM and CCB, corroborating the fact that the sulfate/sugar ratio is not a determining factor for biological activity, but rather for sulfate distribution along the sugar chain. Moreover, F0.3 and F0.5 activity in aPTT test was similar to that of clexane®, anticoagulant drug. In addition, F0.5 showed PT activity. These results suggest that salinity may have created subtle differences in the structure of sulfated polysaccharides, such as the distribution of sulfate groups, which would cause differences in biological activities between the fractions of the CCM and the CCB

Prática desportiva e qualidade de vida de crianças do bairro de nova descoberta Natal / RN

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the contribution of sports activities for children participating in social programs. Method: It s dealt with in a survey of a descriptive nature. The sample was composed of 51 participants from the Project Nova Descoberta, ranging in ages from 8 to 17, males (n=29) and females (n=22). A semi-directed interview was applied with 10 items over a period of 2 consecutive years (2007-2008) with children and adolescents, besides obtaining documental data in the schools that have an agreement with the Project. Results: The performance of the participants in the groups that joined and did not join in terms of schoolwork production in the year 2007 did not present statistical differences (p<0,05). A significant difference (p<0,05) was observed in the discipline of Portuguese when compared between the groups, with a higher average for the students who joined in 2008. Discussion: In the face of the context found in social sports projects, emerges a series of indicators that contribute for a reliable evaluation. The manifestation of other characteristics in the environment could be interfering in the participation and involvement in physical activity and consequently in the health and quality of life situation of the children and adolescents. Conclusion: It was confirmed that the school work performance indicators can be taken together with other indicators, such as a development of various abilities, participation in other activities, motivation for the activities, behavior and attitudes at home and at school, for evaluation of social projects

Desempenho escolar: análise comparativa em função do sexo e percepção dos estudantes

This paper discusses the results of an investigation of academic achievement by gender and student perception of the expectations of their teachers. 120 students from the 5th year of primary education municipal public schools in the metropolitan region of Campinas city participated in the research: 60 of the students have satisfactory academic performance and the other 60 have unsatisfactory performance. We used a scale of student perception of teacher expectations and, to measure academic performance, we considered the grade teachers assigned to students. Research results revealed significant differences between boys and girls in the group of students with unsatisfactory performance, because most of them (83.3%) were male. On the other hand, there were no statistically significant differences between boys and girls in the group with satisfactory academic performance, although girls' average academic performance was higher. Regarding the perception of their teachers, we observed differences in both groups. Students with satisfactory performance have the perception that they are more praised and more often chosen to assist the teacher in the classroom while underperforming students believe they receive more criticism from their teachers and are seen as more unruly. The data allow discussing student-teacher bond, the influence of experience at the time of learning and how it influences the interest and motivation of students.

A interferência da desmotivação no desempenho de atletas

A motivação pode ser considerada um dos mais importantes combustíveis do ser humano, e seu estudo é importante principalmente na compreensão da influência da motivação sobre o desempenho esportivo e o bem-estar dos atletas. Ela pode ser caracterizada por fatores pessoais (motivação intrínseca) e ambientais (motivação extrínseca). Dentre os fatores motivacionais, o técnico tem grande importância pois, na maioria das vezes, partirão destes o incentivo que poderá influenciar diretamente nos atletas um comportamento motivado. No caso de estar desmotivado, um esportista não desempenhará ou desempenhará mal sua tarefa. Por isso, 22 atletas de handebol masculino, categoria adulto, das equipes SEME Rio Claro e Handebol Itu, responderam um questionário, onde buscava-se investigar a falta de motivação e pensamentos de abandono. Foram encontrados resultados que corroboram com a literatura, nos quais as causas da desmotivação estão relacionadas, principalmente, às dificuldades de relacionamento com o técnico, monotonia dos treinamentos, decepção das expectativas, sentimento de isolamento diante da equipe técnica e carência de reforços positivos pelos resultados conseguidos. Esses mesmos motivos, além de outros, como lesões, são causas do abandono esportivo. Porém, os resultados obtidos sugerem que os atletas pesquisados, mesmo os que se mostraram desmotivados, não apresentaram, em sua maioria, propensão a parar de praticar handebol, mostrando que falta de motivação e pensamentos de abandono do esporte podem estar presentes entre atletas, em maior ou menor grau. Ainda que não se intensifiquem a ponto de resultar em abandono.

Associação entre posicionamento do aluno na sala de aula e desempenho escolar

This research was aimed at analyzing whether there is an association between the positioning of the pupil in the classroom and his academic performance, as well as to diagnose the main factors underlying the association. Thus, this study analyzed 4 Elementary School II institutions of both public and private educational systems, in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil during a school year bimester. To register the positions students were seated, 29 similar classes (containing 6 rows x 6 columns) were investigated, each one with around 30 students, which resulted in a sampling of 859 students. For the questionnaire application, which objective was to verify the main reason for students’ seat choice, the same 29 classes were investigated. However, the sampling number was reduced to 692 students. In turn, for the collection of school performance and absence percentage of each student for the bimester in question, teachers’ evaluation books were used. As a result, it was found that the lower the percentage of the student's absences, the greater is their performance at school, and the greater their performance at school is, the closer up front to the board they are seated. Finally, the closer up to the board they are seated, the more their motivation and interest in learning increase. Therefore, there is an association between the position of a student in the classroom and his or her academic performance, where the association is conditioned by the motivation and interest in learning