Medicamentos simples para males graves. Los casos felices y auténticos de medicina de Domingo Rota como ventana abierta a las artes de curar santafereñas (Santafé, 1750-1830)

Este trabajo de grado es el producto de un fascinante recorrido intelectual que nos llevó del análisis del caso particular del trabajo de un médico empírico neogranadino, a la comprensión de un complejo universo social y político que tuvo gran influencia en el desarrollo del mundo médico de finales del siglo XVIII. Se trata de un ejercicio microhistórico que da cuenta de algunos aspectos claves de la medicina de este periodo a partir del análisis detallado y la descripción densa de los contenidos del libro Casos felices y auténticos de medicina(1830) de Domingo Rota (1752-18??)

Los orígenes jurídicos del sistema político imperial español y su influencia en las Américas (Estudios)

Este ensayo examina la naturaleza jurídica y política del imperio español en América y sus orígenes medievales. Con el fin de ofrecer un nuevo enfoque para estudiar la relación entre España y sus posesiones americanas, este trabajo propone una revisión de la tradición jurídica española. El estudio de la evolución de los conceptos de soberanía, representación y jurisdicción permite dilucidar los elementos constitutivos de las relaciones entre las diversas entidades políticas como mecanismo de comprensión del desarrollo de la cultura política de América Latina. De acuerdo a las características del sistema jurídico político en la época virreinal, la dispensación de la justicia y la práctica judicial constituyeron el eje de las relaciones entre la autoridad imperial y sus periferias. El artículo sostiene que la práctica judicial estuvo llena de sentido político y se convirtió en un medio de inclusión y representación.

O desenho de expressão no processo de projetos em comunicação visual

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

A influência do consumo no design brasileiro do século 19: uma revisão teórica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A harpa de pedais no século XVIII e as influências de suas características sobre seu repertório e escrita idiomática

Pós-graduação em Música - IA

O livro didático no ensino do direito

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo a análise de livros didáticos jurídicos na perspectiva da história dos direitos europeu e brasileiro, tendo como referencial teórico o texto de Alain Choppin sobre as funções do livro didático. Foram analisados livros didáticos jurídicos produzidos desde a Antiguidade até os dias atuais, assim como importantes mudanças legislativas ocorridas em Portugal no século XVIII e no Brasil no século XIX. Seus autores são, em sua maioria, professores universitários, para que seus textos servissem de fonte de argumentos de autoridade na prática. Ao lado dos manuais, sempre foi recorrente o uso de apostilas elaboradas pelos professores ou pelos próprios alunos, a partir das anotações das aulas. Nos últimos tempos, os manuais sofrem a concorrência dos resumos voltados para concursos públicos e dos “cadernos” distribuídos pelos alunos pela Internet. As principais conclusões foram as de que os livros didáticos jurídicos são importantes para o aprendizado do Direito.

Il lascito di Agostino Mitelli ai quadraturisti e ai decoratori del secondo Seicento bolognese attraverso le testimonianze grafiche

Agostino Mitelli (1609-1660) è una figura centrale nella vicenda artistica bolognese. Rinnova profondamente la quadratura, genere in cui opera maggiormente, e diventa il principale riferimento per le generazioni successive. Infatti ha un grande numero di allievi che si fanno interpreti del suo stile e le sue opere continuano ad essere studiate fino a Settecento inoltrato. Nel suo lavoro accorda una grande importanza al mezzo grafico, in cui eccelle e che considera strumento di verifica ed esercizio. Questa predilezione influenza anche i suoi seguaci: dopo la sua morte i suoi disegni diventano molto ricercati e vengono impiegati come repertori di soluzioni di quadratura ed elementi decorativi. Sono essi stessi strumento di studio e infatti ci è pervenuto un grande numero di copie ed esercizi in stile mitelliano. L'analisi sistematica di questo materiale anonimo e poco studiato mi ha permesso di individuare alcune delle personalità di maggiore spicco tra i suoi seguaci, quali Domenico Santi, Giacomo Antonio Mannini e Marc'Antonio Chiarini. Per valutare l'influenza dell'opera di Agostino presso le generazioni successive è centrale anche la produzione calcografica che analizzo a partire dalle quattro serie di elementi di ornato che egli stesso dà alle stampe e che riscuotono molto successo, come provano le numerose ristampe, anche francesi. Dopo la sua morte vengono incise diverse imprese che si riallacciano al suo operato: la prima è quella del figlio Giuseppe Maria Mitelli che pubblica alcuni suoi disegni. Seguono le serie di Santi, Buffagnotti, Mannini, Chiarini e diversi altri che comprendono anche quadratura e veduta e che spesso sono state riassemblate da editori e collezionisti. Anche le fonti affrontano la questione della dipendenza delle successive generazioni dagli stilemi di Agostino Mitelli, oltre a quelle a stampa ho studiato approfonditamente i manoscritti inediti dell'altro figlio di Agostino, Giovanni Mitelli, che forniscono molte nuove notizie.

Problem of Tragedy and Tragic Consciousness in Russia at the turn of the 19th Century

This project intertwines philosophical and historico-literary themes, taking as its starting point the concept of tragic consciousness inherent in the epoch of classicism. The research work makes use of ontological categories in order to describe the underlying principles of the image of the world which was created in philosophical and scientific theories of the 17th century as well as in contemporary drama. Using these categories brought Mr. Vilk to the conclusion that the classical picture of the world implied a certain dualism; not the Manichaean division between light and darkness but the discrimination between nature and absolute being, i.e. God. Mr. Vilk begins with an examination of the philosophical essence of French classical theatre of the XVII and XVIII centuries. The history of French classical tragedy can be divided into three periods: from the mid 17th to early 19th centuries when it triumphed all over France and exerted a powerful influence over almost all European countries; followed by the period of its rejection by the Romantics, who declared classicism to be "artificial and rational"; and finally our own century which has taken a more moderate line. Nevertheless, French classical tragedy has never fully recovered its status. Instead, it is ancient tragedy and the works of Shakespeare that are regarded to be the most adequate embodiment of the tragic. Consequently they still provoke a great number of new interpretations ranging from specialised literary criticism to more philosophical rumination. An important feature of classical tragedy is a system of rules and unities which reveals a hidden ontological structure of the world. The ontological picture of the dramatic world can be described in categories worked out by medieval philosophy - being, essence and existence. The first category is to be understood as a tendency toward permanency and stability (within eternity) connected with this or that fragment of dramatic reality. The second implies a certain set of permanent elements that make up the reality. And the third - existence - should be understood as "an act of being", as a realisation of permanently renewed processes of life. All of these categories can be found in every artistic reality but the accents put on one or another and their interrelations create different ontological perspectives. Mr. Vilk plots the movement of thought, expressed in both philosophical and scientific discourses, away from Aristotle's essential forms, and towards a prioritising of existence, and shows how new forms of literature and drama structured the world according to these evolving requirements. At the same time the world created in classical tragedy fully preserves another ontological paradigm - being - as a fundamental permanence. As far as the tragic hero's motivations are concerned this paradigm is revealed in the dedication of his whole self to some cause, and his oath of fidelity, attitudes which shape his behaviour. It may be the idea of the State, or personal honour, or something borrowed from the emotional sphere, passionate love. Mr. Vilk views the conflicting ambivalence of existence and being, duty as responsibility and duty as fidelity, as underlying the main conflict of classical tragedy of the 17th century. Having plotted the movement of the being/existence duality through its manifestations in 17th century tragedy, Mr. Vilk moves to the 18th century, when tragedy took a philosophical turn. A dualistic view of the world became supplanted by the Enlightenment idea of a natural law, rooted in nature. The main point of tragedy now was to reveal that such conflicts as might take place had an anti-rational nature, that they arose as the result of a kind of superstition caused by social reasons. These themes Mr. Vilk now pursues through Russian dramatists of the 18th and early 19th centuries. He begins with Sumarakov, whose philosophical thought has a religious bias. According to Sumarakov, the dualism of the divineness and naturalness of man is on the one hand an eternal paradox, and on the other, a moral challenge for humans to try to unite the two opposites. His early tragedies are not concerned with social evils or the triumph of natural feelings and human reason, but rather the tragic disharmony in the nature of man and the world. Mr Vilk turns next to the work of Kniazhnin. He is particularly keen to rescue his reputation from the judgements of critics who accuse him of being imitative, and in order to do so, analyses in detail the tragedy "Dido", in which Kniazhnin makes an attempt to revive the image of great heroes and city-founders. Aeneas represents the idea of the "being" of Troy, his destiny is the re-establishment of the city (the future Rome). The moral aspect behind this idea is faithfulness, he devotes himself to Gods. Dido is also the creator of a city, endowed with "natural powers" and abilities, but her creation is lacking internal stability grounded in "being". The unity of the two motives is only achieved through Dido's sacrifice of herself and her city to Aeneus. Mr Vilk's next subject is Kheraskov, whose peculiarity lies in the influence of free-mason mysticism on his work. This section deals with one of the most important philosophical assumptions contained in contemporary free-mason literature of the time - the idea of the trinitarian hierarchy inherent in man and the world: body - soul - spirit, and nature - law - grace. Finally, Mr. Vilk assess the work of Ozerov, the last major Russian tragedian. The tragedies which earned him fame, "Oedipus in Athens", "Fingal" and "Dmitri Donskoi", present a compromise between the Enlightenment's emphasis on harmony and ontological tragic conflict. But it is in "Polixene" that a real meeting of the Russian tradition with the age-old history of the genre takes place. The male and female characters of "Polixene" distinctly express the elements of "being" and "existence". Each of the participants of the conflict possesses some dominant characteristic personifying a certain indispensable part of the moral world, a certain "virtue". But their independent efforts are unable to overcome the ontological gap separating them. The end of the tragedy - Polixene's sacrificial self-immolation - paradoxically combines the glorification of each party involved in the conflict, and their condemnation. The final part of Mr. Vilk's research deals with the influence of "Polixene" upon subsequent dramatic art. In this respect Katenin's "Andromacha", inspired by "Polixene", is important to mention. In "Andromacha" a decisive divergence from the principles of the philosophical tragedy of Russian classicism and the ontology of classicism occurs: a new character appears as an independent personality, directed by his private interest. It was Katenin who was to become the intermediary between Pushkin and classical tragedy.

[Tobacco use prevention and cessation in the dental practice]

This is the fourth part of a series of publications from the Swiss task force named "Smoking--intervention in the private dental office" on the topic "tobacco use and dental medicine". It presents the implementation of tobacco use prevention and cessation in the dental practice. Next to the optimal performance of plaque control, tobacco use cessation has become the most important measure for the treatment of periodontal diseases. In contrast to general medicine practice, the dental practice team is seeing its patients regularly and is therefore capable of helping their patients quit tobacco use. Tobacco dependence consists of both a physical and a psychological dependence. Therefore, the combination of pharmacotherapy with behavior change counseling is recommended. The use of brief Motivational Interviewing (BMI) for tobacco use short interventions in the dental practice appears to be suitable. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is the treatment of choice for the dental practice team because both Varenicline and Bupropion SR have to be prescribed by physicians.

«Einige Zeit aufs Singen verwendet». Musik als Kernressource dörflicher Kultur am Beispiel des schweizerischen 18. Jahrhunderts

Dealing with popular music in premodern times historical research usually focuses on so called “Volksmusik”. But already in the 18th century researchers were disappointed to find only few traces of imaginary “traditional” music in Switzerland. They unfortunately overlooked that common people kept on with their own stubborn musical culture: Beginning with the Reformation the authorities encouraged the communities to employ schoolmasters who were able to teach music. Their goal was that everybody should be able to participate in liturgical music actively. Over generations even people with no special musical talent adopted their own repertoire of psalms plus techniques of reading music and polyphonic singing. Spontaneous choral singing evolved into a common everyday practice. The most ambitious and brightest teachers even taught instrumental lessons at home on their proper pianos and chamber organs or encouraged the villagers to build new prestigious organs in their churches. The financial burden of such instruments weighted heavily on the communities. Some of them received financial support from the government, albeit unwillingly because it was obvious to the rulers that the villages just wanted to overtop each other. Homemade music was the most important issue in the cultural life of most parishes. Rich communes spent a lot of money to win the best voices on-site for their church choirs. Belonging to an elitists’ singer association paved the way to the farmer-village’s highlevel sociability.

Women in Eighteenth Century London: Female Coming of Age in Frances Burney’s Evelina, Cecilia, and The Witlings

The late eighteenth-century author Frances Burney is best known for popularizing the “comedy of manners,” a literary style later adopted by Jane Austen. Burney’s novels, journals, and plays offer an intriguing commentary on contemporary social customs and etiquette. In particular, she voices the concerns and desires of women, leading scholars to focus on the feminist overtones of her writing. Although she carefully examined female roles in the household and family structure, Burney also provided an insider’s perspective into London high life. As an acclaimed author and member of the royal court, Burney offers a rare insight into the lives of the urban elite. For these reasons, I have chosen to examine three of her works within the context of their London setting. In Evelina, Cecilia, and The Witlings, Burney examines women’s struggle for independence against the backdrop of the city. These works offer a new interpretation of the female Bildungsroman, or coming of age story. Burney shows how London life influences her heroines’ expectations, ambitions and desires. Evelina’s coming of age centers around the quest for family and social acceptance, while the two Cecilias of Cecilia and The Witlings confront the financial pressures that accompany their inheritance. Ultimately, the three protagonists learn important lessons that are specific to city life. Although Burney concludes each story with the heroine’s marriage, her focus is not on romance, as has been suggested, but on the cultural landscape of the city. Coming of age in her stories is inextricably connected to the diverse challenges and opportunities presented to urban women.

The Rise and Fall of the Doctor-Patient Relationship

This talk will outline the history of the doctor-patient relationship in the West. It will touch briefly on medicine in Greek and Roman antiquity, using key texts from Hippocrates and Galen. It will also sketch the changing balance of the religious and the secular in medieval medicine. Finally, it will outline the rise of the modern personal doctor-patient relationship in the 18th century and analyze the chronic dissatisfaction that settled over relations between doctors and patients in the last quarter of the 20th century.

Interculturalidad y dinámicas comerciales : Interacciones entre indígenas y españoles en la América colonial hispana

En este artículo se plantea el análisis de la complejidad de las relaciones comerciales entre castellanos e indígenas a lo largo del periodo colonial. Para ello, se comparará la práctica sobre el terreno desde el siglo XVI hasta el XVIII con los debates teóricos medievales y modernos alrededor del comercio intercultural y de las diferencias en las formas de vida rural y urbana. Se tratará, asimismo, la dualidad campo-ciudad en relación con el traslado a América del importante papel que el pensamiento occidental otorgó tradicionalmente a la ciudad como núcleo de civilización y como foco irradiador de la misma. Dicho planteamiento arroja una perspectiva muy compleja sobre las relaciones interculturales, ya que ambos grupos -castellanos e indígenas- actuaron de maneras muy diversas según el contexto social, político y económico de cada momento. Frente a la idea de una actitud siempre hostil entre los dos grupos, se presenta un panorama de búsqueda de la amistad por medios pacíficos, entre los que se destaca el comercio como principal catalizador