State and local pension fund investment performance /

"Prepared for the Urban Institute as part of the project, 'Economic Issues of State and Local Pension Plans,' U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, grant no. H-2921-RG."

Tax reform proposals. hearing before the Committee on Finance, United States Senate, Ninety-ninth Congress, first session, June 25, 1985.

Shipping list no. 86-321-P.

Local Utility Functions and Local Probability Transformations

This note shows that, under appropriate conditions, preferences may be locally approximated by the linear utility or risk-neutral preference functional associated with a local probability transformation.

Dynamical local models for segmentation and prediction of financial time series

In the analysis and prediction of many real-world time series, the assumption of stationarity is not valid. A special form of non-stationarity, where the underlying generator switches between (approximately) stationary regimes, seems particularly appropriate for financial markets. We introduce a new model which combines a dynamic switching (controlled by a hidden Markov model) and a non-linear dynamical system. We show how to train this hybrid model in a maximum likelihood approach and evaluate its performance on both synthetic and financial data.

Local government revenue from oil and gas production

Oil and gas production generates substantial revenue for state and local governments. This report examines revenue from oil and gas production flowing to local governments through four mechanisms: (i) state taxes or fees on oil and gas production; (ii) local property taxes on oil and gas property; (iii) leasing of state-owned land; and (iv) leasing of federally owned land. We examine every major oil- and gas-producing state and find that the share of oil and gas production value allocated to and collected by local governments ranges widely, from 0.5 percent to more than 9 percent due to numerous policy differences among states. School districts and trust funds endowing future school operations tend to see the highest share of revenue, followed by counties. Municipalities and other local governments with more limited geographic boundaries tend to receive smaller shares of oil and gas driven revenue. Some states utilize grant programs to allocate revenue to where impacts from the industry are greatest. Others send most revenue to state operating or trust funds, with little revenue earmarked specifically for local governments.

Local fiscal effects of oil and gas development in eight states

Oil and gas production in the United States has increased dramatically in the past 10 years. This growth has important implications for local governments, which often see new revenues from a variety of sources: property taxes on oil and gas property, sales taxes driven by the oil and gas workforce, allocations of state revenues from severance taxes or state and federal leases, leases on local government land, and contributions from oil and gas companies to support local services. At the same time, local governments tend to experience a range of new costs such as road damage caused by heavy industry truck traffic, increased demand for emergency services and law enforcement, and challenges with workforce retention. This report examines county and municipal fiscal effects in 14 oil- and gas-producing regions of eight states: AK, CA, KS, OH, OK, NM, UT, and WV. We find that for most local governments, oil and gas development—whether new or longstanding—has a positive effect on local public finances. However, effects can vary substantially due to a variety of local factors and policy issues. For some local governments, particularly those in rural regions experiencing large increases in development, revenues have not kept pace with rapidly increased costs and demand for services, particularly on road repair.

Global and local perceptual style, field-independence, and central coherence: an attempt at concept validation

Historically, the concepts of field-independence, closure flexibility, and weak central coherence have been used to denote a locally, rather globally, dominated perceptual style. To date, there has been little attempt to clarify the relationship between these constructs, or to examine the convergent validity of the various tasks purported to measure them. To address this, we administered 14 tasks that have been used to study visual perceptual styles to a group of 90 neuro-typical adults. The data were subjected to exploratory factor analysis. We found evidence for the existence of a narrowly defined weak central coherence (field-independence) factor that received loadings from only a few of the tasks used to operationalise this concept. This factor can most aptly be described as representing the ability to dis-embed a simple stimulus from a more complex array. The results suggest that future studies of perceptual styles should include tasks whose theoretical validity is empirically verified, as such validity cannot be established merely on the basis of a priori task analysis. Moreover, the use of multiple indices is required to capture the latent dimensions of perceptual styles reliably.

Federal, state and local agencies concerned with housing in Iowa, 1935

The Iowa State Planning Board is a fact finding group, these reports on the functions of the various organizations have been gathered and are presented with the purpose of showing the extent of their activities in the state of Iowa This is a summary of the activities, programs, policies, and progress of the federal agencies interested in housing and taken as a brief from reports included in "Housing Officials' Yearbook - 1935", published by the National Association of Housing.

Do U.S. and Colombian macro factors improve the forecasting ability of unrestricted VAR models of the local term structure of interest rate?

Este estudio empírico compara la capacidad de los modelos Vectores auto-regresivos (VAR) sin restricciones para predecir la estructura temporal de las tasas de interés en Colombia -- Se comparan modelos VAR simples con modelos VAR aumentados con factores macroeconómicos y financieros colombianos y estadounidenses -- Encontramos que la inclusión de la información de los precios del petróleo, el riesgo de crédito de Colombia y un indicador internacional de la aversión al riesgo mejora la capacidad de predicción fuera de la muestra de los modelos VAR sin restricciones para vencimientos de corto plazo con frecuencia mensual -- Para vencimientos de mediano y largo plazo los modelos sin variables macroeconómicas presentan mejores pronósticos sugiriendo que las curvas de rendimiento de mediano y largo plazo ya incluyen toda la información significativa para pronosticarlos -- Este hallazgo tiene implicaciones importantes para los administradores de portafolios, participantes del mercado y responsables de las políticas

Le potentiel des coopératives d'épargne et de crédit comme acteur de développement local en zone urbaine ; de la planification stratégique à la pérennité des actions. Étude de cas : Querétaro, Mexique

L'Amérique latine se caractérise comme une région ayant la pire répartition de la richesse et le Mexique n'y fait pas exception. Malgré que la dernière décennie lui ait apporté la stabilisation économique et la libéralisation des échanges commerciaux, l'écart entre les riches et les pauvres continue de croître. Pour certains experts, la cause principale de cette situation réside dans les effets de la mondialisation. Bien qu'ils contribuent à déstabiliser les économies locales, d'autres éléments présents au Mexique menacent autant le développement durable des communautés mexicaines. Notons la fragilité des démocraties, la faiblesse des institutions financières, les histoires de corruption et de trafic de drogue, l'exclusion sociale et la dégradation de l'environnement. Plusieurs programmes de développement socioéconomiques ont été mis en place par différents gouvernements mexicains. Que ce soit, des programmes en matière de santé et d'éducation, des programmes alimentaires et agricoles ou de construction d'infrastructures, ils visent essentiellement à réduire la pauvreté en milieux ruraux. Les problèmes sociaux en zones urbaines ne font pas partie des priorités actuelles de l'agenda politique du gouvernement fédéral. Les communautés urbaines doivent donc se tourner vers d'autres moyens pour assurer leur développement et, la micro-finance est l'une des solutions qui a depuis longtemps fait ses preuves en matière de mobilisation des populations hasardeuses. En effet, elle permet aux populations exclues des systèmes financiers traditionnels d'avoir un plus grand contrôle de leur avenir par l'auto emploi et par le développement endogène de leur communauté. Elle introduit donc une dynamique d'autonomie et vise des changements économiques et sociaux à long terme. Par contre, une des plus grandes erreurs commises est pourtant de prétendre que la micro-finance est le remède de toutes les calamités. Les besoins des populations moins nanties en zones urbaines ne se limitent pas aux besoins de financement. Les pauvres ont également besoin de logements salubres, d'eau potable, d'électricité, de soins de santé, d'écoles et d'infrastructure, ce en quoi tout être humain est en droit de posséder. De plus, le développement durable n'est pas qu'une question de solution aux problèmes de pauvreté, il concerne également tous les citadins. Lorsque l'on parle de qualité de vie, on parle également d'emplois disponibles, de revitalisation de quartiers, d'aménagement d'espaces verts, de construction de centres sportifs et culturels, pour en nommer que quelques-uns. En l'absence de volonté ou de moyens politiques en la matière, la coopérative d'épargne et de crédit peut-elle être un levier de développement local pour une communauté urbaine mexicaine? C'est la question à laquelle je me suis attardée ces derniers mois, en analysant le contexte socio-économique de la ville de Querétaro au Mexique. Pour ce faire, j'ai exécuté d'abord une intervention dans une importante coopérative d'épargne et de crédit et je me suis ensuite documentée à travers des entrevues formelles et informelles, des observations, des conférences diverses et la littérature locale et internationale. Après avoir présenté, dans le premier chapitre, le contexte socio-politico-économique du Mexique et en particulier celui de la municipalité de Querétaro, je décris, au chapitre 2, les différents problèmes que vivent au quotidien les citadins. Le chapitre 3 est consacré à l'environnement et aux ressources qu'offrent les coopératives mexicaines d'épargne et de crédit: leur importance, les principes, la législation, les forces et les faiblesses, les menaces et les opportunités, etc. Le chapitre suivant définit le développement local en zone urbaine, ses principes, le processus qui l'accompagne, les acteurs impliqués et la finalité. Enfin le chapitre 5 nous amène au coeur même de la réflexion, c'est-à-dire évaluer si la coopérative d'épargne et de crédit possède le potentiel nécessaire pour être un acteur important de développement local en zones urbaines mexicaines.

Impact du micro financement sur le développement économique local : le cas du CLD de la MRC du Haut-Saint- François

L'objectif principal de ce mémoire de recherche et de mesurer l'impact des institutions de la micro finance sur le développement économique local et ce à travers le recourt au concept d'entrepreneuriat. La revue de littérature que nous présentons, nous permet de préciser ce que l'on entend par micro finance, entrepreneuriat et développement local. Elle nous fournit aussi l'occasion d'expliquer le lien qui existe entre ces trois concepts primordiaux de notre recherche. Notre démarche pratique pour mesurer le rôle des institutions de micro finance dans le développement économique local s'est effectué à l'aide d'une étude monographique. Nous avons pu faire une étude de cas du CLD du Haut-Saint- François afin de juger le rôle de cette institution et son implication dans le développement économique local à travers le recourt au concept d'entrepreneuriat et l'encouragement du l'entrepreneurship [sic] chez les personnes démunies. Les données que nous avons recueillies, nous permettrons de déterminer si les institutions de micro finance à travers leurs services et produits assurent l'émergence du concept d'entrepreneuriat chez les communautés locales ce qui permet le développement économique local de ces régions. En d'autres on analyse l'apport des institutions de la micro finance sur les régions à travers l'entrepreneuriat.

Climate Adaptation Finance Mechanisms: New Frontiers For Familiar Tools

Demands for mechanisms to pay for adaptation to climate risks have multiplied rapidly as concern has shifted from greenhouse gas mitigation alone to also coping with the now-inevitable impacts. A number of viable approaches to how to pay for those adjustments to roads, drainage systems, lifeline utilities and other basic infrastructure are emerging, though untested at the scale required across the nation, which already has a trillion-dollar deferred maintenance and replacement problem. There are growing efforts to find new ways to harness private financial resources via new market arrangements to meet needs that clearly outstrip public resources alone, as well as to utilize and combine public resources more effectively. To date, mechanisms are often seen through a specific lens of scale, time, and method, for example national versus local and public versus market-based means. The purpose here is to integrate a number of those perspectives and also to highlight the following in particular. Current experience with seemingly more pedestrian needs like stormwater management funding is in fact a learning step towards new approaches for broader adaptation needs, using re-purposed but existing fiscal tools. The resources raised from new large-scale market approaches for using catastrophe- and resiliency-bond-derived funds will have their use embodied and operationalized in many separate local and state projects. The invention and packaging of innovative projects—the pre-development phase—will be pivotal to better using fiscal resources of many types. Those efforts can be greatly aided or hindered by larger national and especially state government policy, regulatory and capital market arrangements. Understanding the path to integration of effort across these scales deserves much more attention. Examples are given of how federal, state and local roles are each dimensions of that frontier, how existing tools can apply in new ways and how smart project creation plays a role.

Role of microfinance to support agricultural climate change adaptations in Indonesia: Encouraging private sector participation in climate finance

The demands of mitigation and adaptation policies are important to understanding a country’s climate change preparation by providing microfinance in the agricultural sector. This could be seen as a strategy to fight against the challenges of future food security. In 2014, Indonesia established climate change adaptation policies. This legislation aims to pave the way for making actions on climate change adaptation mainstream in national and local development planning. Public and private finance have supported the implementation of the climate actions. However, most funding is still used for mitigation. Adaptation finance needs support, especially in agriculture. This research paper studies opportunities for microfinance to play a role together with existing resources in supporting climate change adaptation in Indonesia. The data was acquired and analysed through a literature review, analysis of case studies and interviews with stakeholders in the climate change-related financial sector. The central findings regarding the opportunity for microfinance to contribute to the existing schemes in Indonesian climate change adaptation finance for agriculture are worthy of the result. This study found that adaptation finance is mostly used for indirect activities. Meanwhile, local communities, and farmers in particular, need directly targeted measures to adapt to climate change. An alternative approach is providing microfinance, insurance and capacity development for farmers to produce high quality agricultural products. This would contribute to optimizing the agri-food value chain, which supports socio-economic development of stakeholders, especially farmers. Hence, microfinance appears to be one potential solution to support direct climate change adaptation actions for the agricultural sector. However, this may not be strong enough to finance the entire needs for agricultural climate actions. Adaptation is contextual, so it has to be grounded in the needs of local communities. Microfinance needs public sectors support as well as other resources from the private sector. In the case of rapid response to disasters, which often destroy the agricultural sector, microfinance should be advantageous in supporting adaptation. However, in reality, it does not work, as it is prevented by regulations. So, this can be an area the public sector can support as a risk-taker as well as by providing initial funds and resources for scaling up efforts.