La selección de textos literarios en el contexto del español como segunda lengua. Investigación cualitativa con adolescentes inmigrantes

En este artículo se proponen claves de selección de textos literarios para adolescentes inmigrantes de niveles A2 de competencia comunicativa en español. El diseño de la investigación se configura a partir del paradigma cualitativo/interpretativo de corte etnográfico y de la investigación-acción en el escenario de cuatro aulas de español. El análisis de una muestra de treinta jóvenes inmigrantes ante el corpus leído durante el trabajo de campo, aporta seis variables menos centradas en la proyección explícita de la migración, y más sujetas al concepto de distancia como elemento transcendente de la lectura literaria.

At the dawn of Italo-Chinese modern relations: Ludovico Nocentini's experience

In 1904 Ludovico Nocentini described China as a hub of colonial and commercial development for European powers. Europe in the Far East and the Italian Interests in China was Nocentini’s last and most critical book, in which he compared the performance of the Italian government with that of other countries and showed Rome’s inefficiency overseas. The book expatiated on the “carving up” of China into spheres of influence by the Western powers, while examining how the Italian government’s scant regard for the definition and pursuit of the country’s national interest jeopardized not only the development of its colonial policy, but also its foreign trade and industrial progress.

Attività scientifiche del progetto Développement des Interventions innovantes sur les cépages de Vignes autochtones pour l’INtégration italo-tunisienne – DIVIN (PS1.1.002)”

Il progetto DIVIN, finanziato dal Programma di Cooperazione Transfrontaliera Italia Tunisia, è coordinato dall'Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - IAMC-CNR (Bénéficiaire) UOS di Capo Granitola e coinvolge l' Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse – IBBR (P1) del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), il Centro di Biotecnologie di Borj - Cedria - CBBC (P2) L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie – INRAT (P3), La Direction Générale de la Production Agricole – DGPA (P4) e L’Associazione “Strada del vino Alcamo Doc” (P5). Il finanziamento complessivo è stato pari a € 674.107,06 e le attività si sono svolte a partire da novembre 2013 per concludersi a luglio 2016. Si è trattato di una prodigiosa opportunità per potenziare e valorizzare le eccellenze scientifiche in campo vitivinicolo e per consolidare la collaborazione tra Italia e Tunisia sulla produzione di vini di qualità e sul lancio di itinerari enoturistici che mettano in dialogo permanente le due sponde del mediterraneo. Il progetto, ha avuto la durata di 31 mesi e ha investito sullo sviluppo di ricerche e soluzioni tecnologiche per prevenire e curare le patologie della vite e per certificare e tracciare la qualità del vino prodotto in Italia e in Tunisia. I benefici del progetto hanno avuto ricadute anche su tutti i territori dell'area di cooperazione in quanto, nella parte finale del progetto, si sono sviluppate azioni di marketing congiunte per la creazione di un marchio d'area e l'ampliamento delle esperienze delle "strade del vino" per creare itinerari turistici tematici che colleghino le zone di produzione siciliane e quelle tunisine.

Sistema di gestione del progetto “Développement des Interventions innovantes sur les cépages de Vignes autochtones pour l’INtégration italo-tunisienne – DIVIN (PS1.1.002)"

dall'Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - IAMC-CNR (Bénéficiaire) UOS di Capo Granitola e coinvolge l' Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse – IBBR (P1) del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), il Centro di Biotecnologie di Borj - Cedria - CBBC (P2) L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie – INRAT (P3), La Direction Générale de la Production Agricole – DGPA (P4) e L’Associazione “Strada del vino Alcamo Doc” (P5). Il finanziamento complessivo è stato pari a € 674.107,06 e le attività si sono svolte a partire da novembre 2013 per concludersi a luglio 2016. Si è trattato di una prodigiosa opportunità per potenziare e valorizzare le eccellenze scientifiche in campo vitivinicolo e per consolidare la collaborazione tra Italia e Tunisia sulla produzione di vini di qualità e sul lancio di itinerari enoturistici che mettano in dialogo permanente le due sponde del mediterraneo. Il progetto, ha avuto la durata di 31 mesi e ha investito sullo sviluppo di ricerche e soluzioni tecnologiche per prevenire e curare le patologie della vite e per certificare e tracciare la qualità del vino prodotto in Italia e in Tunisia. I benefici del progetto hanno avuto ricadute anche su tutti i territori dell'area di cooperazione in quanto, nella parte finale del progetto, si sono sviluppate azioni di marketing congiunte per la creazione di un marchio d'area e l'ampliamento delle esperienze delle "strade del vino" per creare itinerari turistici tematici che colleghino le zone di produzione siciliane e quelle tunisine.

Sistema di comunicazione e disseminazione del progetto “Développement des Interventions innovantes sur les cépages de Vignes autochtones pour l’INtégration italo-tunisienne – DIVIN (PS1.1.002)”

Il progetto DIVIN, finanziato dal Programma di Cooperazione Transfrontaliera Italia Tunisia, è coordinato dall'Istituto per l’Ambiente Marino Costiero del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - IAMC-CNR (Bénéficiaire) UOS di Capo Granitola e coinvolge l' Istituto di Bioscienze e Biorisorse – IBBR (P1) del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), il Centro di Biotecnologie di Borj - Cedria - CBBC (P2) L'Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique de Tunisie – INRAT (P3), La Direction Générale de la Production Agricole – DGPA (P4) e L’Associazione “Strada del vino Alcamo Doc” (P5). Il finanziamento complessivo è stato pari a € 674.107,06 e le attività si sono svolte a partire da novembre 2013 per concludersi a luglio 2016. Si è trattato di una prodigiosa opportunità per potenziare e valorizzare le eccellenze scientifiche in campo vitivinicolo e per consolidare la collaborazione tra Italia e Tunisia sulla produzione di vini di qualità e sul lancio di itinerari enoturistici che mettano in dialogo permanente le due sponde del mediterraneo. Il progetto, ha avuto la durata di 31 mesi e ha investito sullo sviluppo di ricerche e soluzioni tecnologiche per prevenire e curare le patologie della vite e per certificare e tracciare la qualità del vino prodotto in Italia e in Tunisia. I benefici del progetto hanno avuto ricadute anche su tutti i territori dell'area di cooperazione in quanto, nella parte finale del progetto, si sono sviluppate azioni di marketing congiunte per la creazione di un marchio d'area e l'ampliamento delle esperienze delle "strade del vino" per creare itinerari turistici tematici che colleghino le zone di produzione siciliane e quelle tunisine.

Refractive Error In School Children In Campinas, Brazil.

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Estudo por espectroscopia micro-Raman dos mecanismos de separação de fase em vidros fosfatos de metais de transição

Glass-ceramics are prepared by controlled separation of crystal phases in glasses, leading to uniform and dense grain structures. On the other hand, chemical leaching of soluble crystal phases yields porous glass-ceramics with important applications. Here, glass/ceramic interfaces of niobo-, vanado- and titano-phosphate glasses were studied by micro-Raman spectroscopy, whose spatial resolution revealed the multiphase structures. Phase-separation mechanisms were also determined by this technique, revealing that interface composition remained unchanged as the crystallization front advanced for niobo- and vanadophosphate glasses (interface-controlled crystallization). For titanophosphate glasses, phase composition changed continuously with time up to the equilibrium composition, indicating a spinodal-type phase separation.

Balance control in hemiparetic stroke patients: Main tools for evaluation

Balance problems in hemiparetic patients after stroke can be caused by different impairments in the physiological systems involved in Postural control, including sensory afferents, movement strategies, biomechanical constraints, cognitive processing, and perception of verticality. Balance impairments and disabilities must be appropriately addressed. This article reviews the most common balance abnormalities in hemiparetic patients with stroke and the main tools used to diagnose them.

Fungal pathogens as classical biological control agents against arthropods

Fungal entomopathogens have been used more frequently than other types of pathogens for classical biological control. Among 136 programs using different groups of arthropod pathogens, 49.3% have introduced fungal pathogens (including both the traditional fungi and microsporidia). The most commonly introduced species was Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin, with 13 introductions, followed by Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu & Soper, which was released seven times. The majority of introduction programs have focused on controlling invasive species of insects or mites (70.7%) rather than on native hosts (29.4%). Almost half of the introductions of traditional fungi targeted species of Hemiptera and 75% of the microsporidia introduced have been introduced against lepidopteran species. The United States was the country where most introductions of fungi took place (n = 24). From 1993 to 2007, no arthropod pathogens were released in the US due to the rigorous regulatory structure, but in 2008 two species of microsporidia were introduced against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). Establishment of entomopathogenic fungi in programs introducing traditional fungi was 32.1% and establishment was 50.0% for programs introducing microsporidia. In some programs, releases have resulted in permanent successful establishment with no non-target effects. In summary, classical biological control using fungal entomopathogens can provide a successful and environmentally friendly avenue for controlling arthropod pests, including the increasing numbers of invasive non-native species.

Molecular detection and differentiation of Brazilian and African isolates of the entomopathogen Neozygites tanajoae (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) with PCR using specific primers

Neozygites tanajoae is an entomopathogenic fungus which has been used for biocontrol of the cassava green mite (Mononychellus tanajoa, CGM) in Africa. Establishment and dispersal of Brazilian isolates which have been introduced into some African countries in recent years to improve CGM control was followed with specific PCR assays. Two primer pairs, NEOSSU_F/NEOSSU_R and 8DDC_F/8DDC_R, were used to differentiate isolates collected from several locations in Brazil and from three countries in Africa, Benin, Ghana and Tanzania. The first primer pair enabled the species-specific detection of Neozygites tanajoae, while the second differentiated the Brazilian isolates from those of other geographical origin. PCR assays were designed for detection of fungal DNA in the matrix of dead infested mites since N. tanajoae is difficult to isolate and culture on selective artificial media. Our results show that all isolates (Brazilian and African) that sporulated on mummified mites were amplified with the first primer pair confirming their Neozygites tanajoae identity. The second pair amplified DNA from all the Brazilian isolates, but did not amplify any DNA samples from the African isolates. None of the two primers showed amplification neither from any of the non-sporulating mite extracts nor from the dead uninfected mites used as negative controls. We confirmed that the two primer pairs tested are suitable for the detection and differential identification of N. tanajoae isolates from Brazil and Africa and that they are useful to monitor the establishment and spread of the Brazilian isolates of N. tanajoae introduced into Benin or into other African countries for improvement of CGM biocontrol.

Role of entomopathogenic fungi in the control of Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae), pests of horticultural crops

The spider mites Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard are important pests of horticultural crops. They are infected by entomopathogenic fungi naturally or experimentally. Fungal pathogens known to cause high infection in spider mite populations belong to the order Entomophthorales and include Neozygites spp. Studies are being carried out to develop some of these fungi as mycoacaricides, as standalone control measures in an inundative strategy to replace the synthetic acaricides currently in use or as a component of integrated mite management. Although emphasis has been put on inundative releases, entomopathogenic fungi can also be used in classical, conservation and augmentative biological control. Permanent establishment of an exotic agent in a new area of introduction may be possible in the case of spider mites. Conservation biological control can be achieved by identifying strategies to promote any natural enemies already present within crop ecosystems, based on a thorough understanding of their biology, ecology and behaviour. Further research should focus on development of efficient mass production systems, formulation, and delivery systems of fungal pathogens.

Life history of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus fragariae on Tetranychus evansi and Tetranychus urticae (Acari : Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) at five temperatures

Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard and Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) are important pests of Solanaceae in many countries. Several studies have demonstrated that T. urticae is an acceptable prey to many predatory mites, although the suitability of this prey depends on the host plant. T. evansi, has been shown to be an unfavorable prey to most predatory mites that have been tested against it. The predator Phytoseiulus fragariae Denmark and Schicha (Acari: Phytoseiidae) has been found in association with the two species in Brazil. The objective of this work was to compare biological parameters of P. fragariae on T. evansi and on T. urticae as prey. The study was conducted under laboratory conditions at 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C. At all temperatures, survivorship was lower on T. evansi than on T. urticae. No predator reached adulthood at 10 degrees C on the former species; even on the latter species, only about 36% of the predators reached adulthood at 10 degrees C. For both prey, in general, duration of each life stage was shorter, total fecundity was lower and intrinsic rate of population increase (r(m) ) was higher with increasing temperatures. The slower rate of development of P. fragariae on T. evansi resulted in a slightly higher thermal requirement (103.9 degree-days) on that prey than on T. urticae (97.1 degree-days). The values of net reproduction rate (R-0), intrinsic rate of increase (r (m) ) and finite rate of increase (lambda) were significantly higher on T. urticae, indicating faster population increase of the predator on this prey species. The highest value of r (m) of the predator was 0.154 and 0.337 female per female per day on T. evansi and on T. urticae, respectively. The results suggested that P. fragariae cannot be considered a good predator of T. evansi.

Long-term preservation of Neozygites tanajoae (Entomophthorales : Neozygitaceae) in cadavers of Mononychellus tanajoae (Acari : Tetranychidae)

To determine the effect of storage on fungal survival, mummified cadavers of the cassava green mite pathogen, Neozygites tanajoae were placed at different conditions of temperature and relative humidity. The best condition for long-term preservation was -10 degrees C. At this condition, the fungus retained viability for 10 years when the experiment was terminated, with a decrease in sporulation with time. Cadavers placed at 4 degrees C and 5% RH sporulated for 2 years, while the fungus survived for only 7 days at 25 degrees C and 50% RH.

Preliminary findings from a new animal model for Peyronie`s disease involving extracorporeal shock waves

To develop an experimental model in rabbits to analyse the efficiency of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for Peyronie`s disease. We used 15 adult male rabbits divided into three equal groups. In group 1 (no penile ESWT) rabbits had three sessions of ESWT with 2000 shocks each (15 kV), but a rubber mat was placed between the shock head and rabbit to protect the penis; the rabbits were killed at 7 days after the last session of ESWT. In group 2 the rabbits had three sessions of ESWT using the same parameters, and were killed immediately after the last session to analyse the penis. In group 3 the rabbits had three sessions of ESWT as before but were killed at 7 days after the last session, and the penile tissue analysed macroscopically and histologically. The results showed clearly that the model was efficient, creating a similar situation to that when applying ESWT in the human penis. All of the rabbits in groups 2 and 3 had haematomas and diffuse petechiae after ESWT, and only four had urethral and penile bleeding. Almost all macroscopic changes disappeared after 48 h and only one rabbit in group 3 after 7 days had a haematoma on the dorsal penile surface. The histology (assessed using haematoxylin and eosin staining) of the cavernous body of the penis showed: unchanged histology in group 1; in group 2 there was a dilated and congested vascular space in the cavernous body, with interstitial extensive bleeding in the dermis; and in group 3 there was an increase in interstitial fibrous tissue in the cavernous septum, with deposition of collagen fibres and thickening of the tunica albuginea. The present model was efficient in producing tissue injury in the normal penis when treated with ESWT, suggesting that this promising model should be considered for use future studies of Peyronie`s disease.

Penile erection induced in vivo by a purified toxin from the Brazilian spider Phoneutria nigriventer

OBJECTIVES To verify the effect on erectile tissue of mice of two neuropeptides extracted from the poison of a spider, Phoneutric nigriventer, (Tx2-5 and -6. termed `eretina`) after direct injection into the corpus cavernosum, to assess the minimum dosage necessary for effect. the time for initiation of action, the local duration of the erection, histological effects and the presence of local and systemic side-effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS When applied intraperitoneally, eretina promotes the relaxation of cavernous smooth muscle, thus causing penile erection. Thirty-five mice were divided in two groups; 10 control mice were injected 20 mu L of saline solution, and in the treated group, 25 mice were divided into groups of five and each subgroup received eretina in decreasing doses (0.024, 0.012, 0.006, 0.003 and 0.0015 mu g/kg) until the minimum dose that produced an erection was determined. After treatment 211 mice were monitored to determine the response and any collateral effects. RESULTS The minimum dose producing an erection was 0.006 mu g/kg, the five mice in this group having evidence of an erection at 35-45 min after injection. The histology of the cavernosum of mice treated with eretina showed dilatation and congestion of the vascular spaces with more blood than in controls. With the minimum dose there were no local or systemic collateral effects and the erection was lost after 120-140 min. CONCLUSION The minimum dose of eretina producing an erection in mice was determined. and the agent was safe for this use as it did not produce any collateral toxic effects. These studies indicate a possible means of determining the mechanism of action of eretina.