Epidemiologia da insónia em adolescentes : do diagnóstico de situação à intervenção

RESUMO - Introdução: Os problemas do sono, designadamente a insónia, os sintomas de insónia, os padrões de sono inadequados e a sonolência diurna, são frequentes na adolescência. Estes problemas estão frequentemente associados a múltiplos fatores, entre os quais estilos de vida e fatores ambientais, e apresentam consequências significativas na vida do adolescente e posteriormente na idade adulta. O sono e as suas perturbações deveriam constituir uma preocupação para os profissionais da saúde e da educação com o objetivo de tornar os hábitos de sono saudáveis num estilo de vida - com benefícios calculáveis como os associados a outros estilos de vida saudáveis (alimentação e exercício físico). Em Portugal, os estudos sobre problemas do sono em adolescentes são escassos, bem como as intervenções individuais e comunitárias no âmbito da higiene do sono. Os objetivos desta investigação foram estimar a prevalência de insónia e de sintomas de insónia em adolescentes, identificar fatores de risco e protetores dos sintomas de insónia, analisar as repercussões dos sintomas de insónia, caracterizar os padrões de sono dos adolescentes do distrito de Viseu e elaborar uma proposta de intervenção destinada à promoção da higiene do sono adaptada às características dos adolescentes do distrito de Viseu. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo transversal onde se avaliaram alunos de vinte e seis escolas públicas do terceiro ciclo e secundário do distrito de Viseu, durante ano letivo 2011/2012. A recolha dos dados foi efetuada através de um questionário autoaplicado e respondido pelos alunos em sala de aula. Foram considerados elegíveis para participar no estudo todos os alunos que frequentassem entre o 7.º e o 12.º ano de escolaridade e tivessem idades entre os 12 e os 18 anos. Dos 9237 questionários distribuídos recolheu-se 7581 (82,1%). Foram excluídos da análise os questionários relativos a adolescentes com idade inferior a 12 ou superior a 18 anos e os questionários devolvidos por preencher. A amostra global foi constituída por 6919 adolescentes, sendo 3668 (53,2%) do sexo feminino. A insónia foi definida com base na presença, no mês prévio, dos sintomas de insónia definidos nos critérios do DSM-IV (dificuldade em adormecer, dificuldade em manter o sono, acordar muito cedo e ter dificuldade em voltar a adormecer e sono não reparador) com uma frequência de pelo menos três vezes por semana e associados a consequências no dia-a-dia. A qualidade de vida foi avaliada com recurso à escala de qualidade de vida SF-36; a sintomatologia depressiva através do Inventário de Depressão de Beck para adolescentes (BDI-II) e a sonolência diurna utilizando a Escala de Sonolência de Epworth (ESE). Para responder ao último objetivo foi elaborada uma proposta de intervenção individual e comunitária no âmbito da higiene do sono. A proposta resulta da evidência científica, dos resultados da presente investigação e de reuniões com profissionais da saúde e da educação. Resultados: No total da amostra, a prevalência de insónia foi de 8,3% e de sintomas de insónia foi de 21,4%. A prevalência de insónia foi superior no sexo feminino (10,1% vs. 5,9%; p<0,001) assim como a prevalência de sintomas de insónia (25,6% vs. 15,8%; p<0,001). Individualmente, todos os sintomas foram mais prevalentes no sexo feminino, sendo a diferença estatisticamente significativa (p<0,001). Em média os adolescentes dormiam, durante a semana, 8:04±1:13 horas. A prevalência de sono insuficiente (< 8 horas) foi de 29%. Apenas 6,4% dos adolescentes indicaram que se deitavam todas as noites à mesma hora. A prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva foi de 20,9% (26,0% nas raparigas e 15,1% nos rapazes, p<0,001). A prevalência de sonolência diurna foi de 33,1%, apresentando o sexo feminino um risco superior (OR=1,40; IC95%: 1,27-1,55). A prevalência de sintomatologia depressiva e de sonolência diurna foi superior entre os adolescentes com sintomas de insónia (48,2% vs. 18,8%, p<0,001 e 42,4% vs. 33,0%, p<0,001, respetivamente). Os adolescentes com sintomas de insónia apresentavam igualmente pior qualidade de vida. Em relação a outras repercussões no dia-a-dia, foram os adolescentes com sintomas de insónia que referiam mais vezes sentir dificuldade em levantar-se de manhã, acordar com cefaleias, acordar cansado e recorrer a medicação para dormir. Nos rapazes os sintomas de insónia associaram-se com o IMC. Após o ajustamento para o sexo e idade com recurso à regressão logística verificou-se uma associação entre sintomas de insónia e sexo feminino [OR ajustado(idade)= 1,82; IC95%: 1,56-2,13], idade ≥16 anos [OR ajustado(sexo)= 1,17; IC95%: 1,01-1,35], residência urbana (OR ajustado= 1,30; IC95%: 1,04-1,63), consumo de café (OR ajustado= 1,40; IC95%: 1,20-1,63), consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (OR ajustado= 1,21; IC95%: 1,03-1,41) e sintomatologia depressiva (OR ajustado= 3,59; IC95%: 3,04-4,24). Quanto à escolaridade dos pais, verificou-se uma redução do risco com o aumento da escolaridade dos pais (5º-6º ano OR ajustado= 0,82; IC95%: 0,64- 1,05; 7º-12º ano OR ajustado= 0,77; IC95%: 0,61-0,97; >12º ano OR ajustado= 0,64; IC95%: 0,47-0,87). Após uma análise multivariada, o modelo preditivo para a ocorrência de sintomas de insónia incluiu as variáveis sexo feminino, viver em meio urbano, consumir café e apresentar sintomatologia depressiva. Este modelo apresenta uma especificidade de 84,2% e uma sensibilidade de 63,6%. O sono insuficiente associou-se, após ajuste para o sexo e idade, com o ano de escolaridade, estado civil dos pais, determinados estilos de vida (consumo de café, tabagismo, consumo de álcool, consumo de outras drogas, sair à noite, presença de TV no quarto e número de horas despendido a ver televisão e no computador), latência do sono, sesta > 30 minutos, horários de sono irregulares e com a toma de medicamentos para dormir. Os resultados deste estudo constituem um diagnóstico de situação relativamente aos problemas de sono em adolescentes no distrito de Viseu. Tendo por base os princípios da Carta de Ottawa relativamente à promoção da saúde, a proposta elaborada visa a implementação de estratégias de prevenção agrupadas em intervenções individuais, comunitárias e sobre os planos curriculares. As intervenções baseiam-se na utilização das tecnologias da informação e comunicação, no contexto da nova arquitetura na esfera pública da saúde conducente aos sistemas personalizados de informação em saúde (SPIS). Conclusões: Registou-se uma elevada prevalência de insónia e sintomas de insónia entre os adolescentes do distrito de Viseu, superior no sexo feminino. A presença de sintomas de insónia esteve associada, sobretudo, a determinados estilos de vida e à ausência de higiene do sono. Os problemas de sono em adolescentes, devido à sua frequência e repercussões, devem constituir uma preocupação em termos de saúde pública e constituir uma prioridade nas estratégias de educação para a saúde. Os 9 princípios da intervenção delineada visam uma abordagem preventiva de problemas de sono - através da ação conjunta de profissionais da saúde e da educação, de elementos da comunidade e com o indispensável envolvimento dos adolescentes e da família -, procurando instituir os hábitos de sono saudáveis como um estilo de vida.

Endoscopic and surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children. Comparative long-term follow-up.

PRINCIPLES: This retrospective study analyzes the long-term results of endoscopic and surgical treatment of vesico-ureteral reflux in children. METHODS: A cohort of 130 patients, 67 girls and 63 boys with a mean age of 30 months were treated either by endoscopic subureteral collagen injection (SCIN) in 92 and by Cohen reimplantation surgery in 123 refluxing ureteral units. Mean follow-up was 4.2 years varying from 1 to 8.7 years. Reflux recurrence, urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal function were evaluated. RESULTS: After SCIN reflux was absent in 64% at 6 months. 20% of the initially 92 refluxing ureters were injected twice. After one or two injections reflux was absent in 71%. In 21% recurrent reflux was of grade I or II, not requiring further treatment. UTI was observed in 27%. After Cohen ureteral reimplantation reflux was absent in 96% at 6 months. UTI was observed in 23%. Renal function at diagnosis and follow-up was compared in children with bilateral grade III reflux only. In patients treated with SCIN it was normal in 77% preoperatively and in 90% at follow-up. In patients treated by open surgery it was normal in 47% preoperatively and in 76% at follow-up. CONCLUSION: For high-grade vesico-ureteral reflux re-implantation surgery remains the gold standard. SCIN is indicated for low and medium grade reflux. Recurrent bacteriuria was observed more often after SCIN and pyelonephritis more often after open surgery. The renal function seems to be preserved with both techniques.

Adolescent girls and mathematics: classroom performance, attitudes toward mathematics and perceptions of parental attitudes /

The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which gender differences exist in student attitudes toward mathematics and in their performance in mathematics at the Grade Seven and Eight level. The study also questioned how parents influence the attitudes of this grade level of male and female students toward mathematics. Historically, the literature has demonstrated gender differences in the attitudes of students toward mathematics, and in parental support for classroom performance in mathematics. This study was an attempt to examine these differences at one senior public school in the Peel Board of Education. One hundred three Grade Seven and Eight students at a middle school in the Peel Board of Education volunteered to take part in a survey that examined their attitudes toward mathematics, their perceptions of their parents' attitudes toward mathematics and support for good performance in the mathematics classroom, parental expectations for education and future career choices. Gender differences related to performance levels in the mathematics classroom were examined using Pearson contingency analyses. Items from the survey that showed significant differences involved confidence in mathematics and confidence in writing mathematics tests, as well as a belief in the ability to work on mathematics problems. Male students in both the high and low performance groups demonstrated higher levels of confidence than the females in those groups. Female students, however, indicated interest in careers that would require training and knowledge of higher mathematics. Some of the reasons given to explain the gender differences in confidence levels included socialization pressures on females, peer acceptance, and attribution of success. Perceived parental support showed no significant differences across gender groups or performance levels. Possible explanations dealt with the family structure of the participants in the study. Studies that, in the past, have demonstrated gender differences in confidence levels were supported by this study, and discussed in detail. Studies that reported on differences in parental support for student performance, based on the gender of the parent, were not confirmed by this study, and reasons for this were also discussed. The implications for the classroom include: 1) build on the female students' strengths that will allow them to enjoy their experiences in mathematics; 2) stop using the boys as a comparison group; and 3) make students more aware of the need to continue studying mathematics to ensure a wider choice of future careers.

A Temporal Analysis of Emotions in Girls' Secondary School Physical Education Games and Fitness Classes

Female enthusiasm towards engaging in physical education (PE) significantly decreases with age as it provides females with positive and negative emotional experiences. This study examined emotions within four grade nine female PE soccer and fitness classes (N = 67). Emotional patterns were studied over time and across two units of instruction and in relation to student grades. A mixed-method approach was utilized assessing the state emotions of shame, enjoyment, anxiety, and social physique anxiety (SPA). Results revealed unsatisfactory internal consistency for shame and thus it was removed. Statistical analysis revealed no significant changes in emotions over time, whereas qualitative analysis found that state emotions were inconsistent. Statistical analysis indicated that students in the fitness classes reported significantly higher levels of anxiety and SPA on the final class (p < .01). Qualitative analysis signaled different origins and themes of students‟ emotions. No predictive relationship between emotion and students‟ grade was found.

The Co-occurrence of Depressive Symptoms and Alcohol Use for Adolescent Boys and Girls: An Investigation of the Role of Self-Regulation and Approach Behavior

While many studies have been conducted on adolescent depressive symptoms and alcohol use, much of the research has examined these behaviors separately rather than examining their co-occurrence within individuals. In the present study, adolescents (N = 4412; 49% female) were surveyed at four time points (grade 9, 10, 11, and 12) and growth mixture modeling was used to identify groups of individuals reporting various patterns of depressive symptoms and alcohol use across the high school years. Four groups were identified, including co-occurrence (higher depressive symptoms and higher alcohol use relative to peers, comprising 6.1 % of boys and 7.1 % of the girls in the sample), pure depressive symptoms (higher depressive symptoms and lower alcohol use; 12.7% of boys and 12.5% of girls), pure alcohol use (higher alcohol use and lower depressive symptoms; 20.9% of boys and 19.9% of girls), and low co-occurrence (lower depressive symptoms and alcohol use, 60.3% of boys and 60.5% of girls). Groups were compared on self-regulatory (i.e., delay of gratification) and approach behaviors. For both boys and girls, delay of gratification was the strongest predictor of group membership, with the co-occurrence group scoring the lowest and the low co-occurrence group the highest. This finding emphasizes the importance of assessing delay of gratification in the identification of high risk youth.

How are Girls' Attitudes Toward Cyberbullying Affected by Drama for Social Intervention?

This is a study exploring teenaged girls’ understanding and experiences of cyberbullying as a contemporary social phenomenon. Participants included 4 Grade 11 and 12 girls from a medium-sized independent school in southwestern Ontario, Canada. The girls participated in 9 extracurricular study sessions from January to April 2013. During the sessions, they engaged with Drama for Social Intervention (Clark, 2009; Conrad, 2004; Lepp, 2011) activities with the intended goal of producing a collective creation. Qualitative data were collected throughout the sessions using fieldnotes, participant journals, interviews, and participant artefacts. The findings are presented as an ethnodrama (Campbell & Conrad, 2006; Denzin, 2003; Saldaña, 1999) with each thematic statement forming a title of a scene in the script (Rogers, Frellick, & Babinski, 2002). The study found that girl identity online consists of many disconnected avatars. It also suggested that distancing (Eriksson, 2011) techniques, used to engender safety in Drama for Social Intervention, might have contributed to participant disengagement with the study’s content. Implications for further research included the utility of arts-based methods to promote participants’ feelings of growth and reflection, and a reevaluation of cyberbullying discourses to better reflect girls’ multiple avatar identities. Implications for teachers and administrators encompassed a need for preventative approaches to cyberbullying education, incorporating affective empathy-building (Ang & Goh, 2010) and addressing girls’ feelings of safety in perceived anonymity online.

Représentations sociales du diabète chez des jeunes francophones en milieu scolaire au Nouveau-Brunswick

La présente étude vise à décrire les représentations sociales que des jeunes francophones en santé au Nouveau-Brunswick ont à l’égard du diabète. Cette étude découle d’un partenariat, initié entre l’Université de Moncton et divers organismes et collèges communautaires du Nouveau-Brunswick, qui ont identifié l’importance d’intervenir auprès des jeunes francophones en milieu scolaire pour prévenir le diabète. La théorie des représentations sociales est le cadre théorique utilisé pour décrire la vision que les jeunes ont du diabète, de son origine et des facteurs associés à sa prévention. À notre connaissance, cette étude est la première à examiner le concept du diabète chez des adolescents non atteints de diabète. Hypothèse principale: étant donné que l’expérience que les adolescents ont du diabète est limitée à leur environnement social et qu’ils ont de la difficulté à définir les concepts de santé et de maladie, ils ne seront pas capables de décrire le diabète en profondeur. Pour ce faire, des groupes de discussion, incluant une technique d’association libre, ont été réalisés, entre novembre et décembre 2005, auprès d’adolescents de 5e, 8e et 10e année recrutés dans quatre écoles francophones du Nouveau-Brunswick (Districts 1 et 11). Les réponses des élèves aux groupes de discussion et à l’association libre ont été classées dans des catégories et sous-catégories (analyse de contenu), et des tests de Khi-deux et de «Fisher» ont permis de déterminer les différences entre les sexes et les niveaux scolaires. Cent-trente adolescents (70 filles et 60 garçons) de 5e (n=44), 8e (n=46) et 10e année (n=40) ont participé à 19 groupes de discussion. Lors de l’activité d’association libre, les catégories les plus fréquemment mentionnées étaient : sucre (cité par 66% des participants), traitement (48%), nature du diabète (45%), nutrition (41%), sang (38%), complications (18%), manifestations physiologiques (11%), obésité (6%) et activité physique (6%). Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les sexes mais les élèves de 10e année ont cité plus fréquemment les catégories «traitement», «sang» et «obésité». Lors des groupes de discussion, les adolescents ont décrit le diabète comme une maladie (13/19 groupes) reliée au sucre (15/19 groupes) et au sang (13/19 groupes). Cependant, seulement quelques groupes ont discuté en profondeur de la nature du diabète (ex.: rôle de l’insuline et pancréas), des types de diabète (types 1 et 2) et des symptômes et des complications. Ils ont aussi cité ce que les gens atteints de diabète devaient faire pour traiter leur diabète (ex.: manger bien: 18 groupes; se piquer: 17 groupes; prendre des pilules: 5 groupes; et faire de l’activité physique: 5 groupes), mais ils n’ont pas discuté des stratégies à entreprendre pour y arriver. Les représentations de l’origine du diabète incluaient l’hérédité et l’âge (13/19 groupes), l’obésité et l’alimentation (12/19 groupes) et l’activité physique (13/19 groupes). Dans la moitié des groupes, les adolescents ont mentionné se sentir à risque de diabète; les filles plus que les garçons. Treize groupes ont fait référence aux comportements observés chez des diabétiques connus, ce qui démontre l’importance de l’environnement social sur les représentations. Les résultats de cette étude appuient l’hypothèse que les adolescents sont limités dans leur description du diabète en matière de définitions, origines et prévention du diabète. Ces résultats fournissent des pistes de réflexion aux professionnels de la santé pour identifier le contenu et les stratégies que devraient contenir les programmes éducatifs en matière de prévention du diabète chez les jeunes.

Les caractéristiques des agresseurs comme facteurs de risque associés au développement du sentiment de solitude chez les adolescents victimes de harcèlement par les pairs

La présente étude vise à examiner dans quelle mesure le sexe ainsi que les caractéristiques comportementales et relationnelles des agresseurs permettent de rendre compte de l’augmentation, sur une période d’un an, du sentiment de solitude chez les victimes de harcèlement par les pairs au secondaire. L’échantillon est composé de 538 élèves de secondaire I et II de la région de Montréal. Au cours de deux années consécutives, le niveau de victimisation des élèves ainsi que l’identité et les caractéristiques des agresseurs (i.e.: sexe, agressivité, popularité et victimisation) ont été évalués à partir de mesures auto-révélées et de procédures de nominations par les pairs. Les résultats démontrent, qu’au-delà de la fréquence à laquelle les élèves sont victimisés, le sexe des agresseurs permet de rendre compte de l’augmentation à travers le temps du sentiment de solitude chez les filles et les garçons. Plus spécifiquement, le nombre d’agresseurs féminins identifiés par les élèves constitue un facteur de risque étroitement lié au développement du sentiment de solitude. Par ailleurs, les caractéristiques des agresseurs ne sont pas associées à l’accroissement du sentiment de solitude à travers le temps. Cependant, le fait de se faire agresser par des élèves qui présentent des difficultés d’ajustement social importantes (i.e. : agressifs et victimisés) est associé de manière concomitante à un moins fort sentiment de solitude. La discussion aborde les processus intra- et interpersonnels permettant d’expliquer pourquoi les sentiments de solitude associés à la victimisation par les pairs sont susceptibles de varier en fonction des caractéristiques des agresseurs.

L'évolution des comportements d'agressivité physique de la petite enfance à l'âge scolaire : le rôle des relations d'amitié en début de scolarisation

Cette thèse avait pour objectif d’examiner les liens longitudinaux entre les relations d’amitié et l’évolution des comportements d’agressivité physique en début de scolarisation. Guidé par les principes énoncés par les théoriciens de l’apprentissage social, de l’attachement, du développement de la personnalité et de la théorie du jugement moral, le rôle principal et modérateur de certaines dimensions spécifiques à la qualité de la relation d’amitié, ainsi que des attributs comportementaux des amis et des caractéristiques personnelles de l’enfant a été évalué. Des données provenant de l’Étude Longitudinale du Développement des Enfants du Québec (ELDEQ), de l’Étude des Jumeaux nouveau-nés du Québec (EJNQ) et de l’évaluation des effets d’un programme d’intervention dyadique ont été analysées. Les mesures utilisées dans cette thèse ont été collectées entre la maternelle et la 2e année du primaire, soit de 5 à 8 ans, directement auprès des enfants, de leurs amis, leurs pairs, leurs parents et leurs enseignants par le biais de questionnaires, d’entrevues sociométriques et de mises en situation hypothétiques. En lien avec la perspective de l’apprentissage social, les résultats ont montré que l’association à des amis agressifs en maternelle est liée à une augmentation des comportements d’agressivité physique chez l’enfant. Cependant, en lien avec les théories du développement de la personnalité et la perspective de l’attachement, le fait d’établir une relation d’amitié de bonne qualité est reliée à une diminution des comportements agressifs à travers le temps. De plus, une interaction entre la qualité de la relation et les attributs comportementaux des amis a indiqué que le risque lié à l’association à des amis agressifs est atténué dans le contexte d’une relation d’amitié de bonne qualité. Les résultats indiquent également que chez les garçons, la présence de conflits entre amis à la maternelle est associée de façon linéaire à de plus hauts niveaux de comportements agressifs, indépendamment du risque génétique de l’enfant face à cette problématique. Une interaction triple a par ailleurs révélé que le conflit n’était pas lié à une augmentation de l’agressivité physique dans le contexte d’une relation d’amitié caractérisée par l’affect positif et une bonne capacité à régler les conflits. Enfin, les résultats ont montré un effet indirect d’une intervention dyadique sur la diminution des comportements d’agressivité physique, qui opère à travers l’amélioration de la capacité des amis à régler leurs conflits. Ces résultats appuient le rôle bénéfique de la qualité de la relation d’amitié sur l’évolution des manifestations de comportements d’agressivité physique et suggèrent que cet aspect relationnel soit pris en compte dans les programmes de prévention des conduites agressives. En somme, la mise en évidence d’associations et d’interactions significatives entre la qualité des relations d’amitié, les attributs comportementaux des amis et les manifestations de comportements d’agressivité physique en début de scolarisation suggère que certains aspects et dimensions relationnelles positives peuvent être bénéfiques au développement des enfants agressifs. La prévention du maintien et de l’aggravation des conduites agressives par l’entremise de l’amélioration de la qualité des relations d’amitié représente une avenue prometteuse.

Is Breast Asymmetry Present in Girls with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis?

Study Design Cross-sectional descriptive study. Objectives To characterize breast asymmetry (BA), as defined by breast volume difference, in girls with significant adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Summary and Background BA is a frequent concern among girls with AIS. It is commonly believed that this results from chest wall deformity. Although many women exhibit physiological BA, the prevalence is not known in adolescents and it remains unclear if it is more frequent in AIS. Breasts vary in shape and size and many ways of measuring them have been explored. MRI shows the highest precision at defining breast tissue. Methods Thirty patients were enrolled on the basis of their thoracic curvature, skeletal and breast maturity, without regard to their perception on their BA. MRI acquisitions were performed in prone with a 1.5-Tesla system using a 16-channel breast coil. Segmentation was achieved using the ITK-SNAP 2.4.0 software and subsequently manually refined. Results The mean left breast volume (528.32 ± 205.96 cc) was greater compared with the mean right breast volume (495.18 ± 170.16 cc) with a significant difference between them. The mean BA was found to be 8.32% ± 6.43% (p < .0001). A weak positive correlation was observed between BA and thoracic Cobb angle (0.177, p = .349) as well as thoracic gibbosity angle (0.289, p = .122). The left breast was consistently larger in 65.5% of the patients. Twenty patients (66.7%) displayed BA ≥5%. Conclusions We have described BA in patients with significant AIS using MRI. This method is feasible, objective, and very precise. The majority of patients had a larger left breast, which could compound the apparent BA secondary to trunk rotation. In many cases, BA is present independently of thoracic deformity. This knowledge will assist in counseling AIS patients in regards to their concerns with BA.

Correlación entre perfil psicomotor y rendimiento lógico-matemático en niños de 4 a 8 años

Objetivo: determinar la correlación entre el perfil psicomotor y el rendimiento lógico-matemáticoen los niños entre 4 y 8 años. Materiales y métodos: estudio de corte transversal en 389niños y niñas estudiantes de ocho instituciones educativas públicas de la ciudad de Barranquillay del municipio de Puerto Colombia. Se evaluó el perfil psicomotor con la batería de Vítor DaFonseca y el rendimiento lógico-matemático mediante el promedio académico durante el períodode la medición. Se calculó la media aritmética, la desviación estándar y las proporciones, asícomo el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson. Resultados: la media para la edad fue 5,5±1,2años. Un60% fue de sexo femenino. Se encontró una correlación entre el perfil psicomotor y elrendimiento lógico-matemático de 0,12 (p=0,01). Conclusiones: existe una correlación directaentre el perfil psicomotor y el rendimiento lógico-matemático.