Relier les mesures d'atténuation et d'adaptation aux changements climatiques : la situation des régions côtières du Québec

Les conséquences associées aux changements climatiques peuvent déjà être perçues dans différents secteurs socio-économiques. Tel est le cas des zones côtières. Afin d’assurer la pérennité des populations dans les régions insulaires, différentes mesures d’adaptation côtières peuvent être utilisées. Or, ces mesures peuvent parfois manquer de vision à long terme et d’intégration de l’autre type de réaction aux changements climatiques soit l’atténuation. La difficulté à relier adaptation et atténuation est présente dans plusieurs secteurs, dont les zones côtières. La situation dans les territoires Québécois maritimes (plus précisément les côtes de la Côte-Nord, du Bas- Saint-Laurent et de la Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine) est semblable à celle observée ailleurs, mais demeure unique étant donné la composition de ses côtes, l’évolution démographique de ces municipalités et son économie fortement basée sur le tourisme et l’industrie des pêches. Les principaux enjeux retrouvés dans ces territoires sont associés au tourisme, à l’industrie de la pêche, à la densité humaine et aux infrastructures qui en découlent ou au milieu naturel. Ces enjeux présentent différentes vulnérabilités face au changement climatique côtier auxquelles les municipalités doivent s’adapter. Les mesures d’adaptation côtières implantées au Québec peuvent être divisées en deux grandes catégories : les mesures techniques et les mesures règlementaires et politiques. Or, afin de s’adapter adéquatement les municipalités doivent faire preuve de multidisciplinarité et combiner les différentes techniques disponibles, ceci peut présenter une difficulté notable. La situation canadienne à l’extérieur du Québec est similaire pour les territoires Atlantiques Canadiens. Du côté du Pacifique, les types de menaces surviennent dans des proportions différentes à celles de l’Est. De façon générale, les provinces les plus à risques de la hausse du niveau des mers sont aussi celles qui utilisent principalement des mesures de protection d’urgence, optant pour une vision à court terme, ceci incluant le Québec. Le cadre législatif encadrant les territoires côtiers québécois du Golfe est complexe. En effet, il s’agit d’une combinaison de lois et règlements fédéraux et provinciaux qui s’entrecoupent, étant donné l’entrecroisement des compétences gouvernemental dans ce secteur. Ceci peut compliquer d’avantages le travail des municipalités québécoises. Afin de faciliter l’implantation de mesures d’adaptation considérant l’atténuation, les municipalités côtières québécoises pourraient développer un cadre d’évaluation des différentes mesures.

RAIMOUEST : la pêcherie française de raies dans le golfe normand-breton

The landing ban of Raja undulata has raised misunderstanding for French fishermen, particularly for those fishing in the Norman‐Breton gulf (Southeast of ICES Division VIIe) where this species is very abundant. In this context, the RAIMOUEST project was launched as a professional and scientist partnership in order to enhance fisheries data on the main ray species caught in the Norman-Breton Gulf (Raja undulata, Raja brachyura, Raja clavata, Raja montagui and Raja microocellata). The French ray fisheries fleet was identified and a sample of fishermen involved in rays fishing was interviewed. Landings and effort data (logbooks), auctions sales and sampling at sea aboard professional fishing vessels were analysed. This working document presents the current results of this study. The French fleet concerned by ray fishing in the Normand-Breton Gulf in 2012 was composed of 289 vessels, mainly coastal trawlers/dredgers and small length size netters and longliners. R. undulata is the main ray species in this area. This species seems to form a local stock in the Normand-Breton Gulf with some continuity in the Eastern English Channel and the Western part of the Western English Channel. Three ways of analysis were used to provide an indicative level of R. undulata stock: French landings before 2009 were estimated at least at 300 tons in the Western English Channel (VIIe) and 160 tons in the Normand-Breton Gulf; sales at auctions of the Basse-Normandie fleet before 2009 were estimated at 235 tons in the western English Channel and 35 tons in the eastern English Channel (VIId); discards by the French bottom trawl fleet in ICES Division VIIe in 2012 and 2013 were estimated at 750 tons. Information on the spatial distribution of the other ray species in the English Channel was also provided. The coastal localisation of nursery for R. undulata and R. clavata was highlighted.

Frugivory and seed dispersal of golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia (Linnaeus, 1766)) in a forest fragment in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

The influence of the golden lion tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) as a seed disperser was studied by monitoring two groups of tamarins from December 1998 to December 2000 (871.9 hours of observations) in a forest fragment in south-east Brazil. The tamarins consumed fruits of 57 species from at least 17 families. They ingested the seeds of 39 species, and 23 of these were put to germinate in the laboratory and/or in the field. L. rosalia is a legitimate seed disperser because the seeds of all species tested germinated after ingestion, albeit some in low percentages. These primates do not show a consistent effect in final seed germination, because they benefit some species while damaging others. Feces were examined for seeds that had been preyed upon or digested.

Coastal photograph: Aber Wrac'h, Pays du Léon, Bretagne

Aber Wrac’h, Pays du Léon, Bretagne. Aber Wrac’h, Bretagne, France, on 10 March 2004 at 13:30 (low tide) looking North (downstream) towards the Aber mouth and open sea between Lannilis and Plougerneau, Pays des Abers, Pays du Le´on. The word "Aber" is Britton (Breton) for a "fjord"-like estuary. Located on the Channel, the region "Pays des Abers" includes several deep incisions in the coastlines. The best known ‘‘Abers’’ are the Aber Wrac’h and Aber Benoit in the Pays du Léon, Finistere Nord.

A description of adaptive and maladaptive behaviour in children and adolescents with Cri-du-chat syndrome

Background Psychological tests can be useful to record adaptive and maladaptive behaviours of children with intellectual disability. The objective of this study was to describe the adaptive and maladaptive behaviour of children and adolescents with Cri-du-chat syndrome. Methods The sample consisted of 10 children and adolescents with Cri-du-chat syndrome (mean chronological age = 11.3 years, mean mental age = 18 months). The developmental quotient was calculated through the Psychoeducational Profile - Revised. An observational protocol was used to record adaptive and maladaptive behaviours. Results The number of maladaptive behaviours observed was different among participants. However, all of them had high rates of adaptive behaviours, such as rule-following. Conclusions These results, though preliminary, justify that we continue to think about the need for psychoeducational interventions aimed at stimulating the repertoire of adaptive behaviours, in people with Cri-du-chat syndrome.

A Comparison of the Home Range Sizes of Mainland and Island Populations of Black-Faced Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus caissara) Using Different Spatial Analysis

The critically endangered black-faced lion tamarin, Leontopithecus caissara, has a restricted geographical distribution consisting of small mainland and island populations, each with distinct habitats in coastal southeastern Brazil. Necessary conservation management actions require an assessment of whether differences in habitats are reflected in use of space by the species. We studied two tamarin groups on the mainland at Sao Paulo state between August 2005 and March 2007, and compared the results with data from Superagui Island. Three home range estimators were used: minimum convex polygon (MCP), Kernel, and the new technique presented dissolved monthly polygons (DMP). These resulted, respectively, in home ranges of 345, 297, and 282 ha for the 12-month duration of the study. Spatial overlap of mainland groups was extensive, whereas temporal overlap was not, a pattern that indicates resource partitioning is an important strategy to avoid intraspecific competition. L. caissara large home ranges seem to be dynamic, with constant incorporation of new areas and abandonment of others through time. The main difference between mainland and island groups is the amount and variety of sleeping sites. A better understanding of the home range sizes, day range lengths, and territorial behavior of this species will aid in developing better management strategies for its protection. Additionally, the presented DMP protocol is a useful improvement over the MCP method as it results in more realistic home range sizes for wildlife species. Am. J. Primatol. 73: 1114-1126, 2011. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Chronic draining mandibular fistula in a Californian Sea Lion

A male Californian Sea Lion with a chronic draining mandibular fistula had failed to respond to conventional treatments. This was effectively treated by endodontic therapy utilising calcium hydroxide to seal the apex and glass ionomer cement to obturate the root canal of the canine tooth.