La orientación y formación para el empleo de las personas inmigrantes desde los Centros de Orientación Universitarios (COIE)-UNED. 'Inmigrants guidance and training for employment at University guidance centers (COIE)-UNED'.

Resumen tomado de la publicación. Con el apoyo económico del departamento MIDE de la UNED

Medición del empleo y de los ingresos rurales = Measurement of employment and income in rural areas

Incluye Bibliografía

Los recursos hídricos y la agricultura en el Istmo Centroamericano

Incluye Bibliografía

México: evolución económica durante 2007 y perspectivas para 2008

Incluye Bibliografía

The manufacture of basic industrial equipment in Argentina: III: Generation and transmission of electric power = Estudios sobre la fabricación de equipos industriales de base en la Argentina: III: Generación y transmisión de energía eléctrica

Includes bibliography

Participación de la juventud en el desarrollo de América Latina: problemas y políticas relativos a su inserción en la fuerza de trabajo y a sus posibilidades de educación y empleo = Participation of youth in the development process of Latin America: problems and policies regarding labour force insertion, education and employment opportunities

Incluye Bibliografía

Inclusive social development: The next generation of policies for overcoming poverty and reducing inequality in Latin America and the Caribbean

Foreword by Alicia Bárcena

Mercado laboral y desarrollo territorial : San Luis y Cuyo

El Desarrollo Local Territorial es un proceso endógeno de construcción social que apunta a la generación de capacidades locales aprovechando los recursos territoriales para fortalecer el entramado socio-institucional y el sistema económico-productivo y movilizarlos para mejorar la calidad de vida de una comunidad. Un aspecto relevante, de cara al Desarrollo Local, es conocer la estructura y evolución de la población, el perfil del mercado de trabajo, así como los principales problemas de empleo en la zona en consideración. La Región de Cuyo, integrada históricamente por las provincias de Mendoza, San Juan y San Luis, presenta singularidades tanto en sus perfiles productivos como en su desarrollo económico. En particular, la Provincia de San Luis se caracteriza fuertemente por la aplicación de una sostenida política pública de reducción de los efectos de desempleo e inequidad que se manifestaron profundamente desde la devaluación de la moneda. En ese sentido, este trabajo -que continúa y actualiza la línea de un estudio previo relacionado con la Región Centro Ampliada, elaborado con datos provisorios del Censo 2010- pretende aportar al estudio del mercado laboral de la Región Cuyo y su relación con el desarrollo territorial, elaborando un diagnóstico de las provincias involucradas. Como fuente principal de información, se utiliza la Base de Microdatos de la eph, que releva y publica el indec, para el período comprendido entre 2003 y 2011 y datos definitivos del Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010

Mercado laboral y desarrollo territorial : San Luis y Cuyo

El Desarrollo Local Territorial es un proceso endógeno de construcción social que apunta a la generación de capacidades locales aprovechando los recursos territoriales para fortalecer el entramado socio-institucional y el sistema económico-productivo y movilizarlos para mejorar la calidad de vida de una comunidad. Un aspecto relevante, de cara al Desarrollo Local, es conocer la estructura y evolución de la población, el perfil del mercado de trabajo, así como los principales problemas de empleo en la zona en consideración. La Región de Cuyo, integrada históricamente por las provincias de Mendoza, San Juan y San Luis, presenta singularidades tanto en sus perfiles productivos como en su desarrollo económico. En particular, la Provincia de San Luis se caracteriza fuertemente por la aplicación de una sostenida política pública de reducción de los efectos de desempleo e inequidad que se manifestaron profundamente desde la devaluación de la moneda. En ese sentido, este trabajo -que continúa y actualiza la línea de un estudio previo relacionado con la Región Centro Ampliada, elaborado con datos provisorios del Censo 2010- pretende aportar al estudio del mercado laboral de la Región Cuyo y su relación con el desarrollo territorial, elaborando un diagnóstico de las provincias involucradas. Como fuente principal de información, se utiliza la Base de Microdatos de la eph, que releva y publica el indec, para el período comprendido entre 2003 y 2011 y datos definitivos del Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010

Mercado laboral y desarrollo territorial : San Luis y Cuyo

El Desarrollo Local Territorial es un proceso endógeno de construcción social que apunta a la generación de capacidades locales aprovechando los recursos territoriales para fortalecer el entramado socio-institucional y el sistema económico-productivo y movilizarlos para mejorar la calidad de vida de una comunidad. Un aspecto relevante, de cara al Desarrollo Local, es conocer la estructura y evolución de la población, el perfil del mercado de trabajo, así como los principales problemas de empleo en la zona en consideración. La Región de Cuyo, integrada históricamente por las provincias de Mendoza, San Juan y San Luis, presenta singularidades tanto en sus perfiles productivos como en su desarrollo económico. En particular, la Provincia de San Luis se caracteriza fuertemente por la aplicación de una sostenida política pública de reducción de los efectos de desempleo e inequidad que se manifestaron profundamente desde la devaluación de la moneda. En ese sentido, este trabajo -que continúa y actualiza la línea de un estudio previo relacionado con la Región Centro Ampliada, elaborado con datos provisorios del Censo 2010- pretende aportar al estudio del mercado laboral de la Región Cuyo y su relación con el desarrollo territorial, elaborando un diagnóstico de las provincias involucradas. Como fuente principal de información, se utiliza la Base de Microdatos de la eph, que releva y publica el indec, para el período comprendido entre 2003 y 2011 y datos definitivos del Censo Nacional de Población, Hogares y Viviendas 2010

Estrategias determinantes para la competitividad de un destino de sol y playa. El caso de Mazatlán, Sinaloa, México

El presente estudio se realizó con el propósito de dar un entendimiento global de la situación actual en lo referente a la competitividad de Mazatlán como destino turístico; conocer las particularidades del destino permite aplicar procedimientos innovadores y participativos en la búsqueda de competitividad, lo que favorece un mejor desarrollo turístico. El principal valor de esta investigación radica en la necesidad de identificar las estrategias para lograr competitividad y convertir el turismo de sol y playa en una palanca de desarrollo económico y generadora de empleos. El estudio se realizó bajo la perspectiva metodológica cualitativa ejecutada a través de diferentes métodos; por un lado, el enfoque de triangulación implicó análisis documental para contextualizar la competitividad turística del destino y por otro lado, análisis de datos generados de las discusiones en grupos focales con los actores de la actividad turística del destino. Se revisaron los fundamentos teóricos de la competitividad sistémica, con referencia especial al Índice de Competitividad Sistémica de las Ciudades Mexicanas (ICSar-ciudades) únicamente para definir indicadores o categorías analíticas que fueron incluidos en la discusión (marco regulatorio, ambiente de negocios e infraestructura y recursos humanos, culturales y naturales). Entre los principales resultados, se destaca la necesidad empaquetar los atractivos turísticos del destino, lo cual permita constituir un producto turístico, tarifado y publicado como un elemento completo; la necesidad de contar con adecuados canales de distribución y comercialización; un adecuado sistema de movilidad en el destino que cubra las necesidades de los turistas; el fortalecimiento de la infraestructura turística para maximizar los flujos turísticos; colaboración de todos los niveles de gobierno e Instituciones, sectores públicos o privados en el diseño e implementación de planes de marketing.

Respuestas sindicales ante el desafío de la empresa-red: sector petroquímico y nuclear

El modelo de empresa-red constituye un desafío para los sistemas de relaciones laborales. Dicho modelo cuestiona el papel de las instituciones colectivas de trabajo, concebidas históricamente en el marco de una organización integrada verticalmente según el modelo fordista. En efecto, la empresa dispersa o el recurso a la subcontratación son contextos cada vez más habituales, en los cuales la organización del trabajo se encuentra disociada de la empresa en sentido jurídico y patrimonial, y donde se establecen relaciones de trabajo triangulares de facto entre empresa principal, empresa de servicios y trabajadores. La búsqueda de respuestas a esta problemática apunta a la reconstrucción de solidaridades entre los trabajadores, pasando por la acción de los representantes de los trabajadores. A partir de un estudio de casos llevado a cabo en dos industrias de flujo, la industria nuclear y la petroquímica, este artículo se propone analizar los efectos de la triangulación de la relación salarial a nivel de planta, y dos procesos experimentales de organización sindical y de negociación colectiva territorial que buscan dar respuesta a la problemática de la subcontratación. El artículo analiza los resultados y límites de dichas experiencias para reconstruir una “comunidad de trabajo” inclusiva de los trabajadores subcontratistas.

The new world of work and employment: fitness workers and what they want from the employment relationship

This paper reports on an empirically based study of the Queensland (Australia) health and fitness industry over 15 years (1993 -2008). This study traces the development of the new occupation of fitness instructor in a service industry which has evolved si nce the 1980s and is embedded in values of consumption and individualism. It is the new world of work. The data from the 1993 study was historically significant, capturing the conditions o f employment in an unregulated setting prior to the introduction of the first industrial a ward in that industry in 1994. Fitness workers bargained directly with employers over all a spects of the employment relationship without the constraints of industrial regulation or the presence of trade unions. The substantive outcomes of the employment relationship were a direct reflection of m anagerial prerogative and worker orientation and preference, and did not reflect the rewards and outcomes traditionally found in Australian workplaces. While the focus of the 1993 research was on exploring the employment relationship in a deregulated environment, an unusual phenomenon was identified: fitness workers happily trading-off what would be considere d standard working conditions for the opportunity to work (‘take the stage’). Since then, several streams of literature have evolved providing a new context for understanding this phenomenon in the fitness industry, including: the sociology of the body (Shilling 1993; Turner 1996); emotional (Hochschild 1984) and aesthetic labour (Warhurst et al 2000); the so cial relations of production and space (Lefebvre 1991; Moss 1995); body history (Helps 2007); the sociology of consumption (Saunders 1988; Baudrillard 1998; Ritzer 2004); and work identity (Du Gay 1996; Strangleman 2004). The 2008 survey instrument replicated the 1993 study but was additionally informed b y the new literature. Surveys were sent to 310 commercial fitness centres and 4,800 fitness workers across Queensland. Worker orientation appears unchanged, and industry working conditions still seem atypical despite regulation si nce 1994. We argue that for many fitness workers the goal is to gain access to the fitness centre economy. For this they are willing to trade-off standard conditions of employment, and exchange traditional employm ent rewards for m ore intrinsic psycho-social rewards gained the through e xp o sure of their physical capital (Bourdieu 1984) o r bo dily prowess to the adoration o f their gazing clients. Building on the tradition of emotional labour and aesthetic labour, this study introduces the concept of ocularcentric labour: a state in which labour’s quest for the psychosocial rewards gained from their own body image shapes the employment relationship. With ocularcentric labour the p sycho-social rewards have greater value for the worker than ‘hard’, core conditions of employment, and are a significant factor in bargaining and outcomes, often substituting fo r direct earnings. The wo rkforce profile (young, female, casual) and their expectations (psycho-social rewards of ado ration and celebrity) challenge traditional trade unions in terms of what they can deliver, given the fitness workers’ willingness to trade-off minimum conditions, hard-won by unions.

Measuring creative employment : implications for innovation policy

Both creative industries and innovation are slippery fish to handle conceptually, to say nothing of their relationship. This paper faces, first, the problems of definitions and data that can bedevil clear analysis of the creative industries. It then presents a method of data generation and analysis that has been developed to address these problems while providing an evidence pathway supporting the movement in policy thinking from creative output (through industry sectors) to creative input to the broader economy (through a focus on occupations/activity). Facing the test of policy relevance, this work has assisted in moving the ongoing debates about the creative industries toward innovation thinking by developing the concept of creative occupations as input value. Creative inputs as 'enablers' arguably has parallels with the way ICTs have been shown to be broad enablers of economic growth. We conclude with two short instantiations of the policy relevance of this concept: design as a creative input; and creative human capital and education.

Providing youth with skills, training and employment opportunities through ICT Initiatives

Youth population is increasing explosively particularly in developing countries as a result of rapid urbanization. This increase is bringing large number of social and economic problems. For instance the impacts of job and training availability, and the physical, social and cultural quality of urban environment on young people are enormous, and affect their health, lifestyles, and well-being (Gleeson and Sipe 2006). Besides this, globalization and technological developments are affecting youth in urban areas in all parts of the world, both positively and negatively (Robertson 1995). The rapidly advancing information and communications technologies (ICTs) helps in addressing social and economic problems caused by the rapid growth of urban youth populations in developing countries. ICTs offer opportunities to young people for learning, skill development and employment. But there are downsides: young people in many developing countries lack of having broad access to these new technologies, they are vulnerable to global market changes, and ICTs link them into global cultures which promote consumer goods, potentially eroding local cultures and community values (Manacorda and Petrongolo 1999). However we believe that the positives outweigh such negatives. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the world’s young population number more than they ever have. There are over a billion young people between the ages of 15 and 24, which 85 per cent of them live in developing countries and mainly in urban environments. Many of these young people are in the process of making, or have already made, the transition from school to work. During the last two decades all around the world, these young people, as new workers, have faced a number of challenges associated with globalization and technological advances on labour markets (United Nations 2004). The continuous decrease in the manufacturing employment is made many of the young people facing three options: getting jobs in the informal economy with insecurity and poor wages and working conditions, or getting jobs in the low-tier service industries, or developing their vocational skills to benefit from new opportunities in the professional and advanced technical/knowledge sectors. Moreover in developing countries a large portion of young people are not even lucky enough to choose among any of these options, and consequently facing long-term unemployment, which makes them highly vulnerable. The United Nations’ World Youth Employment report (2004) indicates that in almost all countries, females tend to be far more vulnerable than males in terms of long-term unemployment, and young people who have advanced qualifications are far less likely to experience long-term unemployment than others. In the limited opportunities of the formal labour market, those with limited vocational skills resort to forced entrepreneurship and selfemployment in the informal economy, often working for low pay under hazardous conditions, with only few prospects for the future (United Nations 2005a). The International Labour Organization’s research (2004) revealed that the labour force participation rates for young people decreased by almost four per cent (which is equivalent of 88 million young people) between 1993 and 2003. This is largely as a result of the increased number of young people attending school, high overall unemployment rates, and the fact that some young people gave up any hope of finding work and dropped out of the labour market. At the regional level, youth unemployment was highest in Middle East and North Africa (MENA) (25.6%) and sub-Saharan Africa (21%) and lowest in East Asia (7%) and the industrialized economies(13.4%) (International Labour Organization 2004). The youth in economically disadvantaged regions (e.g. the MENA region) face many challenges in education and training that delivers them the right set of skills and knowledge demanded by the labour market. As a consequence, the transition from school to work is mostly unsuccessful and young population end up either unemployed or underemployed in the informal sectors (United Nations 2005b). Unemployment and lack of economic prospects of the urban youth are pushing many of them into criminal acts, excessive alcohol use, substance addiction, and also in many cases resulting in processes of social or political violence (Fernandez-Maldonado 2004; United Nations 2005a). Long-term unemployment leads young people in a process of marginalisation and social exclusion (United Nations 2004). The sustained high rates of long-term youth unemployment have a number of negative effects on societies. First, it results in countries failing to take advantage of the human resources to increase their productive potential, at a time of transition to a globalized world that inexorably demands such leaps in productive capacity. Second, it reinforces the intergenerational transmission of poverty. Third, owing to the discrepancy between more education and exposure to the mass media and fewer employment opportunities, it may encourage the spread of disruptive behaviours, recourse to illegal alternatives for generating income and the loss of basic societal values, all of which erode public safety and social capital. Fourth, it may trigger violent and intractable political conflicts. And lastly, it may exacerbate intergenerational conflicts when young people perceive a lack of opportunity and meritocracy in a system that favours adults who have less formal education and training but more wealth, power and job stability (Hopenhayn 2002). To assist in addressing youth’s skill training and employment problems this paper scrutinises useful international practices, policies, initiatives and programs targeting youth skill training, particularly in ICTs. The MENA national governments and local authorities could consider implementing similar initiative and strategies to address some of the youth employment issues. The broader aim of this paper is to investigate the successful practice and strategies for the information and communication related income generation opportunities for young people to: promote youth entrepreneurship; promote public-private partnerships; target vulnerable groups of young people; narrow digital divide; and put young people in charge. The rest of this paper is organised in five parts. First, the paper provides an overview of the literature on the knowledge economy, skill, education and training issues. Secondly, it reviews the role of ICTs for vocational skill development and employability. Thirdly, it discusses the issues surrounding the development of the digital divide. Fourthly, the paper underlines types and the importance of developing ICT initiatives targeting young people, and reviews some of the successful policy implementations on ICT-based initiatives from both developed and developing countries that offer opportunities to young people for learning, skill development and employment. Then the paper concludes by providing useful generalised recommendations for the MENA region countries and cities in: advocating possible opportunities for ICT generated employment for young people; and discussing how ICT policies could be modified and adopted to meet young people’s needs.