Dificuldades na construção de gráficos de funções

This study describes about graduation s students difficulties of to draw functions graph. Specifically, we intend to observe their abilities evolution, as well as their difficulties during Calculus I subject in engineering course. For that, we show them publications about the elaboration of graphs and its difficulties in obstacle terms and some researches witch contain this subject and that it was done during postgraduate studies in mathematical education. It shows by research methodology aspects related to French didatic s mathematic and some theories of cognitive psychology considering the high value between theoretical-methodological relation that was evidenced in both theoretical conceptions about ways to understand and teach mathematic. This methodology is based on didactic engineering purpose, that consist in preliminaries analysis, conception and didactic sequence analysis prior, trials by application followed analysis up and conclusion. We had also used pedagogicals actions and analysis of results achieved, to classify types of errors made by the 2005 s students during second semester, from conceptions related to the episthemologic and didactics obstacles

Efeitos dos esteroides anabólicos androgênicos sobre funções cognitivas de ratos

The use and the demand for substances that enhance masculinity, strength and sexual power are not novel. Over the years, this search has assisted the research directions in this area, leading to the discovery of the primary male sex hormone testosterone in 1935. Since then, numerous testosterone analogue compounds were synthesized, which are generically called Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS). The AAS were produced for therapeutic purposes, but an increase in the use of these compounds for other purposes occurred over time. Initially they were used mainly to improve performance in athletes. However, recent studies have shown that the use of AAS by non-athletes with aesthetical purposes have been increasing as well. The abuse of AAS with non-clinical purposes can promote a number of physiological alterations, such as heart, liver, respiratory and psychological problems such as changes in mood, levels of anxiety and aggression. Exposure to supraphysiological doses of AAS is associated with behavioral changes, however, little is known about the effects of AAS on cognitive functions. In this work, we aimed to mimic the AAS abuse in humans with intramuscular administration of a supraphysiological dose of testosterone propionate (TP) in rats. We investigated the effects of this treatment on different aspects of cognitive function, specifically learning, memory and anxiety. Adult male Wistar rats were tested in the spontaneous alternation, novel object recognition and plus-maze discriminative avoidance tasks. The control group received intramuscular injections of vegetable oil (vehicle), and the TP group received injections of TP (10 mg/kg, i.m.). The injections were administered for 40 days, with intervals of 48 hours (chronic treatment) or in a single injection (acute treatment). In addition to the behavioral assessments, we performed biochemical analyzes as indicators of the endocrine effects of the treatment. Our results show that chronic treatment with a supraphysiological dose of TP caused memory impairments in the novel object recognition and the discriminative avoidance tasks. The spatial working memory (evaluated by spontaneous alternation task) was not affected. Also, we did not observe changes in anxiety levels. Regarding the biochemical parameters, chronic treatment increased serum levels of glutamicpyruvic transaminase, an indicator of hepatic and pancreatic lesions (as those observed after chronic use of these substances in humans). On the other hand, acute treatment with PT did not promote significant changes in any of these parameters when compared to the control group. In summary, we conclude that chronic treatment with a supraphysiological dose of testosterone propionate produces memory deficits in novel object recognition and retrieval of the discriminative avoidance task in adult male rats

Caracterização de aspectos da cognição social, habilidades sociais e funções executivas de crianças diagnosticadas com transtorno autista e transtorno de asperger

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior

Pistas orgânicas: uma atividade lúdica para o ensino das funções orgânicas

Educational games can work as a complementary tool in teaching and learning chemistry, playing an important role in the development of the students cognitive structures, familiarizing them with certain conceptual content, which may arouse interest in the study of such content. In this work, we made an analysis of organic chemistry textbooks recommended by Programa Nacional do Livro Didático 2012, for high school students in order to verify the existence of methodological proposals using educational games. From this analysis, we proposed an educational game to be developed for students on 3º year of high medium and undergraduate chemistry, that are in 1º semester of the course, which is constituted of a tray and 48 letters, which work various concepts concerning organic functions, such as: structural characteristics, physical properties, chemical and properties diverse of the compounds used for the confection of the letters. The game was applied to a class degree in chemistry, period 2012.1 to a Federal Education of Rio Grande do Norte and a group of students of the 3rd year of the state schools of Rio Grande do Norte, in the period the months of April and May 2012. The analysis of the performance of the game proposed was made using visual observations, photographic records and testimonials of students who participated in the games. The instrument used for the data collection was the student questionnaire, which was similar for both groups, differing only in the amount of questions, because one of them had one more question. During application of the game it was observed that it constitutes a dynamic strategy in the teaching and learning of chemistry concepts, given that students actively participated in the classes as well, demonstrated more motivation in the construction of concepts, furthermore, it was possible to observe evidence of other possibilities of the game. This could be verified through visual observations and testimonials at the end of each game, by reading the answers to the questionnaires

Efeitos da efedrina sobre as funções cardiovascular e renal de cães sob anestesia com pentobarbital sódico

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Com a perspectiva criada por algumas pesquisas de ações diferenciadas da efedrina sobre a função renal, dependendo da dose utilizada, e considerando-se as controvérsias ainda existentes a respeito dos seus efeitos sobre a função renal, esta pesquisa experimental tem como objetivo verificar se doses diferentes de efedrina determinam efeitos hemodinâmicos e renais diferenciados. MÉTODO: em 32 cães anestesiados com pentobarbital sódico (PS), submetidos a preparação cirúrgica, cateterismo, monitorização, expansão do volume do fluido extracelular e respiração controlada, foi estudada a hemodinâmica cardiovascular e renal e a função renal. Os cães foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: G controle (n = 8), com os cães permanecendo apenas sob o efeito do PS, G ef. 2 µg (n = 8), G ef. 10 µg (n = 8) e G ef. 100 µg (n = 8), com os cães recebendo efedrina nas doses respectivas de 2, 10 e 100 µg.kg-1.min-1. Os atributos cardiovasculares e renais foram estudados em 5 momentos: controle (M1 e M2), durante a infusão de efedrina (M3 e M4) e após a suspensão da infusão de efedrina (M5). RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos em relação aos atributos estudados. em G ef. 2 µg houve aumento significante de freqüência cardíaca, fluxo sangüíneo aórtico, débito urinário e excreção fracionária de sódio. em G ef. 10 µg houve aumento apenas da freqüência cardíaca e fração de filtração, enquanto em G ef. 100 µg ocorreu aumento de freqüência cardíaca, pressão arterial média, pressão venosa central, fluxo sangüíneo aórtico e hematócrito; por outro lado, ocorreu diminuição dos fluxos plasmático e sangüíneo renais e aumento da resistência vascular renal. CONCLUSÕES: A efedrina, dependendo da dose utilizada, apresenta ações hemodinâmicas e renais diferenciadas.

Sistema operacional e biblioteca de funções para plataformas MPSOC: um estudo de caso para simuladores de reservatórios

The increasingly request for processing power during last years has pushed integrated circuit industry to look for ways of providing even more processing power with less heat dissipation, power consumption, and chip area. This goal has been achieved increasing the circuit clock, but since there are physical limits of this approach a new solution emerged as the multiprocessor system on chip (MPSoC). This approach demands new tools and basic software infrastructure to take advantage of the inherent parallelism of these architectures. The oil exploration industry has one of its firsts activities the project decision on exploring oil fields, those decisions are aided by reservoir simulations demanding high processing power, the MPSoC may offer greater performance if its parallelism can be well used. This work presents a proposal of a micro-kernel operating system and auxiliary libraries aimed to the STORM MPSoC platform analyzing its influence on the problem of reservoir simulation

Efeitos da ligadura do ducto pancreático e da secção ductal com livre drenagem de secreções para o peritônio sobre as funções endócrina e exócrina do pâncreas: estudo clínico e laboratorial em coelhos

As ressecções pancreáticas seguidas de anastomoses acompanham-se de altas taxas de morbidade, que incluem: surtos de pancreatite e, principalmente, fístulas digestivas. Nos transplantes pancreáticos a drenagem da parte exócrina do enxerto para o intestino ou para a bexiga, além das peculiaridades técnicas, também não é isenta de diversas complicações. Visando evitar ou atenuar tais conseqüências e simplificar a técnica cirúrgica, têm sido usadas outras abordagens para o tratamento ductal do coto/enxerto pancreático, tais como: drenagem livre de secreções para o peritônio, com o ducto pancreático aberto, ligadura ductal e oclusão do ducto com polímeros sintéticos. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo visa avaliar clínica e laboratorialmente as funções endócrina e exócrina do pâncreas de coelhos com o ducto aberto e ligado. MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas 150 operações, divididas em 3 grupos: N - manipulação/controle (n=50), A - grupo aberto (n=50), e L - ligado (n=50). Os momentos de observação foram pré-operatório, dia 0 (dia da operação) e pós-operatório (observação e sacrifício): 7 dias, 14 dias, 28 dias, 90 dias e 180 dias. Os parâmetros analisados foram: estado geral, atividade, controles do peso corporal, ingestão hídrica, ingestão alimentar e dosagens da amilase sangüínea, glicemia, glicose urinária e insulina plasmática. RESULTADOS: Todos os grupos tiveram evolução clínica similar, com bom estado geral, ganho ponderal progressivo e valores normais da ingestão hídrica e ingestão alimentar. Exceto uma significativa elevação da amilase sangüínea nas primeiras 24-48h para os 2 grupos com interferência ductal, não houve qualquer alteração dos níveis basais da glicemia, glicosúria e insulinemia entre os 3 grupos experimentais, em todos os momentos de observação. CONCLUSÃO: À exceção da amilase sangüínea, cujos níveis basais foram significativamente elevados no 1º e 2º dias de pós-operatório, as duas modalidades técnicas de abordagem da secreção exócrina do pâncreas, utilizadas em coelhos, não determinaram quaisquer alterações clínicas, bem como dos níveis basais de glicose sangüínea, glicose urinária e insulina plasmática, durante 6 meses de seguimento.

Uma proposta alternativa para o ensino progressões relacionadas a funções

Generally, arithmetic and geometric progressions are taught separately from ane and exponential functions, only by the use of memorized formulas and without any concern of showing students how these contents are related. This paper aims at presenting a way of teaching such contents in an integrated way, starting with the definition of ane and exponential functions relating them to situations from the daily life of the students. Then, characteristics and graphics of those functions are presented and, subsequently, arithmetic and geometric progression are shown as a restriction of the ane and exponential functions. Thus, the study of the progressions is introduced based on the functions mentioned above using situations from students daily lives as examples

O estudo das funções quadráticas e sua relação com o cotidiano

Across the centuries, Mathematics - exact science as it is - has become a determining role in the life of man, which forms to use suprir needs of their daily lives. With this trajectory, is characterized the importance of science as an instrument of recovery not only conteudstica, but also a mathematician to know that leads the apprentice to be a dynamic process of learning ecient, able to find solutions to their real problems. However, it is necessary to understand that mathematical knowledge today requires a new view of those who deal directly with the teaching-learning process, as it is for them - Teachers of Mathematics - desmistificarem the version that mathematics, worked in the classroom, causes difficulties for the understanding of students. On this view, we tried to find this work a methodology that helps students better understand the Quadratic functions and its applications in daily life. Making use of knowledge Ethnomathematics, contextualizing the problems relating to the content and at the same time handling the software GeoGebra, aiming a better view of the behavior of graphs of functions cited

Efeitos de um programa de atividade física nas funções cognitivas, equilíbrio e risco de quedas em idosos com demência de Alzheimer

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

O eletrólito suporte e suas múltiplas funções em processos de eletrodo

The aim of this work is to present the principal properties and applications of supporting electrolytes (SE) to students, teachers and researchers interested in electrode processes. Different aspects are discussed including the importance of SE in maintaining constant the activity coefficients and the diffusion coefficients and reducing the transport number of electroactive species. Its effect on the electrochemical kinetic parameters is also presented.

Apatia, funções cognitivas e funcionalidade motora em idosos com doença de Alzheimer

The aims of this study were to characterize the presence of apathy in patients with AD, determine the relationship between apathy, motor function and cognitive function, and to verify differences among patients stratified by level of apathy in relation to cognitive and motor abilities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted of 37 patients with AD. The following tests were used: MoCA, the Frontal Assessment Battery, Verbal Fluency, Clock Drawing Test, Andreotti & Okuma Battery Tests, Sit and Reach, Resistance of Upper Limbs - AAHPERD Battery Test, Sit and Lift Chair and the Apathy domain of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory. After verifying the normality of the data distribution, comparisons were made using Student's t-test and the U Mann Whitney test; relationships were also assessed using Pearson's and Spearman's correlation coefficients. All analyses were considered to be statistically significant at a p-value of 0.05. Results: 46% of participants in this study showed mild symptoms of apathy. Significant and weak associations were found (p=0.04) between apathy and the attention domain on the MoCA and between apathy and the Walk Test. Analysis of differences in cognitive and motor functions according to participants' level of apathy revealed no significant differences for any of the variables. Conclusion: Apathy was reflected in attention and the Walk Test, suggesting these variables may be related to cognitive and functional decline in AD patients.

Efeitos do treinamento com pesos nas funções cognitivas de idosos com doença de Alzheimer

Deterioration in cognitive functions is characteristic in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may be associated with decline in daily living activities with consequent reduced quality of life. Objective: To analyze weight training effects on cognitive functions in elderly with AD. Subjects: 34 elderly with AD were allocated into two groups: Training Group (TG) and Social Gathering Group (SGG). Methods: Global cognitive status was determined using the Mini-Mental State Exam. Specific cognitive functions were measured using the Brief Cognitive Battery, Clock Drawing Test and Verbal Fluency Test. The protocols were performed three times a week, one hour per session. The weight training protocol consisted of three sets of 20 repetitions, with two minutes of rest between sets and exercises. The activities proposed for the SGG were not systematized and aimed at promoting social interaction among patients. The statistical analyses were performed with the U Mann Whitney and Wilcoxon tests for group comparisons. All analyses were considered statistically significant at a p-value of 0.05. Results: There were no significant differences associated to the effects of the practice of weight training on cognition in AD patients. Conclusion: In this study, no improvement in cognitive functions was evident in elderly with AD who followed a low intensity resistance exercise protocol. Thus, future studies could evaluate the effect of more intense exercise programs.

Problemas de valor de contorno não clássicos: uma abordagem usando funções de Green

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Funções textual-interativas dos marcadores discursivos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)