Avatares da instância crítica: supereu entre o isso e o princípio de morte

Se a clássica definição do supereu como resultado do complexo de Édipo, apresentado em "O ego e o id" (Freud, 1923/1989), tem uma longa história, o que poderia ser dito sobre a definição segundo a qual o supereu é o herdeiro do isso e sub-rogado das pulsões de morte? Como harmonizar as duas teorias que definem o supereu como o herdeiro do complexo de Édipo e herdeiro do isso? Por meio de uma análise cuidadosa de três passagens de "O eu e o isso" (Freud, 1923/1989), argumenta-se que o conceito de agressão é capital para caracterizar o vínculo entre o supereu e as pulsões de morte. As pulsões de morte não apenas determinam o caráter imperativo do supereu, a sua tendência para atacar o eu, mas são igualmente responsáveis pelas variantes deste ataque - pressão, crítica, punição e destruição. Além disso, a ampliação da teoria da identificação, sua associação com o processo de desfusão pulsional e a hipótese do caráter originário dos investimentos de objeto no isso permitem a Freud unir, no supereu, um aspecto legislativo, decorrente de sua herança edipiana ao aspecto pulsional mortífero.

L'a(rche)tipico Brian O'Nolan. Comico e riso dalla tradizione al post-

This study aims at analysing Brian O'Nolans literary production in the light of a reconsideration of the role played by his two most famous pseudonyms ,Flann Brien and Myles na Gopaleen, behind which he was active both as a novelist and as a journalist. We tried to establish a new kind of relationship between them and their empirical author following recent cultural and scientific surveys in the field of Humour Studies, Psychology, and Sociology: taking as a starting point the appreciation of the comic attitude in nature and in cultural history, we progressed through a short history of laughter and derision, followed by an overview on humour theories. After having established such a frame, we considered an integration of scientific studies in the field of laughter and humour as a base for our study scheme, in order to come to a definition of the comic author as a recognised, powerful and authoritative social figure who acts as a critic of conventions. The history of laughter and comic we briefly summarized, based on the one related by the French scholar Georges Minois in his work (Minois 2004), has been taken into account in the view that humorous attitude is one of man’s characteristic traits always present and witnessed throughout the ages, though subject in most cases to repression by cultural and political conservative power. This sort of Super-Ego notwithstanding, or perhaps because of that, comic impulse proved irreducible exactly in its influence on the current cultural debates. Basing mainly on Robert R. Provine’s (Provine 2001), Fabio Ceccarelli’s (Ceccarelli 1988), Arthur Koestler’s (Koestler 1975) and Peter L. Berger’s (Berger 1995) scientific essays on the actual occurrence of laughter and smile in complex social situations, we underlined the many evidences for how the use of comic, humour and wit (in a Freudian sense) could be best comprehended if seen as a common mind process designed for the improvement of knowledge, in which we traced a strict relation with the play-element the Dutch historian Huizinga highlighted in his famous essay, Homo Ludens (Huizinga 1955). We considered comic and humour/wit as different sides of the same coin, and showed how the demonstrations scientists provided on this particular subject are not conclusive, given that the mental processes could not still be irrefutably shown to be separated as regards graduations in comic expression and reception: in fact, different outputs in expressions might lead back to one and the same production process, following the general ‘Economy Rule’ of evolution; man is the only animal who lies, meaning with this that one feeling is not necessarily biuniquely associated with one and the same outward display, so human expressions are not validation proofs for feelings. Considering societies, we found that in nature they are all organized in more or less the same way, that is, in élites who govern over a community who, in turn, recognizes them as legitimate delegates for that task; we inferred from this the epistemological possibility for the existence of an added ruling figure alongside those political and religious: this figure being the comic, who is the person in charge of expressing true feelings towards given subjects of contention. Any community owns one, and his very peculiar status is validated by the fact that his place is within the community, living in it and speaking to it, but at the same time is outside it in the sense that his action focuses mainly on shedding light on ideas and objects placed out-side the boundaries of social convention: taboos, fears, sacred objects and finally culture are the favourite targets of the comic person’s arrow. This is the reason for the word a(rche)typical as applied to the comic figure in society: atypical in a sense, because unconventional and disrespectful of traditions, critical and never at ease with unblinkered respect of canons; archetypical, because the “village fool”, buffoon, jester or anyone in any kind of society who plays such roles, is an archetype in the Jungian sense, i.e. a personification of an irreducible side of human nature that everybody instinctively knows: a beginner of a tradition, the perfect type, what is most conventional of all and therefore the exact opposite of an atypical. There is an intrinsic necessity, we think, of such figures in societies, just like politicians and priests, who should play an elitist role in order to guide and rule not for their own benefit but for the good of the community. We are not naïve and do know that actual owners of power always tend to keep it indefinitely: the ‘social comic’ as a role of power has nonetheless the distinctive feature of being the only job whose tension is not towards stability. It has got in itself the rewarding permission of contradiction, for the very reason we exposed before that the comic must cast an eye both inside and outside society and his vision may be perforce not consistent, then it is satisfactory for the popularity that gives amongst readers and audience. Finally, the difference between governors, priests and comic figures is the seriousness of the first two (fundamentally monologic) and the merry contradiction of the third (essentially dialogic). MPs, mayors, bishops and pastors should always console, comfort and soothe popular mood in respect of the public convention; the comic has the opposite task of provoking, urging and irritating, accomplishing at the same time a sort of control of the soothing powers of society, keepers of the righteousness. In this view, the comic person assumes a paramount importance in the counterbalancing of power administration, whether in form of acting in public places or in written pieces which could circulate for private reading. At this point comes into question our Irish writer Brian O'Nolan(1911-1966), real name that stood behind the more famous masks of Flann O'Brien, novelist, author of At Swim-Two-Birds (1939), The Hard Life (1961), The Dalkey Archive (1964) and, posthumously, The Third Policeman (1967); and of Myles na Gopaleen, journalist, keeper for more than 25 years of the Cruiskeen Lawn column on The Irish Times (1940-1966), and author of the famous book-parody in Irish An Béal Bocht (1941), later translated in English as The Poor Mouth (1973). Brian O'Nolan, professional senior civil servant of the Republic, has never seen recognized his authorship in literary studies, since all of them concentrated on his alter egos Flann, Myles and some others he used for minor contributions. So far as we are concerned, we think this is the first study which places the real name in the title, this way acknowledging him an unity of intents that no-one before did. And this choice in titling is not a mere mark of distinction for the sake of it, but also a wilful sign of how his opus should now be reconsidered. In effect, the aim of this study is exactly that of demonstrating how the empirical author Brian O'Nolan was the real Deus in machina, the master of puppets who skilfully directed all of his identities in planned directions, so as to completely fulfil the role of the comic figure we explained before. Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen were personae and not persons, but the impression one gets from the critical studies on them is the exact opposite. Literary consideration, that came only after O'Nolans death, began with Anne Clissmann’s work, Flann O'Brien: A Critical Introduction to His Writings (Clissmann 1975), while the most recent book is Keith Donohue’s The Irish Anatomist: A Study of Flann O'Brien (Donohue 2002); passing through M.Keith Booker’s Flann O'Brien, Bakhtin and Menippean Satire (Booker 1995), Keith Hopper’s Flann O'Brien: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Post-Modernist (Hopper 1995) and Monique Gallagher’s Flann O'Brien, Myles et les autres (Gallagher 1998). There have also been a couple of biographies, which incidentally somehow try to explain critical points his literary production, while many critical studies do the same on the opposite side, trying to found critical points of view on the author’s restless life and habits. At this stage, we attempted to merge into O'Nolan's corpus the journalistic articles he wrote, more than 4,200, for roughly two million words in the 26-year-old running of the column. To justify this, we appealed to several considerations about the figure O'Nolan used as writer: Myles na Gopaleen (later simplified in na Gopaleen), who was the equivalent of the street artist or storyteller, speaking to his imaginary public and trying to involve it in his stories, quarrels and debates of all kinds. First of all, he relied much on language for the reactions he would obtain, playing on, and with, words so as to ironically unmask untrue relationships between words and things. Secondly, he pushed to the limit the convention of addressing to spectators and listeners usually employed in live performing, stretching its role in the written discourse to come to a greater effect of involvement of readers. Lastly, he profited much from what we labelled his “specific weight”, i.e. the potential influence in society given by his recognised authority in determined matters, a position from which he could launch deeper attacks on conventional beliefs, so complying with the duty of a comic we hypothesised before: that of criticising society even in threat of losing the benefits the post guarantees. That seemingly masochistic tendency has its rationale. Every representative has many privileges on the assumption that he, or she, has great responsibilities in administrating. The higher those responsibilities are, the higher is the reward but also the severer is the punishment for the misfits done while in charge. But we all know that not everybody accepts the rules and many try to use their power for their personal benefit and do not want to undergo law’s penalties. The comic, showing in this case more civic sense than others, helped very much in this by the non-accessibility to the use of public force, finds in the role of the scapegoat the right accomplishment of his task, accepting the punishment when his breaking of the conventions is too stark to be forgiven. As Ceccarelli demonstrated, the role of the object of laughter (comic, ridicule) has its very own positive side: there is freedom of expression for the person, and at the same time integration in the society, even though at low levels. Then the banishment of a ‘social’ comic can never get to total extirpation from society, revealing how the scope of the comic lies on an entirely fictional layer, bearing no relation with facts, nor real consequences in terms of physical health. Myles na Gopaleen, mastering these three characteristics we postulated in the highest way, can be considered an author worth noting; and the oeuvre he wrote, the whole collection of Cruiskeen Lawn articles, is rightfully a novel because respects the canons of it especially regarding the authorial figure and his relationship with the readers. In addition, his work can be studied even if we cannot conduct our research on the whole of it, this proceeding being justified exactly because of the resemblances to the real figure of the storyteller: its ‘chapters’ —the daily articles— had a format that even the distracted reader could follow, even one who did not read each and every article before. So we can critically consider also a good part of them, as collected in the seven volumes published so far, with the addition of some others outside the collections, because completeness in this case is not at all a guarantee of a better precision in the assessment; on the contrary: examination of the totality of articles might let us consider him as a person and not a persona. Once cleared these points, we proceeded further in considering tout court the works of Brian O'Nolan as the works of a unique author, rather than complicating the references with many names which are none other than well-wrought sides of the same personality. By putting O'Nolan as the correct object of our research, empirical author of the works of the personae Flann O'Brien and Myles na Gopaleen, there comes out a clearer literary landscape: the comic author Brian O'Nolan, self-conscious of his paramount role in society as both a guide and a scourge, in a word as an a(rche)typical, intentionally chose to differentiate his personalities so as to create different perspectives in different fields of knowledge by using, in addition, different means of communication: novels and journalism. We finally compared the newly assessed author Brian O'Nolan with other great Irish comic writers in English, such as James Joyce (the one everybody named as the master in the field), Samuel Beckett, and Jonathan Swift. This comparison showed once more how O'Nolan is in no way inferior to these authors who, greatly celebrated by critics, have nonetheless failed to achieve that great public recognition O’Nolan received alias Myles, awarded by the daily audience he reached and influenced with his Cruiskeen Lawn column. For this reason, we believe him to be representative of the comic figure’s function as a social regulator and as a builder of solidarity, such as that Raymond Williams spoke of in his work (Williams 1982), with in mind the aim of building a ‘culture in common’. There is no way for a ‘culture in common’ to be acquired if we do not accept the fact that even the most functional society rests on conventions, and in a world more and more ‘connected’ we need someone to help everybody negotiate with different cultures and persons. The comic gives us a worldly perspective which is at the same time comfortable and distressing but in the end not harmful as the one furnished by politicians could be: he lets us peep into parallel worlds without moving too far from our armchair and, as a consequence, is the one who does his best for the improvement of our understanding of things.

Negativi di memoria. La rappresentazione del trauma nel romanzo del Novecento. Samuel Beckett, Georges Perec, Agota Kristof

Oggetto di questa tesi è l’analisi delle modalità di rappresentazione del trauma nel romanzo del Novecento e, in particolare, nelle opere di Samuel Beckett, Georges Perec e Agota Kristof. Fondamento dello studio sarà una disamina dei procedimenti linguistici e narrativi di rappresentazione del trauma nelle prose degli autori citati, al fine tracciare le linee di un’estetica in grado di descrivere le caratteristiche peculiari delle narrazioni in cui la dimensione antinarrativa della memoria traumatica assume il ruolo di principio estetico guida. L’analisi si soffermerà sulla cruciale relazione esistente, in tutti e tre gli autori, tra rappresentazione del trauma e sviluppo di strategie narrativi definibili come “denegative”. L’analisi dei testi letterari è condotta sulla base del corpus critico dei Trauma Studies, dell’ermeneutica della narrazione di stampo ricœuriano e della teoria del linguaggio psicoanalitica e affiancata, ove possibile, da uno studio filologico-genetico dei materiali d’autore. Alla luce di tali premesse, intendo rivalutare il carattere rappresentativo e testimoniale della letteratura del secolo scorso, in contrasto con la consuetudine a vedere nel romanzo novecentesco il trionfo dell’antimimesi e il declino del racconto. Dal momento che le narrazioni traumatiche si costruiscono intorno e attraverso i vuoti di linguaggio, la tesi è che siano proprio questi vuoti linguistici e narrativi (amnesie, acronie, afasie, lapsus, omissioni e mancanze ancora più sofisticate come nel caso di Perec) a rappresentare, in modo mimetico, la realtà apparentemente inaccessibile del trauma. Si tenterà di dimostrare come questi nuovi canoni di rappresentazione non denuncino l’impossibilità del racconto, bensì una sfida al silenzio, celata in più sottili e complesse convenzioni narrative, le quali mantengono un rapporto di filiazione indiretto − per una via che potremmo definire denegativa − con quelle del romanzo tradizionale.

Métamorphoses de l'Image des Tartares dans la littérature européenne du XXème siècle

Ce travail doctoral analyse le changement de l’image des Tartares dans la littérature européenne en langue allemande, anglaise, française et italienne du XXe siècle par l’étude de trois figures : la horde mongole, Gengis-khan et Khoubilaï-khan. Il soutient la thèse que, grâce à quelques facteurs historico-culturels comme la remise en question du concept de barbarie, l’essor des totalitarismes, l’ouverture de la Mongolie vers l’Occident, la redécouverte de l’Histoire secrète des Mongols et la fortune de Le divisament dou monde, au cours du XXe siècle, l’image littéraire des gengiskhanides de négative devient positive. Cette étude se compose d’une introduction, de trois chapitres et d’une conclusion. Dans l’introduction, on analyse la formation de l’image des Tartares et son évolution jusqu’à la fin du XIXe siècle, on retrace les facteurs historico-culturels qui la remettent au goût du jour et en provoquent le changement au XXe siècle et on présente le travail. Dans le premier chapitre, on se penche sur la prosopographie des Tartares dans les textes littéraires du XXe siècle, en la confrontant avec leur représentation dans l’art contemporain. Dans le deuxième chapitre, on étudie la façon des Tartares de se rapporter aux autres au sein de la société dans les textes littéraires du XXe siècle. Dans le troisième chapitre, on examine les lieux des gengiskhanides dans les textes littéraires du XXe siècle. Enfin, dans la conclusion, les données acquises au moyen de l’analyse conduite sont confrontées et interprétées. Le changement de l’image des Tartares va de pair avec une Europe qui, après avoir fait l’expérience de deux guerres mondiales, avoir assisté aux revendications de la décolonisation et avoir introjecté la thèse freudienne du « malaise dans la civilisation », remet en discussion sa façon de concevoir la barbarie et l’Altérité.

Réstif de la Bretonne. La transición del espacio utópico experimental al espacio reducido

La crítica tradicionalmente ha sido muy severa con Réstif de la Bretonne, a quien ha relegado a un segundo plano durante más de cien años por considerarlo un autor marginal. A principios del siglo XX es rescatado de la oscuridad gracias a las teorías freudianas pero recién en los años sesenta se estudia su obra desde otros puntos de vista. Contribuyendo a esta línea, el presente artículo intenta aportar elementos que permitan devolver a Réstif de la Bretonne el lugar que le corresponde dentro de la historia de la literatura y del pensamiento político. A lo largo del siglo XVIII el espacio adquiere un valor fundamental porque se supone que debe ser conocido y dominado para poseer las leyes del mundo entero. Dentro de este marco la novela utópica de nuestro autor titulada El Descubrimiento Austral. Novela Filosófica, textualiza posturas aparentemente disímiles acerca del espacio que convierten a Réstif en uno de los símbolos del período de transición que representa. Las ideas vertidas en esta novela nos permiten afirmar que Réstif de la Bretonne se adelanta, sin duda, a movimientos del siglo XIX como el Socialismo Utópico, el Romanticismo y el Nacionalismo.

Instituciones y cultura política : un ensayo sobre dificultades de la democracia argentina

Pasados veinte años de la reinstalación de la democracia, se hace una reflexión de los sentidos que la democracia ha tenido en la historia argentina. La analogía con pacto civilizatorio, en el sentido freudiano de reconocimiento de la ley, es un punto de partida metafórico para observar cómo a través del tiempo el pacto originario sufrió no sólo cambios en su significación, sino quiebres y rupturas que condujeron a estados de violencia cada vez más profundos, rompiendo con las formas de convivencia ciudadana. La focalización del último período democrático pondera a través del relato de los procesos políticos, no sólo las expectativas y desilusiones ciudadanas, sino los avances y limitaciones institucionales de los últimos veinte años.

La representación y la génesis de hipótesis : Una lectura psicoanalítica

Puede seguirse una lectura de la obra freudiana que afirma la heterogeneidad de la materialidad psíquica , ampliando los alcances explicativos del psicoanálisis para entender el origen de la representación. Es posible articular estas ideas con el concepto de abducción de C. S. Peirce, en particular cuando hace referencia al carácter sorpresivo con que esta adviene a la mente del científico, como un destello , es decir, como un producto que emerge a espaldas de la actividad voluntaria 'conciente' del sujeto que piensa. Esta articulación puede erigirse en un argumento para una justificación psicológica de la génesis de hipótesis , constituyendo un aporte desde el psicoanálisis al problema del descubrimiento en ciencia

Funciones de la antropofagia en la Verdadera historia de Hans Staden y en El entenado de Juan José Saer

En la Verdadera historia de Hans Staden, de 1557, se puede observar una apropiación táctica de la otredad del caníbal en un relato de aventuras que, más tarde, se integraría en un proyecto editorial con fines estratégicos en un contexto específicamente protestante. El entenado de Juan José Saer (1982) no constituye un simple regreso al imaginario colonial de lo antropofágico, sino que funciona como una compleja "Umschrift" de esta tradición, en el sentido freudiano. La visión del canibalismo en Saer se separa de la de Staden precisamente por haberse producido, con el psicoanálisis, una nueva funcionalización antropológica de la figura del caníbal, que deja de ser el otro externo para convertirse en una otredad interna instalada como condición propia en la psique de cada ser humano

El amor mas allá del narcisismo

El trabajo trata sobre un recorrido por la teorización psicoanalítica del amor tomando como referencia a Sigmund Freud y Jacques Lacan. Ello lleva desde la consideración freudiana del amor bajo los pliegues del narcisismo hasta la definición lacaniana del amor como dispositivo para sostener la diferencia heterónima del otro. Se refiere una antigua discusión que en el ámbito de la iglesia católica, llevó a la cuestión del amor puro y como, de alguna manera, el psicoanálisis la retoma. Esto realiza un camino por los distintos seminarios concluyendo en el seminario XX y la tesis central del no hay relación-proporción sexual. Y ello apunta a establecer las coordenadas necesarias para el desarrollo de una clínica de la des-pareja en los avatares de la vida contemporánea

La representación y la génesis de hipótesis : Una lectura psicoanalítica

Puede seguirse una lectura de la obra freudiana que afirma la heterogeneidad de la materialidad psíquica , ampliando los alcances explicativos del psicoanálisis para entender el origen de la representación. Es posible articular estas ideas con el concepto de abducción de C. S. Peirce, en particular cuando hace referencia al carácter sorpresivo con que esta adviene a la mente del científico, como un destello , es decir, como un producto que emerge a espaldas de la actividad voluntaria 'conciente' del sujeto que piensa. Esta articulación puede erigirse en un argumento para una justificación psicológica de la génesis de hipótesis , constituyendo un aporte desde el psicoanálisis al problema del descubrimiento en ciencia

Funciones de la antropofagia en la Verdadera historia de Hans Staden y en El entenado de Juan José Saer

En la Verdadera historia de Hans Staden, de 1557, se puede observar una apropiación táctica de la otredad del caníbal en un relato de aventuras que, más tarde, se integraría en un proyecto editorial con fines estratégicos en un contexto específicamente protestante. El entenado de Juan José Saer (1982) no constituye un simple regreso al imaginario colonial de lo antropofágico, sino que funciona como una compleja "Umschrift" de esta tradición, en el sentido freudiano. La visión del canibalismo en Saer se separa de la de Staden precisamente por haberse producido, con el psicoanálisis, una nueva funcionalización antropológica de la figura del caníbal, que deja de ser el otro externo para convertirse en una otredad interna instalada como condición propia en la psique de cada ser humano

El amor mas allá del narcisismo

El trabajo trata sobre un recorrido por la teorización psicoanalítica del amor tomando como referencia a Sigmund Freud y Jacques Lacan. Ello lleva desde la consideración freudiana del amor bajo los pliegues del narcisismo hasta la definición lacaniana del amor como dispositivo para sostener la diferencia heterónima del otro. Se refiere una antigua discusión que en el ámbito de la iglesia católica, llevó a la cuestión del amor puro y como, de alguna manera, el psicoanálisis la retoma. Esto realiza un camino por los distintos seminarios concluyendo en el seminario XX y la tesis central del no hay relación-proporción sexual. Y ello apunta a establecer las coordenadas necesarias para el desarrollo de una clínica de la des-pareja en los avatares de la vida contemporánea

Funciones de la antropofagia en la Verdadera historia de Hans Staden y en El entenado de Juan José Saer

En la Verdadera historia de Hans Staden, de 1557, se puede observar una apropiación táctica de la otredad del caníbal en un relato de aventuras que, más tarde, se integraría en un proyecto editorial con fines estratégicos en un contexto específicamente protestante. El entenado de Juan José Saer (1982) no constituye un simple regreso al imaginario colonial de lo antropofágico, sino que funciona como una compleja "Umschrift" de esta tradición, en el sentido freudiano. La visión del canibalismo en Saer se separa de la de Staden precisamente por haberse producido, con el psicoanálisis, una nueva funcionalización antropológica de la figura del caníbal, que deja de ser el otro externo para convertirse en una otredad interna instalada como condición propia en la psique de cada ser humano

El amor mas allá del narcisismo

El trabajo trata sobre un recorrido por la teorización psicoanalítica del amor tomando como referencia a Sigmund Freud y Jacques Lacan. Ello lleva desde la consideración freudiana del amor bajo los pliegues del narcisismo hasta la definición lacaniana del amor como dispositivo para sostener la diferencia heterónima del otro. Se refiere una antigua discusión que en el ámbito de la iglesia católica, llevó a la cuestión del amor puro y como, de alguna manera, el psicoanálisis la retoma. Esto realiza un camino por los distintos seminarios concluyendo en el seminario XX y la tesis central del no hay relación-proporción sexual. Y ello apunta a establecer las coordenadas necesarias para el desarrollo de una clínica de la des-pareja en los avatares de la vida contemporánea

La representación y la génesis de hipótesis : Una lectura psicoanalítica

Puede seguirse una lectura de la obra freudiana que afirma la heterogeneidad de la materialidad psíquica , ampliando los alcances explicativos del psicoanálisis para entender el origen de la representación. Es posible articular estas ideas con el concepto de abducción de C. S. Peirce, en particular cuando hace referencia al carácter sorpresivo con que esta adviene a la mente del científico, como un destello , es decir, como un producto que emerge a espaldas de la actividad voluntaria 'conciente' del sujeto que piensa. Esta articulación puede erigirse en un argumento para una justificación psicológica de la génesis de hipótesis , constituyendo un aporte desde el psicoanálisis al problema del descubrimiento en ciencia