植物油脂积累机理和品质改良—利用RNAi改良大豆油脂品质—四合木茎积累三脂酰甘油特征

利用RNAi改良大豆油脂品质 大豆[Glycine max (L.) Merr.]起源于中国，栽培历史悠久，是重要的粮食作物， 同时也是植物油和蛋白的重要来源。随着经济的发展和生活水平的提高，人们不但对大豆的需求量大大增加，同时对大豆的品质也提出了更高的要求。近年来，我国大豆进口量逐年攀升，已远远超过本国生产量。国外转抗除草剂转基因大豆大面积种植大大降低了生产成本，直接影响了我国大豆生产。因此，提高产量和改良品质是当前中国大豆生产所面临的重要课题。基因工程是大豆品种改良更为有效和快速的方法，但是由于历史原因我国的大豆转基因育种与发达国家尚存在一定差距，对我国的大豆生产贡献十分有限。因此，建立高效的大豆转化体系，加强大豆基因工程研究和育种是解决大豆面临困境的关键。 本研究的目的是以我国主要栽培大豆品种（黑农、合丰和东农等）为材料，利用GUS（β-glucuronidase）报告基因和RNAi技术，建立高效的大豆基因转化体系和基因功能研究体系。为大豆产量和品质基因工程改良提供技术手段和理论基础。结果如下： 以大豆下胚轴为外植体，对分生组织产生不定芽的频率进行了研究。培养基中添加高浓度BAP（6-benzylaminopurine）可以诱导外植体分生组织增殖产生不定芽的发生率;在培养基中添加银离子可以明显地促进大豆单个外植体多芽的产生，使得诱导不定芽总数目显著增加;不同基因型大豆再生不定芽能力有着较大区别，黑农44，黑农37，合丰35，合丰39等品种再生能力强;相对于大豆子叶节等再生系统，大豆下胚轴体系具有高效高频的再生特点（总的再生频率高于80%），且重复性好，容易操作。 以大豆下胚轴为外植体，用含有GUS报告基因的根癌农杆菌对其进行遗传转化，并重点对农杆菌菌液浓度、农杆菌侵染时间、乙酰丁香酮（AS）和抗氧化剂浓度等因素对农杆菌大豆转化效率的影响进行了研究。组织化学染色结果显示GUS基因在外植体顶端表达强烈，表达位置主要位于初生芽基部周围的分生组织。 农杆菌浸染时间以 4h 为最佳，此时的GUS瞬时表达频率可达73.0%;培养基中添加浓度为200μmol/L的乙酰丁香酮，可以显著增加GUS瞬时表达频率。抗氧化剂可以显著降低共培养阶段外植体的褐化和坏死率，进而显著提高农杆菌转化效率。用根癌农杆菌转化大豆下胚轴的方法得到了表达GUS基因转基因大豆株系。 利用大豆油酸去饱和酶基因(FAD2-1;Genbank, L43920)在第315-852碱基之间的基因片断构建了反向重复的RNAi表达载体，以农杆菌介导大豆下胚轴转化方法进行转化，并且获得转基因植株。经过PCR，Southern杂交和转基因后代的脂肪酸分析，表明沉默结构已经成功整合到大豆基因组中，并成功抑制了内源基因的表达。与栽培大豆品种相比较，转基因大豆种子的脂肪酸组成发生显著变化，油酸含量由栽培大豆的18.1％增加到71.5％¬-81.9％;亚油酸含量从栽培大豆的46.4％降到了约3.4％。 栽培大豆种子中油酸去饱和比率（ODP, oleic desaturation proportion）为0.76 到 0.84，转基因大豆种子的油酸去饱和比率降为0.06-0.26，表明Δ12-去饱和酶活性降低了74%-94%。上述结果表明，我们构建的RNAi反向重复序列沉默结构高效地抑制了大豆种子FAD2-1基因。 在本研究中，我们通过外源GUS基因的表达和内源FAD2基因的抑制，成功地建立了以大豆下胚轴为外植体的高效农杆菌介导大豆转化体系，并获得了相应的转基因株系。本研究对我国大豆品种基因工程改良以及进一步大豆功能基因组研究有重要参考价值。 四合木茎积累三脂酰甘油特征 四合木(Tetraena mongotica Maxim)是蒺藜科(Zygophyllaceac)四合木属唯一的种，是地球上最具代表性的古老残遗濒危珍稀植物。由于四合木极易燃烧，当地居民称其为“油柴”。 通过对四合木内可能存在的“油”成分进行了分析，我们发现其茎组织含有大量的三脂酰甘油（Triacylglycerols），含量达到46 mg/g DM。在韧皮部中更高，达到90 mg/g DM。我们通过半薄切片对四合木中三脂酰甘油在不同组织的分布和存在形式进行了研究，发现三脂酰甘油主要以油体形式存在于木质部和韧皮部的薄壁组织中。在韧皮部中，几乎所有的薄壁细胞都含有大量的油体。 三脂酰甘油在植物的生长发育中起着非常重要的作用。作为植物生长发育所需的碳源和能量，三脂酰甘油一般储存在植物的种子和果实中。虽然也有关于其在茎和叶中发现的报道，但是含量很少。四合木茎组织含有大量的三脂酰甘油，这种现象可能与四合木茎中存在茎特异油脂合成酶系统有关。因此，克隆相关基因并在作物中表达，将对能源植物的开发具有重要意义。

Fish-makhana (Euryale salisb) integration: a case study of sustainable aquafarming system in north Bihar

The paper deals with a technique to synchronize two crops, fish and makhana (Euryale ferox Salisb) in a pond. In such eco-friendly integration both crops are mutually benefited. Decomposed plant parts of makhana crop form organic matter that releases nutrients in the water to enhance plankton population. Organic detritus not only acts as food for bottom dwelling fishes (mrigal and common carp) but also provides a suitable substratum for the growth of zooplankton, insect larvae, nematodes and gastropods. Fishes contribute to the control of makhana pests. Their faecal matter acts as organic manure for makhana crop. Plankton population fluctuated between 1260 u/l to 4030 u/l in the control pond and 1630 u/l to 4722 u/l in the experimental pond. During the grand growth period of makhana crop (April to July) the dissolved oxygen content fluctuated between 5.02 mg/l to 6.68 mg/l in the covered areas and 6.04 mg/l to 6.92 mg/l in uncovered areas. Makhana leaves acting as blanket barrier over the water surface brought down the D.O. content in the covered areas of the pond. Free CO sub(2) content showed wider fluctuation in the experimental pond (25.2 mg/l to 30.9 mg/l) than in the control pond (25.1 mg/l to 28.6 mg/l). This could be due to decomposition of plant parts of the presiding crop lying as debris at the pond bottom. Autochthonous supply of nutrients enhanced the content of nitrogen, phosphorous and organic carbon in the soil of experimental pond. The experimental pond covering an area of 0.40 ha yielded 852 kg fish and 200 kg pops whereas the control pond covering the same area produced 777 kg fish only. The net profit per ha came out to be Rs.1,04,700 and Rs. 66,200 in integrated and non-integrated system respectively. Owing to crop diversification, the present integrated system was found to be more viable than the non-integrated system in terms of production and net profit.

Metal Retention Experiments for the Design of Soil-Mix Technology Permeable Reactive Barriers

Soil-mix technology is effective for the construction of permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) for in situ groundwater treatment. The objective of this study was to perform initial experiments for the design of soil-mix technology PRBs according to (i) sorption isotherm, (ii) reaction kinetics and (iii) mass balance of the contaminants. The four tested reactive systems were: (i) a granular zeolite (clinoptilolite-GZ), (ii) a granular organoclay (GO), (iii) a 1:1-mixture GZ and model sandy clayey soil and (iv) a 1:1:1-mixture of GZ, GO and model soil. The laboratory experiments consisted of batch tests (volume 900mL and sorbent mass 18g) with a multimetal solution of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni. For the adsorption experiment, the initial concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.5mM (2.5 to 30mg/L). The maximum metal retention was measured in a batch test (300mg/L for each metal, volume 900mL, sorbent mass 90-4.5g). The reactive material efficiency order was found to be GZ>GZ-soil mix>GZ-soil-GO mix>GO. Langmuir isotherms modelled the adsorption, even in presence of a mixed cations solution. Adsorption was energetically favourable and spontaneous in all cases. Metals were removed according to the second order reaction kinetics; GZ and the 1:1-mix were very similar. The maximum retention capacity was 0.1-0.2mmol/g for Pb in the presence of clinoptilolite; for Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni, it was below 0.05mmol/g for the four reactive systems. Mixing granular zeolite, organoclay and model soil increased the chemisorption. Providing that GZ is reactive enough for the specific conditions, GZ can be mixed to obtain the required sorption. Granular clinoptilolite addition to soil is recommended for PRBs for metal contaminated groundwater. The laboratory experiments consisted of batch tests with a multimetal solution of Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd and Ni. The four reactive materials chosen were granular zeolite, clinoptilolite and model sandy clayey soil, granular organoclay and a mix of clinoptilolite, model soil and organoclay. The reactive material efficiency order was found to be granular clinoptilolite>clinoptilolite-soil mix>clinoptilolite-soil-organoclay mix>granular organoclay. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

SRY基因在人猿超科和旧大陆猴中具有不同的进化规律

通过PCR扩增、测序,得到了白臀叶猴和红面猴的SRY基因全序列。结合现有的灵长类其他物种序列进行分析,验证了HMG盒的保守性。通过构建系统发育树,比较旧大陆猴和人猿超科两个类群内和类群间HMG盒侧翼序列Ka/Ks的比率。

Chemical Constituents from the Leaves and Stems of Schisandra lancifolia

A new nortriterpenoid, 20-hydroxymicrandilactone D (1) and a novel lignan glycoside, lancilignanside A (2) were isolated from leaves and stems of Schisandra lancifolia, together with three known nortriterpenoids (3-5) and nine known phenolics (6-14). The structures of new compounds 1 and 2 were determined by detailed analysis of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra, and chemical evidences. In addition, compounds 1-2, 6-7, and 9-11 showed anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 activities with 50% effective concentration (EC50) in the range of 3.0-99.0 mu g/ml. Compound 12 was not bioactive in this assay with EC50 more than 200 mu g/ml.

中国爬岩鳅属鱼类一新种记述(鲤形目,平鳍鳅科)

记述了采自云南省沾益县德泽乡牛栏江水域的平鳍鳅科爬岩鳅属鱼类1新种,牛栏爬岩鳅 Beaufortia niulanensis Chen,Huang et Yang,sp.nov..其特征:背鳍分支鳍条7,腹鳍分支鳍条21,侧线鳞90～95,胸鳍起点相对于鼻孔和眼前缘之间,背鳍起点相对于腹鳍起点至其基部后缘的中点稍后,肛门位于腹鳍基后缘至臀鳍起点间的中点,腹鳍末端接近肛门,这些特征组合可以将新种与同属的其他2个相近种,即四川爬岩鳅B.szechuanensis(Fang)和中间爬岩鳅B.intermedia Tang et Wang区别开来.

鲤科鱼类Angel相关元件的鉴定及其系统发育意义

Angel相关元件属于微型反向重复转座元件(MITEs)的一个家族．我们在鲤科雅罗鱼系鱼类的生长激素基因内含子2序列中分离并鉴定了这类元件,而在鲃系的直系同源位点上没有发现,从而为雅罗鱼系的单系性提供了新证据．这类元件可能是在雅罗鱼系与鲃系分歧后插入到雅罗鱼系的共同祖先中的．较高的序列变异及相对广泛的物种分布表明生长激素基因中的Angel相关元件是一类古老的转座子,大约26 Ma前可能已经在雅罗鱼系共同祖先中出现．

Liquid transport facilitated by channels in Bacillus subtilis biofilms.

Many bacteria on earth exist in surface-attached communities known as biofilms. These films are responsible for manifold problems, including hospital-acquired infections and biofouling, but they can also be beneficial. Biofilm growth depends on the transport of nutrients and waste, for which diffusion is thought to be the main source of transport. However, diffusion is ineffective for transport over large distances and thus should limit growth. Nevertheless, biofilms can grow to be very large. Here we report the presence of a remarkable network of well-defined channels that form in wild-type Bacillus subtilis biofilms and provide a system for enhanced transport. We observe that these channels have high permeability to liquid flow and facilitate the transport of liquid through the biofilm. In addition, we find that spatial variations in evaporative flux from the surface of these biofilms provide a driving force for the flow of liquid in the channels. These channels offer a remarkably simple system for liquid transport, and their discovery provides insight into the physiology and growth of biofilms.

Feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation for biological soil crusts formation in desert area

Practical testing of the feasibility of cyanobacterial inoculation to speed up the recovery of biological soil crusts in the field was conducted in this experiment. Results showed that cyanobacterial and algal cover climbed up to 48.5% and a total of 14 cyanobacterial and algal species were identified at the termination of inoculation experiment; biological crusts' thickness, compressive and chlorophyll a content increased with inoculation time among 3 years; moss species appeared in the second year; cyanobacterial inoculation increased organic carbon and total nitrogen of the soil; total salt, calcium carbonate and electrical conductivity in the soil also increased after inoculation. Diverse vascular plant communities composed of 10 and 9 species are established by cyanobacterial inoculation on the windward and leeward surface of the dunes, respectively, after 3 years. The Simpson index for the above two communities are 0.842 and 0.852, while the Shannon-Weiner index are 2.097 and 2.053, respectively. In conclusion, we suggest that cyanobacterial inoculation would be a suitable and effective technique to recover biological soil crusts, and may further restore the ecological system. (C) 2008 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Characterization and expression analysis of Paralichthys olivaceus voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) gene in response to virus infection

Voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC, also known as mitochondrial porin) is acknowledged to play an important role in stress-induced mammalian apoptosis. In this study, Paralichthys olivaceus VDAC (PoVDAC) gene was identified as a virally induced gene from Scophthalmus Maximus Rhabdovirus (SMRV)-infected flounder embryonic cells (FEC). The full length of PoVDAC cDNA is 1380 bp with an open reading frame of 852 bp encoding a 283 amino acid protein. The deduced PoVDAC contains one alpha-helix, 13 transmembrane beta-strands and one eukaryotic mitochondrial porin signature motif. Constitutive expression of PoVDAC was confirmed in all tested tissues by real-time PCR. Further expression analysis revealed PoVDAC mRNA was upregulated by viral infection. We prepared fish antiserum against recombinant VDAC proteins and detected the PoVDAC in heart lysates from flounder as a 32 kDa band on western blot. Overexpression of PoVDAC in fish cells induced apoptosis. Immunofluoresence localization indicated that the significant distribution changes of PoVDAC have occurred in virus-induced apoptotic cells. This is the first report on the inductive expression of VDAC by viral infection, suggesting that PoVDAC might be mediated flounder antiviral immune response through induction of apoptosis. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Space-charge-limited currents in GaN Schottky diodes

Unusual dark current voltage (I-V) characteristics were observed in GaN Schottky diodes. I-V characteristics of the GaN Schottky diodes were measured down to the magnitude of 10(-14) A. Although these Schottky diodes were clearly rectifying, their I-V characteristics were non-ideal which can be judged from the non-linearity in the semi-logarithmic plots. Careful analysis of the forward bias I-V characteristics on log-log scale indicates space-charge-limited current (SCLC) conduction dominates the current transport in these GaN Schottky diodes. The concentration of the deep trapping centers was estimated to be higher than 10(15) cm(-3). In the deep level transient spectra (DLTS) measurements for the GaN Schottky diodes, deep defect levels around 0.20 eV below the bottom of the conduction band were identified, which may act as the trapping centers. The concentration of the deep centers obtained from the DLTS data is about 5 x 10(15) cm(-3). SCLC measurements may be used to probe the properties of deep levels in wide bandgap GaN-AlGaN compound semiconductors, as is the case with insulators in the presence of trapping centers. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.