Assessment of genetic damage induced by dental bleaching agents on mouse lymphoma cells by single cell gel (comet) assay

Dental bleaching is a simple and conservative procedure for aesthetic restoration of vital discoloured teeth. However, dental bleaching agents may represent a hazard to human health, especially by causing DNA strand breaks. Genotoxicity tests form an important part of cancer research and risk assessment of potential carcinogens. In the current study, the genotoxic potential associated with exposure to dental bleaching agents was assessed by the single cell gel (comet) assay in vitro. Six commercial dental bleaching agents (Clarigel Gold - Dentsply; Whitespeed - Discus Dental; Nite White - Discus Dental; Magic Bleaching - Vigodent; Whiteness HP - FGM and Lase Peroxide - DMC) were exposed to mouse lymphoma cells in vitro. The results pointed out that all dental bleaching agents tested contributed to the DNA damage as depicted by the mean tail moment. Clear concentration-related effects were obtained for DNA damaging, being the strongest effect observed at the highest dose of the hydrogen peroxide (Whiteness HP and Lase Peroxide, at 35% concentration). on the contrary, Whitespeed (Discus Dental) induced the lowest level of DNA breakage. Taken together, these results suggest that dental bleaching agents may be a factor that increases the level of DNA damage as detected by the single cell gel (comet) assay.

DNA damage and nitric oxide synthesis in experimentally infected Balb/c mice with Trypanosoma cruzi

This study aimed to evaluate whether experimental Chagas disease in acute phase under benznidazole therapy can cause DNA damage in peripheral blood, liver, heart, and spleen cells or induce nitric oxide synthesis in spleen cells. Twenty Balb/c mice were distributed into four groups: control (non-infected animals); Trypanosoma cruzi infected; T. cruzi infected and submitted to benznidazole therapy; and only treated with benznidazole. The results obtained with the single cell gel (comet) assay showed that T. cruzi was able induce DNA damage in heart cells of both benznidazole treated or untreated infected mice. Similarly, T. cruzi infected animals showed an increase of DNA lesions in spleen cells. Regarding nitric oxide synthesis, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in all experimental groups compared to negative control, the strongest effect observed in the T. cruzi infected group. Taken together, these results indicate that T. cruzi may increase the level of DNA damage in mice heart and spleen cells. Probably, nitric oxide plays an important role in DNA damaging whereas benznidazole was able to minimize induced T. cruzi genotoxic effects in spleen cells. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Targeting the Transposase Domain of the DNA Repair Component Metnase to Enhance Chemotherapy

Previous studies have shown that the DNA repair component Metnase (SETMAR) mediates resistance to DNA damaging cancer chemotherapy. Metnase has a nuclease domain that shares homology with the Transposase family. We therefore virtually screened the tertiary Metnase structure against the 550,000 compound ChemDiv library to identify small molecules that might dock in the active site of the transposase nuclease domain of Metnase. We identified eight compounds as possible Metnase inhibitors. Interestingly, among these candidate inhibitors were quinolone antibiotics and HIV integrase inhibitors, which share common structural features. Previous reports have described possible activity of quinolones as antineoplastic agents. Therefore, we chose the quinolone ciprofloxacin for further study, based on its wide clinical availability and low toxicity. We found that ciprofloxacin inhibits the ability of Metnase to cleave DNA and inhibits Metnase-dependent DNA repair. Ciprofloxacin on its own did not induce DNA damage, but it did reduce repair of chemotherapy-induced DNA damage. Ciprofloxacin increased the sensitivity of cancer cell lines and a xenograft tumor model to clinically relevant chemotherapy. These studies provide a mechanism for the previously postulated antineoplastic activity of quinolones, and suggest that ciprofloxacin might be a simple yet effective adjunct to cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Res; 72(23); 6200-8. (C) 2012 AACR.

Mechanisms of cell senescence: p21 and DNA damage response in aging and longevity

Theory of aging postulates that aging is a remodeling process where the body of survivors progressively adapts to internal and external damaging agents they are exposed to during several decades. Thus , stress response and adaptation mechanisms play a fundamental role in the aging process where the capability of adaptating effects, certainly, also is related the lifespan of each individual. A key gene linking aging to stress response is indeed p21, an induction of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor which triggers cell growth arrest associated with senescence and damage response and notably is involved in the up-regulation of multiple genes that have been associated with senescence or implicated in age-related . This PhD thesis project that has been performed in collaboration with the Roninson Lab at Ordway Research Institute in Albany, NY had two main aims: -the testing the hypothesis that p21 polymorphisms are involved in longevity -Evaluating age-associated differences in gene expression and transcriptional response to p21 and DNA damage In the first project, trough PCR-sequencing and Sequenom strategies, we we found out that there are about 30 polymorphic variants in the p21 gene. In addition, we found an haplotpype located in -5kb region of the p21 promoter whose frequency is ~ 2 fold higher in centenarians than in the general population (Large-scale analysis of haplotype frequencies is currently in progress). Functional studies I carried out on the promoter highilighted that the ―centenarian‖ haplotype doesn’t affect the basal p21 promoter activity or its response to p53. However, there are many other possible physiological conditions in which the centenarian allele of the p21 promoter may potentially show a different response (IL6, IFN,progesterone, vitamin E, Vitamin D etc). In the second part, project #2, trough Microarrays we seeked to evaluate the differences in gene expression between centenarians, elderly, young in dermal fibroblast cultures and their response to p21 and DNA damage. Microarray analysis of gene expression in dermal fibroblast cultures of individuals of different ages yielded a tentative "centenarian signature". A subset of genes that were up- or downregulated in centenarians showed the same response to ectopic expression of p21, yielding a putative "p21-centenarian" signature. Trough RQ-PCR (as well Microarrays studies whose analysis is in progress) we tested the DNA damage response of the p21-centenarian signature genes showing a correlation stress/aging in additional sets of young and old samples treated with p21-inducing drug doxorubicin thus finding for a subset of of them , a response to stress age-related.

hMutSα- and hMutLα-dependent phosphorylation of p53 in response to DNA methylator damage

hMSH2⋅hMSH6 heterodimer (hMutSα) and hMLH1⋅hPMS2 complex (hMutLα) have been implicated in the cytotoxic response of mammalian cells to a number of DNA-damaging compounds, including methylating agents that produce O6-methylguanine (O6MeG) adducts. This study demonstrates that O6MeG lesions, in which the damaged base is paired with either T or C, are subject to excision repair in a reaction that depends on a functional mismatch repair system. Furthermore, treatment of human cells with the SN1 DNA methylators N-methyl-N-nitrosourea or N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine results in p53 phosphorylation on serine residues 15 and 392, and these phosphorylation events depend on the presence of functional hMutSα and hMutLα. Coupled with the previous demonstration that O6MeG⋅T and O6MeG⋅C pairs are recognized by hMutSα, these results implicate action of the mismatch repair system in the initial step of a damage-signaling cascade that can lead to cell-cycle checkpoint activation or cell death in response to DNA methylator damage.

DNA damage enhances melanogenesis.

Although the ability of UV irradiation to induce pigmentation in vivo and in vitro is well documented, the intracellular signals that trigger this response are poorly understood. We have recently shown that increasing DNA repair after irradiation enhances UV-induced melanization. Moreover, addition of small DNA fragments, particularly thymine dinucleotides (pTpT), selected to mimic sequences excised during the repair of UV-induced DNA photoproducts, to unirradiated pigment cells in vitro or to guinea pig skin in vivo induces a pigment response indistinguishable from UV-induced tanning. Here we present further evidence that DNA damage and/or the repair of this damage increases melanization. (i) Treatment with the restriction enzyme Pvu II or the DNA-damaging chemical agents methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) or 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (4-NQO) produces a 4- to 10-fold increase in melanin content in Cloudman S91 murine melanoma cells and an up to 70% increase in normal human melanocytes, (ii) UV irradiation, MMS, and pTpT all upregulate the mRNA level for tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin biosynthesis. (iii) Treatment with pTpT or MMS increases the response of S91 cells to melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and increases the binding of MSH to its cell surface receptor, as has been reported for UV irradiation. Together, these data suggest that UV-induced DNA damage and/or the repair of this damage is an important signal in the pigmentation response to UV irradiation. Because Pvu II acts exclusively on DNA and because MMS and 4-NQO, at the concentrations used, primarily interact with DNA, such a stimulus alone appears sufficient to induce melanogenesis. Of possible practical importance, the dinucleotide pTpT mimics most, if not all, of the effects of UV irradiation on pigmentation, tyrosinase mRNA regulation, and response to MSH without the requirement for antecedent DNA damage.

Lesões em DNA promovidas por produtos de oxidação do β-caroteno: possíveis implicações biológicas

Apesar de diversos estudos in vitro e em populações indicarem um efeito protetor do β-caroteno em sistemas biológicos, estudos epidemiológicos como o \"The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study\" (ATBC) e o \"The Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial\" (CARET) mostraram um aumento na incidência de câncer pulmonar em indivíduos fumantes suplementados com β-caroteno. Essa ação contraditória tem sido chamada na literatura de \"Paradoxo do β-Caroteno\". Sabe-se que este carotenóide sob altas pressões de oxigênio ou na presença de peróxidos pode sofrer oxidação e levar a formação de compostos como aldeídos, epóxidos, etc, que são capazes de se adicionarem covalentemente ao DNA. Estudos, in vitro e in vivo têm demonstrado a possibilidade de os metabólitos do β-caroteno agirem como agentes pró-carcinogênicos. Estes agentes quando ativados quimicamente podem levar à formação de adutos de DNA. Já se sabe que alguns desses adutos encontramse em níveis aumentados em diversas situações de risco de câncer. Diversos grupos, incluindo o nosso, têm demonstrado a formação de lesões em DNA a partir de aldeídos e epóxidos exógenos ou gerados endogenamente. O presente trabalho mostra que a reação do β-caroteno e dois de seus produtos de oxidação, retinal e β-apo-8\'-carotenal, com 2\'-desoxiguanosina e DNA leva à formação de adutos. Dentre os adutos formados, foi caracterizado o aduto 1,N2eteno-2\'-desoxiguanosina (1 ,N2-εdGuo). Os níveis de outro aduto de DNA, a 8-oxo-7,8-dihidro-2\'-deoxiguanosina (8-oxodGuo), também foram monitoradas para estudo comparativo. A formação dos adutos também foi verificada em fibroblastos normais de pulmão humano (linhagem IMR-90) expostos ao β-caroteno e aos seus produtos de oxidação. Experimentos com ratos suplementados com β-caroteno e expostos à fumaça de cigarro em períodos de 7, 30 e 180 dias, mostraram níveis aumentados de 1,N2-εdGuo nos animais suplementados com o carotenóide comparado ao grupo veículo. Aumento no nível de 8-oxodGuo também foi verificado nos tratamentos de 7 e 180 dias. Um aumento significativo no nível do eteno aduto também foi verificado nos animais suplementados com β-caroteno e expostos à fumaça de cigarro, comparado ao grupo apenas exposto à fumaça após 7 e 180 dias de exposição. Nestes mesmos grupos, o aumento do 8-oxodGuo só foi observado no tratamento por 180 dias. Sabendo que estas lesões são comprovadamente mutagênicas, nossos estudos podem contribuir para o esclarecimento dos mecanismos envolvidos na formação de câncer em fumantes suplementados ou não com β-caroteno.

Activation of endogenous p53 by combined p19Arf gene transfer and nutlin-3 drug treatment modalities in the murine cell lines B16 and C6

Background: Reactivation of p53 by either gene transfer or pharmacologic approaches may compensate for loss of p19Arf or excess mdm2 expression, common events in melanoma and glioma. In our previous work, we constructed the pCLPG retroviral vector where transgene expression is controlled by p53 through a p53-responsive promoter. The use of this vector to introduce p19Arf into tumor cells that harbor p53wt should yield viral expression of p19Arf which, in turn, would activate the endogenous p53 and result in enhanced vector expression and tumor suppression. Since nutlin-3 can activate p53 by blocking its interaction with mdm2, we explored the possibility that the combination of p19Arf gene transfer and nutlin-3 drug treatment may provide an additive benefit in stimulating p53 function. Methods: B16 (mouse melanoma) and C6 (rat glioma) cell lines, which harbor p53wt, were transduced with pCLPGp19 and these were additionally treated with nutlin-3 or the DNA damaging agent, doxorubicin. Viral expression was confirmed by Western, Northern and immunofluorescence assays. p53 function was assessed by reporter gene activity provided by a p53-responsive construct. Alterations in proliferation and viability were measured by colony formation, growth curve, cell cycle and MTT assays. In an animal model, B16 cells were treated with the pCLPGp19 virus and/or drugs before subcutaneous injection in C57BL/6 mice, observation of tumor progression and histopathologic analyses. Results: Here we show that the functional activation of endogenous p53wt in B16 was particularly challenging, but accomplished when combined gene transfer and drug treatments were applied, resulting in increased transactivation by p53, marked cell cycle alteration and reduced viability in culture. In an animal model, B16 cells treated with both p19Arf and nutlin-3 yielded increased necrosis and decreased BrdU marking. In comparison, C6 cells were quite susceptible to either treatment, yet p53 was further activated by the combination of p19Arf and nutlin-3. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to apply both p19Arf and nutlin-3 for the stimulation of p53 activity. These results support the notion that a p53 responsive vector may prove to be an interesting gene transfer tool, especially when combined with p53- activating agents, for the treatment of tumors that retain wild-type p53.

DNA damage induced by acrylamide: roe of genetic polymorphisms in DNA damage levels

RESUMO:Em 1994 a acrilamida (AA) foi classificada pela IARC como um provável cancerígeno para o homem. Para além da utilização de AA em numerosas aplicações industriais, a AA está também presente numa grande variedade de alimentos ricos em amido e processados a temperaturas elevadas. Esta exposição através da ingestão de produtos alimentares despoletou elevadas preocupações ao nível do risco para a saúde pública e poderá implicar um risco adicional para o aparecimento de cancro. A glicidamida (GA), o metabolito epóxido formado a partir da oxidação da AA provavelmente através do citocromo P450 2E1, é considerada por vários estudos, o principal responsável pela carcinogenicidade da AA. Actualmente existe uma escassez de resultados relativamente aos mecanismos de genotoxicidade da AA e GA em células de mamífero. Por este motivo, o objectivo deste estudo centra-se na avaliação das consequências genéticas da exposição à AA e GA, recorrendo-se para tal ao uso de células de mamífero como modelo. Tendo como base este objectivo avaliou-se a citotoxicidade da AA e GA, através do ensaio do MTT, e realizaram-se dois testes citogenéticos, o teste das aberrações cromossómicas (CAs) e o teste da troca de cromátides irmãs (SCEs), de modo a avaliar as lesões de DNA induzidas por estes compostos em células de hamster Chinês V79. Os resultados globalmente mostraram que a GA é mais citotóxica e clastogénica do que a AA. No âmbito deste trabalho, foi também efectuada a quantificação de aductos específicos de DNA, nomeadamente N7-(2-carbamoil-2-hidroxietil)guanina (N7-GA-Gua) e N3-(2-carbamoil-2-hidroxietil)adenina (N3-GA-Ade). Os resultados obtidos permitem afirmar que os níveis de N7-GA-Gua e a concentração de GA apresentam uma relação linear dose-resposta. Foi também identificada uma óptima correlação entre os níveis de N7-GA-Gua e a frequência de troca de cromátides irmãs. Adicionalmente, e de forma a compreender os mecanismos de toxicidade da AA, estudaram-se os mecanismos dependentes da modulação do glutationo reduzido (GSH), nomeadamente da butionina sulfoximina (BSO), um inibidor da síntese de GSH, do GSH-monoetil estér (GSH-EE), um composto permeável nas células e que é intra-celularmente hidrolisado a GSH e ainda do GSH adicionado exogenamente ao meio de cultura, em células V79. Os resultados obtidos reforçaram o papel da modulação do GSH nos efeitos de citotoxicidade e clastogenicidade da AA. Para além dos estudos efetuados com células V79, procedeu-se também à determinação da frequência de SCEs, à quantificação de aductos específicos de DNA, bem como ao ensaio do cometa alcalino em amostras de dadores saudáveis expostos à AA e GA. Tanto os resultados obtidos através do ensaio das SCE, como pela quantificação de aductos específicos de DNA, ambos efectuados em linfócitos estimulados, originaram resultados comparáveis aos obtidos anteriormente para as células V79, reforçando a ideia de que a GA é bastante mais genotóxica do que a AA. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos pelo ensaio do cometa para exposição à AA e GA mostraram que apenas esta última aumenta o nível das lesões de DNA. Outro objectivo deste trabalho, foi a identificação de possíveis associações existentes entre as lesões de DNA, quantificadas através do ensaio das SCEs e do cometa, e biomarcadores de susceptibilidade, tendo em conta os polimorfismos genéticos individuais envolvidos na destoxificação e nas vias de reparação do DNA (BER, NER, HRR e NHEJ) em linfócitos expostos à GA. Tal permitiu identificar associações entre os níveis de lesão de DNA determinados através do ensaio das SCEs, e os polimorfismos genéticos estudados, apontando para uma possível associação entre o GSTP1 (Ile105Val) e GSTA2 (Glu210Ala) e a frequência de SCEs. Por outro lado, os resultados obtidos através do ensaio do cometa sugerem uma associação entre as lesões de DNA e polimorfismos da via BER (MUTYH Gln335His e XRCC1 Gln39Arg) e da via NER (XPC Ala499val e Lys939Gln), considerando os genes isoladamente ou combinados. Estes estudos contribuem para um melhor entendimento da genotoxicidade e carcinogenicidade da AA e GA em células de mamífero, bem como da variabilidade da susceptibilidade individual na destoxificação e reparação de lesões de DNA provocadas pela exposição a estes xenobióticos alimentares. ----------- ABSTRACT:Acrylamide (AA) has been classified as a probable human carcinogen by IARC. Besides being used in numerous industrial applications, AA is also present in a variety of starchy cooked foods. This AA exposure scenario raised concerns about risk in human health and suggests that the oral consumption of AA is an additional risk factor for cancer. A considerable number of findings strongly suggest that the reactive metabolite glycidamide (GA), an epoxide generated presumably by cytochrome P450 2E1, plays a central role in AA carcinogenesis. Until now there are a scarcity of results concerning the mechanisms of genotoxicity of AA and GA in mammalian cells. In view of that, the study described in this thesis aims to unveil the genetic consequences of AA and GA exposure using mammalian cells as a model system. With this aim we evaluated the cytotoxicity of AA and GA using the MTT assay and subsequently performed two cytogenetic end-points: chromosomal aberrations (CAs) and sister chromatid exchanges (SCEs), in order to evaluate DNA damage induced by these compounds in V79 Chinese hamster cell line. The results showed that GA was more cytotoxic and clastogenic than AA. Within the scope of this thesis the quantification of specific DNA adducts were also performed, namely N7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)guanine (N7-GA-Gua) and N3-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)adenine (N3-GA-Ade). Interestingly, the GA concentration and the levels of N7-GA-Gua presented a linear dose-response relationship. Further, a very good correlation between the levels of N7-GA-Gua and the extent of SCEs were observed. In order to understand the mechanisms of AA-induced toxicity, the modulation of reduced glutathione (GSH)-dependent mechanisms were studied, namely the evaluation of the effect of buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an effective inhibitor of GSH synthesis, of GSH-monoethyl ester (GSH-EE), a cell permeable compound that is intracellularly hydrolysed to GSH and also of GSH endogenously added to culture medium,z in V79 cell line. The overall results reinforced the role of GSH in the modulation of the cytotoxic and clastogenic effects induced by AA.Complementary to the studies performed in V79 cells, SCEs, specific DNA-adducts and alkaline comet assay in lymphocytes from healthy donors exposed to AA and GA were also evaluated. Both, the frequency of SCE and the quantification of specific GA DNA adducts, produced comparable results with those obtained in V79 cell line, reinforcing the idea that GA is far more genotoxic than AA. Further, the DNA damaging potential of AA and GA in whole blood leukocytes evaluated by the alkaline comet assay, showed that GA, but not AA, increases DNA damage. Additionally, this study aimed to identify associations between DNA damage and biomarkers of susceptibility, concerning individual genetic polymorphisms involved in detoxification and DNA repair pathways (BER, NER, HRR and NHEJ) on the GA-induced genotoxicity assessed by the SCE assay and by the alkaline comet assay. The extent of DNA damage determined by the levels of SCEs induced by GA seems to be modulated by GSTP1 (Ile105Val) and GSTA2 (Glu210Ala) genotypes. Moreover, the results obtained from the comet assay suggested associations between DNA damage and polymorphisms of BER (MUTYH Gln335His and XRCC1 Gln399Arg) and NER (XPC Ala499Val and Lys939Gln) genes, either alone or in combination. The overall results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of AA and GA in mammalian cells, as well as the knowledge about the variability in individual susceptibility involved in detoxification and repair of DNA damage due to these dietary xenobiotics.

RecA-mediated annealing of single-stranded DNA and its relation to the mechanism of homologous recombination.

We demonstrate that RecA protein can mediate annealing of complementary DNA strands in vitro by at least two different mechanisms. The first annealing mechanism predominates under conditions where RecA protein causes coaggregation of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) molecules and where RecA-free ssDNA stretches are present on both reaction partners. Under these conditions annealing can take place between locally concentrated protein-free complementary sequences. Other DNA aggregating agents like histone H1 or ethanol stimulate annealing by the same mechanism. The second mechanism of RecA-mediated annealing of complementary DNA strands is best manifested when preformed saturated RecA-ssDNA complexes interact with protein-free ssDNA. In this case, annealing can occur between the ssDNA strand resident in the complex and the ssDNA strand that interacts with the preformed RecA-ssDNA complex. Here, the action of RecA protein reflects its specific recombination promoting mechanism. This mechanism enables DNA molecules resident in the presynaptic RecA-DNA complexes to be exposed for hydrogen bond formation with DNA molecules contacting the presynaptic RecA-DNA filament.

Time-Lapse AFM Imaging of DNA Conformational Changes Induced by Daunorubicin.

Cancer is a major health issue that absorbs the attention of a large part of the biomedical research. Intercalating agents bind to DNA molecules and can inhibit their synthesis and transcription; thus, they are increasingly used as drugs to fight cancer. In this work, we show how atomic force microscopy in liquid can characterize, through time-lapse imaging, the dynamical influence of intercalating agents on the supercoiling of DNA, improving our understanding of the drug's effect.

Derivado cinamoílico com atividade no reparo de DNA e outras substâncias de Cinnamomum australe (Lauraceae)

The bioactive compound trans-3'-methylsulphonylallyl trans-cinnamate (1) along with the inactives iryelliptin (2) and (7R,8S,1'S)-delta8'-3',5'-dimethoxy-1',4'-dihydro-4'-oxo-7.0.2',8.1'-neolignan (3) were isolated from the leaves of Cinnamomum australe. The structures of these compounds were assigned by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data and comparison with data registered in the literature for these compounds. The DNA-damaging activity of 1 is being described for the first time.

Les protéines Staufen et leurs rôles dans la régulation posttranscriptionnelle de l’expression des gènes, la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN et le cycle cellulaire

Les différents mécanismes de régulation posttranscriptionnelle de l’expression des gènes sont de plus en plus reconnus comme des processus essentiels dans divers phénomènes physiologiques importants, comme la prolifération cellulaire et la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN. Deux des protéines impliquées dans ce type de régulation sont Staufen1 (Stau1) et Staufen2 (Stau2). Elles sont des protéines de liaison à l’ARN double brin qui contribuent au transport de l’ARN messager (ARNm), au contrôle de la traduction, à l’épissage alternatif et sont responsables de la dégradation de certains ARNm spécifiques. Les protéines Staufen peuvent en effet s’associer à des ARNm bien précis, d’autant plus que, majoritairement, Stau1 et Stau2 ne se retrouvent pas en complexe avec les mêmes cibles. De nombreuses évidences récentes montrent l’implication de divers mécanismes de régulation posttranscriptionnelle dans la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN, plusieurs protéines de liaison à l’ARN y participant d’ailleurs. De façon importante, cette réponse dicte un ou plusieurs destin(s) à la cellule qui doit réagir à la suite de dommages à l’intégrité de son ADN: réparation de l’ADN, arrêt de la prolifération cellulaire, apoptose. Nous avons donc fait l’hypothèse que l’expression de Stau1 et/ou de Stau2 pourrait être affectée en réponse à un stress génotoxique, ce qui pourrait avoir comme conséquence de moduler l’expression et/ou la stabilité de leurs ARNm cibles. De même, notre laboratoire a récemment observé que l’expression de Stau1 varie pendant le cycle cellulaire, celle-ci étant plus élevée jusqu’au début de la mitose (prométaphase), puis elle diminue alors que les cellules complètent leur division. Par conséquent, nous avons fait l’hypothèse que Stau1 pourrait lier des ARNm de façon différentielle dans des cellules bloquées en prométaphase et dans des cellules asynchrones. D’un côté, en employant la camptothécine (CPT), une drogue causant des dommages à l’ADN, pour traiter des cellules de la lignée de cancer colorectal HCT116, nous avons observé que seule l’expression de Stau2 est réduite de façon considérable, tant au niveau de la protéine que de l’ARNm. L’utilisation d’autres agents cytotoxiques a permis de confirmer cette observation initiale. De plus, nous avons constaté que l’expression de Stau2 est touchée même dans des conditions n’engendrant pas une réponse apoptotique, ce qui suggère que cette déplétion de Stau2 est possiblement importante pour la mise en place d’une réponse appropriée aux dommages à l’ADN. D’ailleurs, la surexpression de Stau2 conjointement avec le traitement à la CPT entraîne un retard dans l’induction de l’apoptose dans les cellules HCT116. Nous avons aussi montré que la diminution de l’expression de Stau2 est due à une régulation de sa transcription en réponse au stress génotoxique, ce pourquoi une région minimale du promoteur putatif de Stau2 est nécessaire. Également, nous avons identifié que le facteur de transcription E2F1, couramment impliqué dans la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN, peut contrôler l’expression de Stau2. Ainsi, E2F1 permet une augmentation de l’expression de Stau2 dans des cellules non traitées, mais cette hausse est abolie dans des cellules traitées à la CPT, ce qui suggère que la CPT pourrait agir en inhibant l’activation transcriptionnelle de Stau2 par E2F1. Enfin, nous avons observé que certains ARNm associés à Stau2, et codant pour des protéines impliquées dans la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN et l’apoptose, sont exprimés différemment dans des cellules traitées à la CPT et des cellules non traitées. D’un autre côté, nous avons identifié les ARNm associés à Stau1 lors de la prométaphase, alors que l’expression de Stau1 est à son niveau le plus élevé pendant le cycle cellulaire, grâce à une étude à grande échelle de micropuces d’ADN dans des cellules HEK293T. Nous avons par la suite confirmé l’association entre Stau1 et certains ARNm d’intérêts, donc codant pour des protéines impliquées dans la régulation de la prolifération cellulaire et/ou le déroulement de la mitose. Une comparaison de la liaison de ces ARNm à Stau1 dans des cellules bloquées en prométaphase par rapport à des cellules asynchrones nous a permis de constater une association préférentielle dans les cellules en prométaphase. Ceci suggère une augmentation potentielle de la régulation de ces ARNm par Stau1 à ce moment du cycle cellulaire. Les données présentées dans cette thèse indiquent vraisemblablement que la régulation posttranscriptionnelle de l’expression génique contrôlée par les protéines Staufen se fait en partie grâce à la modulation de l’expression de Stau1 et de Stau2 en fonction des conditions cellulaires. Nous envisageons alors que cette variation de l’expression des protéines Staufen ait des conséquences sur des sous-ensembles d’ARNm auxquels elles sont liées et que de cette façon, elles jouent un rôle pour réguler des processus physiologiques essentiels comme la réponse aux dommages à l’ADN et la progression dans le cycle cellulaire.

DNA Interaction and Catalytic Activity Studies of Some New Transition Metal Complexes of Schiff Bases Derived from Quinoxaline

In this thesis we report the synthsis and characterisation of new transition metal complexes of Pd(II),Cu(II),Ru(II) and Ir(III) of Schiff bases derived from quinoxaline-2-carboxaldehyde/3-hydroxyquinoxaline-2-carboxaldehyde and 5-aminoindazole.6-aminoindazole or 8-aminoquinoline.The complexes have been characterised by spectral and analytical data.Pd(II) and Cu(II) form square planar complexes and Ru(III) and Ir(III) form ctahedral complexes with these Schiff bases.The DNA binding properties of theses synthesised complexes have been studied by various methods including electronic absoption spectroscopy,cyclic voltammetry,different pulse voltammetry and circular dichroism spectra were used.Gel electrophoresis experiments were also performed to investigate the DNA cleavage of theses complexes.Furthermore Ru(III) and Ir(III) complexes find application as oxidation and hydogenation catalsts. The studies on catalytic activities has been presented.The metal complexes presented in this thesis assure significance as they contribute to the development of new DNA binding agents and antibacterial and anticancer drugs.

Two New Ternary Complexes of Copper(II) with Tetracycline or Doxycycline and 1,10-Phenanthroline and Their Potential as Antitumoral: Cytotoxicity and DNA Cleavage

This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of two new ternary copper(II) complexes: [Cu(doxy-cycline)(1,10-phenanthroline)(H(2)O)(ClO(4))](ClO(4)) (1) and [Cu(tetracycline)(1,10-phenanthroline)(H(2)O)(ClO(4))](ClO(4)) (2). These compounds exhibit a distorted tetragonal geometry around copper, which is coordinated to two bidentate ligands, 1,10-phenanthroline and tetracycline or doxycyline, a water molecule, and a perchlorate ion weakly bonded in the axial positions. In both compounds, copper(II) binds to tetracyclines`. via the oxygen of the hydroxyl group and oxygen of the amide group at ring A and to 1,10-phenanthroline via its two heterocyclic nitrogens. We have evaluated the binding of the new complexes to DNA, their capacity to cleave it, their cytotoxic activity, and uptake in tumoral cells. The complexes bind to DNA preferentially by the major groove, and then cleave its strands by an oxidative mechanism involving the generation of ROS. The cleavage of DNA was inhibited by radical inhibitors and/or trappers such as superoxide dismutase, DMSO, and the copper(I) chelator bathocuproine. The enzyme T4 DNA ligase was not able to relegate the products of DNA cleavage, which indicates that the cleavage does not occur via a hydrolytic mechanism. Both complexes present an expressive plasmid DNA cleavage activity generating single- and double-strand breaks, under mild reaction conditions, and even in the absence of any additional oxidant or reducing agent. In the same experimental conditions, [Cu(phen)(2)](2+) is approximately 100-fold less active than our complexes. These complexes are among the most potent DNA cleavage agents reported so far. Both complexes inhibit the growth of K562 cells With the IC(50) values of 1.93 and 2.59 mu mol L(-1) for compounds I and 2, respectively. The complexes are more active than the free ligands, and their cytotoxic activity correlates with intracellular copper concentration and the number of Cu-DNA adducts formed inside cells.