Prediction of discard mortality for Alaskan crabs after exposure to freezing temperatures, based on a reflex impairment index

Millions of crabs are sorted and discarded in freezing conditions each year in Alaskan fisheries for Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi) and snow crab (C. opilio). However, cold exposures vary widely over the fishing season and among different vessels, and mortalities are difficult to estimate. A shipboard experiment was conducted to determine whether simple behavioral observations can be used to evaluate crab condition after low-temperature exposures. Crabs were systematically subjected to cold in seven different exposure treatments. They were then tested for righting behavior and six different ref lex actions and held to monitor mortality. Crabs lost limbs, showed ref lex impairment, and died in direct proportion to increases in cold exposure. Righting behavior was a poor predictor of mortality, whereas reflex impairment (scored as the sum of reflex actions that were lost) was an excellent predictor. This composite index could be measured quickly and easily in hand, and logistic regression revealed that the relationship between reflex impairment and mortality correctly predicted 80.0% of the mortality and survival for C. bairdi, and 79.4% for C. opilio. These relationships provide substantial improvements over earlier approaches to mortality estimation and were independent of crab size and exposure temperature.

Ecological condition of coastal ocean waters of the northwestern Gulf of Mexico: 2011

In August 2011, the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS) conducted an assessment of the status of ecological condition of soft-bottom habitat and overlying waters of the continental shelf in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico (GOM). The original sampling design included 50 randomly selected sites from the Mississippi River delta to the U.S./Mexican border, representing a total area of 111,162 square kilometers; however, vessel failures and inclement weather precluded sampling at 16 sites in the western-most part of the study region. Sampling was completed at the remaining 34 sites in offshore waters between the Mississippi River delta and Freeport, Texas, representing an estimated 75,591 square kilometers. Field sampling followed standard methods and indicators applied in prior NOAA coastal studies and EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) and National Coastal Assessment (NCA). A key feature adopted from these studies was the incorporation of a random probabilistic sampling design. Such a design provides a basis for making unbiased statistical estimates of the spatial extent of ecological condition relative to various measured indicators and corresponding thresholds of concern. Indicators included multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition (benthic fauna, fish tissue contaminant levels). Water depths ranged from 13 – 83 m throughout the study area. About 9 % of the area had sediments composed of sands (< 20 % silt+clay), 47 % of the area was composed of intermediate muddy sands (20 – 80 % silt+clay), and 44 % of the sampled area consisted of mud (> 80 % silt+clay). About 50 % of the area (represented by 17 sites) had sediment total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations < 5 mg/g and all of the sites sampled had levels of TOC < 20 mg/g, well below the range associated with potentially harmful effects to benthic fauna (> 50 mg/g). Surface salinities ranged from 23.4 – 36.5 psu, with salinity generally increasing with distance west of the Mississippi River delta. Bottom salinities varied between 31.1 and 36.5 psu, with lowest values occurring at shallow, inner-shelf stations. Surface-water temperatures varied between 29.8 and 31.5 ºC, while near-bottom waters ranged in temperature from 19.4 – 31 ºC. An index of density stratification (Δσt) indicated that portions of coastal shelf waters in the northwestern GOM at the time of this sampling were strongly stratified. Values of Δσt at 19 of the 34 sites sampled in this study (56 % of the study area) ranged from 2.2 to 12.4, which is within the range considered to be indicative of strong vertical stratification (Δσt > 2). Stratification was strongest close to the Mississippi River delta, and decreased with distance west of the delta.

Ecological Condition of Coastal Ocean Waters within Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary: 2008

In June 2008, the NOAA National Ocean Service (NOS), in conjunction with the EPA National Health and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), conducted an assessment of the status of ecological condition of soft-bottom habitat and overlying waters within the boundaries of Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary (SBNMS). The sanctuary lies approximately 20 nautical miles east of Boston, MA in the southwest Gulf of Maine between Cape Ann and Cape Cod and encompassing 638 square nautical miles (2,181 km2). A total of 30 stations were targeted for sampling using standard methods and indicators applied in prior NOAA coastal studies and EPA’s Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) and National Coastal Assessment (NCA). A key feature adopted from these studies was the incorporation of a random probabilistic sampling design. Such a design provides a basis for making unbiased statistical estimates of the spatial extent of ecological condition relative to various measured indicators and corresponding thresholds of concern. Indicators included multiple measures of water quality, sediment quality, and biological condition (benthic fauna, fish tissue contaminant levels). Depths ranged from 31 – 137 m throughout the study area. About 76 % of the area had sediments composed of sands (< 20 % silt-clay), 17 % of the area was composed of intermediate muddy sands (20 – 80 % silt-clay), and 7 % of the sampled area consisted of mud (> 80 % siltclay). About 70 % of the area (represented by 21 sites) had sediment total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations < 5 mg/g and all but one site (located in Stellwagen Basin) had levels of TOC < 20 mg/g, which is well below the range potentially harmful to benthic fauna (> 50 mg/g). Surface salinities ranged from 30.6 – 31.5 psu, with the majority of the study region (approximately 80 % of the area) having surface salinities between 30.8 and 31.4 psu. Bottom salinities varied between 32.1 and 32.5 psu, with bottom salinities at all sites having values above the range of surface salinities. Surface-water temperatures varied between 12.1 and 16.8 ºC, while near-bottom waters ranged in temperature from 4.4 – 6.2 ºC. An index of density stratification (Δσt) indicated that the waters of SBNMS were stratified at the time of sampling. Values of Δσt at 29 of the 30 sites sampled in this study (96.7 % of the study area) varied from 2.1 – 3.2, which is within the range considered to be indicative of strong vertical stratification (Δσt > 2) and typical of the western Gulf of Maine in summer. Levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) were confined to a fairly narrow range in surface (8.8 – 10.4 mg/L) and bottom (8.5 – 9.6 mg/L) waters throughout the survey area. These levels are within the range considered indicative of good water quality (> 5 mg/L) with respect to DO. None of these waters had DO at low levels (< 2 mg/L) potentially harmful to benthic fauna and fish.

Study of physicochemical, microbial and sensory properties of surimi produced from black mouth croaker (Atrobucca nibe) at freezing condition (-18ºC)

Black mouth croaker (Atrobucca nibe) is considered as a new valuable fish stock in the Oman Sea. In this study, surimi was manufactured from nonmarket size of the fish, manually and different cryoprotectant agents were added to the surimi. Finally changes in physiochemical, microbiological and sensory quality, characteristics of the surimi and kamaboko gel samples were assessed during 6 months at freezing storage (-18ºC). Surimi samples with the addition of Iranian tragacanth gum (TG), xanthan gum (XG), chitosan (CS) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) at 1% (w/w) were prepared to evaluate their impacts as a cryoprotectant on the surimi, individually. The results showed that the whiteness and lightness indexes in all surimi samples were gradually decreased during frozen storage. This trend of decreasing was more intensity in the control sample from 61.08±0.131 to 54.21±0.067 was recorded (p<0.05). Water holding capacity (WHC) in all treatments was decreased during 6 months. The lowest WHC (g/g) was obtained in the surimi without cryoprotectants and maximum WHC was measured in Tcs and Twpc samples, respectively (p<0.05). The lowest breaking force was calculated in Txg (166.00±22.627 g) and Tc (271.50±263.16 g) during 6 months at frozen storage, respectively (p<0.05), while Twpc treatment with slight variations showed the highest breaking force (p<0.05). Also, the lowest gel strength was obtained in Txg (68.22±6.740 g.cm) after 6 month of frozen storage (p<0.05). All Kamaboko surimi gels texture profile analysis parameters decreaced with increasing shelf life. This decreasing trend in the control sample was more severe. Floding results were reduced in all samples during storage (p<0.05). The best protective results probably were obtained in WPC, chitosan and commercial cryoprotectant agents, respectively due to protein stabilization of myofibrillar proteins and the protein-protein network structure, leading to the formation of surimi gel with strong textural properties during frozen conditions. The average number of surimi polygonal structures were significantly decreased (number per mm2) and their area were significantly increased (μm2) in all treatments (p<0.05). With increasing storage time, moisture, protein contents and pH were decreaced. Maximun TVB-N index was calculated in Tc (7.93±0.400 mg/100g) and Txg (7.88±0.477), respectively (p<0.05). TBRAs index was increased in all treatments during frozen storage, while this trend was reached in maximum value in Tc (p<0.05). Sensory evaluation of the fish finger quality characteristics (color, odor, texture and overall acceptability) preapare from frozen black mouth croaker surimi was decreaced during 6 month frozen storage. After the period of frozen storage the highest quality scores were measured in Twpc, Tcs and Tcc samples, respectively (p<0.05). In this study, coliform bacteria were not found in all treatments during frozen storage. The surimi sample containing chitosan showed lower mesophilic and psychrotropic bacteria (log cfu/g) than other treatments during frozen storage (p<0.05). Salt-soluble proteins extractions of all treatments were decreased during frozen storage. This decreacing trend was highest in Tcs (45.74±0.176%) and lowest in Tc treatments after 6 month of frozen storage (29.92±0.224%) (p<0.05). Although commercial cryoprotectant agents were successful in limiting the denaturation of proteins but sugar contents were not accepted for diabetics or those who disagree with the sweet taste and high calorie food. Hence, commercial cryoprotectant agents can be replaced with whey protein concentrate and chitosan at 1% level (w/w) consider that they were showed proper protection of the surimi myofibrillar proteins during storage.

The study of ecological condition on productivity of Tajan River estuary in Mazandaran Province Caspian Sea

This project was done during a one-year period (2006-2007) with the aim of assessing and evaluating the susceptible and vulnerable habitat of Tajan River estuarine region as well as identifying its ecological features. This region consists of Tajan estuarine region as one of the sub-basins of the Caspian Sea basin which covers a surface of 2km2. In this assessment, 6 riverine estuarine and marine stations were chosen in which non-biotic parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and nutrients, and biotic parameters such as variation, density, plankton, primary production by chlorophyll-a. Benthos variation density, silt and the organic materials of the sediments were sampled and measured monthly. The amount of chlorophyll-a concentration and primary production showed a lot of seasonal changes at these stations which ranged from0.3 to 96 mg/m3. The results from the primary productions indicated that the eastern station of the estuary had high concentrations of chlorophyll-a during all seasons (96mg/m3). The most important and dominant planktonic groups in this region included Bacillariophyta from plankton and copepoda from zooplankton. The most important Benthos communities consisted of Driessena polymorpha.Cerastoderma lamarki in estuarine region,Chironomus plumosus in riverine region and Hypaniola sp. In marine region. Assessing the annual variation in these three riverine, estuarine and marine regions, phytoplankton with 3.1, Zooplankton with 2.7 and Benthos with 1.9 Showed the most density in the estuarine region. Assessing the annual density, phytoplanktonic (6118967 no . in m3) and zooplanktonic (7272 no . in m3) communities showed the most density in the marine region. Assessing the statistical tests showed that the estuarine and riverine regions had a significant difference in planktonic density (p<0.005) compared with the marine region. Moreover, The zeoplanktonic density in the marine region had a significant difference (p<0.005) with estuarine and riverine regions. Tooki test and one-way variance Analysis showed that in assessing the planktonic groups (p<0.005) and Benthos (p<0.005), there was a significant difference in variation index between river with estuary, and estuary with the sea. The amount of the total annual live biomass of the Benthos resource in Tajan river estuarine region was estimated 757.66 g/m2.

Water quality assessment of Sonbolrood River by using hylsenhof index

This research investigates the quality of sonbolrood river by using Hylsenhof HFBI indicators and identified Macroinvertebrates invertebrates community in the family level. This study took place during 1388-1389 with four sampling season in four stations respectively in the forests of Kalyj kheyl village in Savadkuh (first station), industrial area of Islamabad (second Station), earth dam of Sonbolrood (third station) and the Place crosses Sonbolrood with Babolrood river (fourth Station). Macroinvertebrates invertebrates collected by quantitative sampler of Sorbr and they were isolated in laboratory by loop and they were identified in the family level. Generally, Macroinvertebrates of Sonbolrood river were formed three branches: Arthropods and flat worms and mollusks, including 3 tiers, 6 orders and 14 families that showed the maximum diversity and density in autumn and the least diversity and density in summer at all stations, also the third and fourth stations respectively were highest and lowest diversity and density. The water quality of Sonbolrood river based on the water quality Guide(Hylsenhof) is evaluated with excellent condition for all stations except third station. Sonbolrood river with having high slope, rocky and sandy bed, with self-refining act, completely is a proper ecosystem for aquatic organisms, but it is done due to increased organic matter and sewage factory located in industrial zone in the third station and then the increased water pollution caused by nurturing the water warm fish in the earth dam of Sonbolrood. (because of this, the water quality at third station based on the water quality Guide(Hylsenhof) are evaluated in a fairly good condition) and adding domestic sewages of adjacent villages like Seyedkola village and Shirdarkola caused increased pollution and increased trophy of Macroinvertebrates that are resistant to pollution and affect upon Macroinvertebrates community.

Using epilithic diatom communities to assess ecological condition of Xiangxi River system

Assessment method for ecological condition of Xiangxi River system was studied by using 13 candidate metrics of epilithic diatom which can reflect conditions in pH, salinity, nitrogen uptake metabolism, oxygen requirements, saprobity, trophic state, morphological character and pollution tolerant capability etc. By one-way ANOVA, the metrics of relative abundance of acidobiontic algae (ACID), freshwater algae (FRESH), high oxygen requirement (HIGH-O), eutraphentic state (EUTRA) and mobile taxa ( MOBILE) were suitable for distinguishing sites in different conditions. Then, the river diatom index (RDI) composed of these five metrics was used to evaluate ecological condition of the river. The results showed that the healthiest sites were in the Guanmenshan Natural Reserve ( with the mean RDI of 79.73). The sites located in tributary of Jiuchong River also owned excellent state (mean RDI of 78.25). Mean RDI of another tributary - Gufu River and the main river were 70.85 and 68.45 respectively, and the unhealthiest tributary was Gaolan River (with mean RDI of 65.64). The mean RDI for all the 51 sites was 71.40. The competence of RDI was discussed with comparison of evaluation results of DAIpo and TDI, it can be concluded that multimetrics is more competent in assessment task.

MULTIPLE PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF ASYMPTOTICALLY LINEAR HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS VIA CONLEY INDEX THEORY

In this paper we study the existence of periodic solutions of asymptotically linear Hamiltonian systems which may not satisfy the Palais-Smale condition. By using the Conley index theory and the Galerkin approximation methods, we establish the existence of at least two nontrivial periodic solutions for the corresponding systems.

Desenvolvimento do método de Índice de Qualidade ("QIM-Quality Index Method") para as lapas (Patella candei e Patella aspera) e estudo das suas condições de transporte

Dissertação de Mestrado, Estudos Integrados dos Oceanos, 15 de Março de 2016, Universidade dos Açores.

Videolaryngoscopy improves intubation condition in morbidly obese patients

Résumé : Contexte clinique et objectifs: l'intubation oro-trachéale peut être plus difficile chez les patients obèses morbides (index de masse corporelle BMI > 35 kg/m2) que chez les patients non-obèses. Récemment, de nouveaux instruments permettant une intubation assistée au moyen d'une caméra ont été développés. Notre expérience pratique avec la vidéolaryngoscopie nous a conduit à l'hypothèse que celle-ci pourrait améliorer la vision laryngoscopique chez cette population spécifique et de ce fait faciliter l'intubation. Le but de cette étude était donc d'évaluer le bénéfice du vidéolaryngoscope sur le grade de laryngoscopie chez le patient obèse morbide. Résultats : le grade laryngoscopique fut abaissé de manière significative avec le vidéolaryngoscope comparé à la vision directe avec un laryngoscope standard. Lorsque le grade laryngoscopique était plus grand que 1 à la laryngoscopie directe, il fut dans la grande majorité des cas (93% des patients) abaissé avec le vidéolaryngoscope. Chez les 7 % restant, le grade laryngoscopique resta identique. Conclusions : chez le patient obèse morbide, l'utilisation du vidéolaryngoscope améliore de manière significative la visualisation du larynx et de ce fait facilite l'intubation. Une application systématique de ce procédé pourrait donc permettre de réduire l'incidence d'une intubation difficile ainsi que ses conséquences chez cette population de patients. Summary : Background and objective: Tracheal intubation may be more difficult in morbidly obese patients (body mass index >35 kgM-2) than in the non-obese. Recently, new video-assisted intubation devices have been developed. After some experience with videolaryngoscopy, we hypothesized that it could improve the laryngoscopic view in this specific population and therefore facilitate intubation. The aim of this study was to assess the benefit of a videolaryngoscope on the grade of laryngoscopy in morbid obesity. Methods: We studied 80 morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery. They were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group was intubated with the help of the videolaryngoscope and in the control group the screen of the videolaryngoscope was hidden to the intubating anaesthesiologist. The primary end-point of the study was to assess in both groups the Cormack and Lehane direct and indirect grades of laryngoscopy. The duration of intubation, the number of attempts needed as well as the minimal SPO2 reached during the intubation process were measured. Results: Grade of laryngoscopy was significantly lower with the videolaryngoscope compared with the direct vision (P < 0.001). When the grade of laryngoscopy was higher than one with the direct laryngoscopy (n = 30), it was lower in 28 cases with the videolaryngoscope and remained the same only in two cases (P < 0.001). The minimal SPO2 reached during the intubation was higher with the videolaryngoscope but it did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: In morbidly obese patients, the use of the videolaryngoscope significantly improves the visualization of the larynx and thereby facilitates intubation.

Condition physique, performance motrice, comportements et fonctions cognitives chez les enfants ayant un trouble du déficit de l’attention avec hyperactivité

Cette thèse poursuit un double objectif. D’une part, mesurer et situer le niveau de la condition physique, de la performance motrice et de la participation aux activités physiques chez des enfants ayant un TDAH. D’autre part, apprécier l’impact d’un programme structuré en activité physique sur la condition physique, la performance motrice, certains comportements cibles ainsi que sur les fonctions cognitives propres à ces enfants. Pour vérifier l’atteinte de ces objectifs, trois études expérimentales ont été complétées et ont fait l’objet d’articles soumis pour publications. Dans le premier article, on évalue la condition physique et la performance motrice chez des enfants ayant un TDAH prenant ou non de la médication. Les résultats obtenus démontrent que la condition physique, comprenant ici des variables reliées à la composition corporelle, l’endurance musculaire et la flexibilité de ces enfants, ne diffèrent pas de celle des membres d’un groupe témoin. Seul l’indice de masse corporelle est significativement moins élevé chez les enfants ayant un TDAH prenant de la médication. Aucune différence n’est observée entre les groupes en ce qui a trait à la capacité aérobie telle que mesurée lors d’une épreuve de tapis roulant. Par contre, lorsqu’évaluée à partir d’un test navette, la performance aérobie de tous les participants est significativement moins élevée, d’où l’importance du choix de l’instrument de mesure. Finalement, les enfants ayant un TDAH ont significativement plus de problèmes de motricité globale que les enfants du groupe témoin. Ces difficultés sont particulièrement importantes pour la locomotion. Dans le cadre d’un programme d’activités physiques structurées et supervisées, le deuxième article porte, d’une part, sur l’évaluation de l’intensité de la participation aux exercices proposés chez des enfants ayant un TDAH. D’autre part, l’impact potentiel de facteurs comme les problèmes de poids et la présence de difficultés motrices sont également pris en considération. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que ces enfants atteignent une intensité et une durée d’exercice qui ne diffèrent pas de celles des enfants du groupe témoin. Quant aux enfants qui ont un problème de poids ou des difficultés motrices, l’intensité et la durée de leur participation ne diffèrent pas de celles des participants témoins. Sur la base des données obtenues, les enfants ayant un TDAH peuvent parvenir à un degré de participation aux exercices qui permet de bénéficier des bienfaits de la pratique d’activités physiques. Le troisième article traite de l’impact potentiel d’un programme d’activités physiques sur la condition physique, la performance motrice, certains comportements ainsi que sur les fonctions cognitives des enfants ayant un TDAH. Sur la base des résultats obtenus, il est possible de faire valoir que la participation à un tel programme permet d’améliorer les capacités musculaires, les habiletés motrices, certains comportements observés par les parents et les enseignants ainsi que la capacité d’attention. Cela pourrait produire un impact significatif dans l’adaptation fonctionnelle de ces jeunes. Ces résultats soulignent le besoin de continuer la recherche dans les domaines de l’activité physique et du TDAH. La discussion générale présente les liens existants entre les manuscrits en fonction du modèle de l’engagement dans les activités physiques. Le déficit de la motricité globale ainsi que l’impact clinique potentiel de l’activité physique dans le traitement du TDAH sont les deux axes de recherche qui semblent le plus propices à des travaux futurs.

L’abandon du traitement de jeunes toxicomanes ayant séjourné en communauté thérapeutique et leur condition post-traitement

De nombreux jeunes sont aux prises avec un problème de consommation de substances psychoactives. Bien que plusieurs traitements soient reconnus efficaces, les taux d’abandon chez les jeunes toxicomanes sont élevés et cela influence leur condition post-traitement. L’identification des caractéristiques des jeunes liés à l’abandon et à la condition post-traitement est donc nécessaire pour permettre d’adapter nos interventions en fonction des besoins des jeunes. La relation entre l’abandon du traitement ainsi que la condition post-traitement et diverses caractéristiques prétraitement a été examinée chez un échantillon de 215 clients adolescents admis à Portage entre 2003 et 2008, évalués avec l’instrument Indice de gravité d’une toxicomanie pour les adolescents (Germain, Landry, & Bergeron, 2003, 1999). Les relations entre l’abandon du traitement et des variables concernant leur consommation, leur état de santé, leurs problématiques liées à leurs occupations, leur état psychologique, leurs difficultés vécues auprès des proches et dans la famille ainsi que leurs difficultés socio-judiciaires ont été testées. Ces mêmes variables ont été utilisées pour chercher à prédire la condition post-traitement. Les régressions logistiques montrent qu’un premier séjour en communauté thérapeutique et les difficultés interpersonnelles prédisent l’abandon du traitement. Une fois les analyses réalisées de façon séparée selon le sexe, ces relations ne demeurent significatives que pour les filles. Les résultats des régressions linéaires multiples réalisées pour étudier la condition post-traitement ne permettent pas de retrouver les variables prévisionnelles rapportées dans les écrits scientifiques pour les clientèles adultes. Des questions sont soulevées quant à la pertinence de l’Indice de gravité d’une toxicomanie pour les adolescents (Germain, Landry, & Bergeron, 2003, 1999) pour prédire l’abandon et la condition post-traitement.

Indices de condition corporelle chez le béluga du Saint-Laurent : utilisation rétrospective de données morphologiques recueillies lors de nécropsies

L’évaluation de la condition corporelle des carcasses des bélugas du Saint-Laurent contribue au diagnostic de cause de mortalité du pathologiste. La méthode actuelle repose sur une évaluation visuelle subjective. Notre projet visait à chercher un outil objectif d’évaluation de la condition corporelle. L’indice de masse mise à l’échelle (M̂ i) est objectif puisqu’il est calculé à partir de la masse et de la taille de chaque individu. M̂ i doit être calculé avec des constantes différentes pour les bélugas mesurant plus ou moins de 290 cm. Il produit des résultats en accord avec l’évaluation visuelle. Comme il est parfois logistiquement impossible de peser un béluga, nous avons évalué des indices basés sur d’autres mesures morphométriques. Les indices basés sur la circonférence à hauteur de l’anus pour les bélugas de moins de 290 cm et la circonférence maximale pour ceux de plus de 290 cm représentent des indices de condition corporelle alternatifs intéressants.

A few philosophical ruminations on the human condition and choosing to live well

The notion that life is meaningful through choosing to live well has historically received substantive attention in various philosophical circles, notably the ancient Greek philosophers Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, and more recently several of the existentialists. In some respects, the idea of choosing to live well is a “thematization” of two widely-recognized, independent components of a meaningful life: happiness and authenticity. I develop this notion of choosing to live well by exploring, developing, and relating these conceptions of happiness and authenticity. By appealing to a very basic account of human nature that has found favor among a great number of people, I show how happiness and authenticity complement each other as conditions for the possibility of living meaningfully.

Role of nitric oxide in the periaqueductal gray in defensive behavior in mice: influence of prior local N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor activation and aversive condition

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)