Carrying religion into a secularising Europe: Montserratian migrants' experiences of global processes in British methodism

Migrants to Europe often perceive themselves as entering a secular society that threatens their religious identities and practices. Whilst some sociological models present their responses in terms of cultural defence, ethnographic analysis reveals a more complex picture of interaction with local contexts. This essay draws upon ethnographic research to explore a relatively neglected situation in migration studies, namely the interactions between distinct migration cohorts - in this case, from the Caribbean island of Montserrat, as examined through their experiences in London Methodist churches. It employs the ideas of Weber and Bourdieu to view these migrants as 'religious carriers', as collective and individual embodiments of religious dispositions and of those socio-cultural processes through which their religion is reproduced. Whilst the strategies of the cohort migrating after the Second World War were restricted through their marginalised social status and experience of racism, the recent cohort of evacuees fleeing volcanic eruptions has had greater scope for strategies which combat secularisation and fading Methodist identity.

The challenges of joint working: lessons from the Supporting People Health Pilot evaluation

Purpose: This paper reports the findings of the evaluation of the Supporting People Health Pilots programme, which was established to demonstrate the policy links between housing support services and health and social care services by encouraging the development of integrated services. The paper highlights the challenges Method: The evaluation of the six health pilots rested on two main sources of data collection: Quarterly Project Evaluation Reports collected process data as well as reporting progress against aims and objectives. Semi-structured interviews—conducted across all key professional stakeholder groups and agencies and with people who used services—explored their experiences of these new services. Results: The ability of pilots to work across organisational boundaries to achieve their aims and objectives was associated not only with agencies sharing an understanding of the purpose of the joint venture, a history of joint working and clear and efficient governance arrangements but on two other characteristics: the extent and nature of statutory sector participation and, whether or not the service is defined by a history of voluntary sector involvement. In particular the pilots demonstrated how voluntary sector agencies appeared to be less constrained by organisational priorities and professional agenda and more able to respond flexibly to meet the complex needs of individuals. Conclusion and discussion: The pilots demonstrate that integrating services to support people with complex needs works best

'Just be Brave' - The Experiences of Young Witnesses in Criminal Proceedings in Northern Ireland

The last three decades have witnessed considerable interest in the position of children and young people acting as witnesses in criminal cases and on how best to facilitate them to give their best evidence and minimise the trauma involved. This paper presents the findings of a small-scale study in Northern Ireland examining the experiences of young witnesses pre-trial, during the trial and post-trial. Interviews were carried out with 37 young witnesses and 33 parents, and a questionnaire was completed by 16 volunteers and practitioners working in a local young witness support scheme. The findings indicate that the prospect and actuality of giving evidence in a criminal trial are anxiety-provoking and stressful for the majority of young witnesses. Particular issues identified are delay, both in terms of cases coming to court and in waiting times at court, the availability of pre-trial preparation and support, facilities at court buildings and the treatment of young people during cross-examination by defence lawyers. The paper concludes that there is a continuing need to strive for improvement, and that this necessarily involves reviewing the experiences of young witnesses and seeking their views on measures designed to enable them to give their best evidence. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Participatory Action Research with and within community activist groups: capturing the collective experience of Ireland's Community and Voluntary Pillar

The inclusion of community activists in policy planning is increasingly recognized at the highest international level. This article shows how the use of Participatory Action Research (PAR) can present a deeper and more holistic picture of the experiences of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) in shaping national-level social policy. By utilizing action-based research, the Community and Voluntary Pillar (CVP) of Ireland’s system of social partnership is shown to be an important agent in deliberating national bargaining outcomes (known as the Towards 2016 national agreement). The key contribution of this research is the reflective methodological considerations in terms of PAR design, execution and participant integration in the research process as a way to enrich and develop a deeper and more informed community of practice.

Nurses' experiences providing palliative care to individuals living in rural communities aspects of the physical residential setting

Introduction: Efforts are needed to improve palliative care in rural communities, given the unique characteristics and inherent challenges with respect to working within the physical aspects of residential settings. Nurses who work in rural communities play a key role in the delivery of palliative care services. Hence, the purpose of this study was to explore nurses’ experiences of providing palliative care in rural communities, with a particular focus on the impact of the physical residential setting.

Methods: This study was grounded in a qualitative approach utilizing an exploratory descriptive design. Individual telephone interviews were conducted with 21 community nurses. Data were analyzed by thematic content analysis.

Results: Nurses described the characteristics of working in a rural community and how it influences their perception of their role, highlighting the strong sense of community that exists but how system changes over the past decade have changed the way they provide care. They also described the key role that they play, which was often termed a ‘jack of all trades’, but focused on providing emotional, physical, and spiritual care while trying to manage many challenges related to transitioning and working with other healthcare providers. Finally, nurses described how the challenges of working within the physical constraints of a rural residential setting impeded their care provision to clients who are dying in the community, specifically related to the long distances that they travel while dealing with bad weather.

Understanding the 'production' of the schooling identities of young working class boys: time to move beyond the sociological/psychological divide?

In recent times the sociology of childhood has played an important role in challenging the dominance of Piagetian models of child development in shaping the way we think about children and childhood. What such work has successfully achieved is to increase our understanding of the socially constructed nature of childhood; the social competence and agency of children; and the diverse nature of children’s lives, reflecting the very different social contexts within which they are located. One of the problems that has tended to be associated with this work, however, is that in its critique of developmentalism it has tended simply to replace one orthodoxy (psychology) with another (sociology) rather than providing the opportunity to transcend this divide. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate some of the potential ways in which the sociological/psychological divide might be transcended and the benefits of this for understanding, more fully, the ‘production’ of children’s schooling identities. In particular it shows how some of the key sociological insights to be found in the work of Bourdieu may be usefully extended by the work inspired by the developmental psychologist, Vygotsky. The key arguments are illustrated by reference to ethnographic data relating to the schooling experiences and identities of a group of 5-6 year old working class boys.

Patience, Persistence and Pragmatism: Experiences and Lessons Learnt from the Implementation of Clinically Integrated Teaching and Learning of Evidence-Based Health Care - A Qualitative Study

Background

Clinically integrated teaching and learning are regarded as the best options for improving evidence-based healthcare (EBHC) knowledge, skills and attitudes. To inform implementation of such strategies, we assessed experiences and opinions on lessons learnt of those involved in such programmes.

Methods and Findings

We conducted semi-structured interviews with 24 EBHC programme coordinators from around the world, selected through purposive sampling. Following data transcription, a multidisciplinary group of investigators carried out analysis and data interpretation, using thematic content analysis. Successful implementation of clinically integrated teaching and learning of EBHC takes much time. Student learning needs to start in pre-clinical years with consolidation, application and assessment following in clinical years. Learning is supported through partnerships between various types of staff including the core EBHC team, clinical lecturers and clinicians working in the clinical setting. While full integration of EBHC learning into all clinical rotations is considered necessary, this was not always achieved. Critical success factors were pragmatism and readiness to use opportunities for engagement and including EBHC learning in the curriculum; patience; and a critical mass of the right teachers who have EBHC knowledge and skills and are confident in facilitating learning. Role modelling of EBHC within the clinical setting emerged as an important facilitator. The institutional context exerts an important influence; with faculty buy-in, endorsement by institutional leaders, and an EBHC-friendly culture, together with a supportive community of practice, all acting as key enablers. The most common challenges identified were lack of teaching time within the clinical curriculum, misconceptions about EBHC, resistance of staff, lack of confidence of tutors, lack of time, and negative role modelling.

Conclusions

Implementing clinically integrated EBHC curricula requires institutional support, a critical mass of the right teachers and role models in the clinical setting combined with patience, persistence and pragmatism on the part of teachers.

Socialized credit and the working-class family economy: a comparative history of Britain and France 1900-2000

This paper provides a comparative analysis of working class consumer credit in Britain and France from the early twentieth century through to the 1980s. It indicates a number of similarities between the two nations in the earlier part of the period: in particular, in the operation of doorstep credit systems. For the British case study, we explore consumer finance offered by credit drapers (sometimes known as tallymen) whilst in France the paper explores a similar system that functioned in the coalmining communities around the city of Lens. Both methods operated on highly socialised relationships that established the trust on which credit was offered and long-term creditor/borrower relationships established. In the second part of the paper, we analyse the different trajectories taken in post-war France and Britain in this area of working class credit. In France this form of socialized credit gradually dwindled due to factors such as ‘Bancarisation’, which saw the major banks emerge as modern bureaucratized providers of credit for workers and their families. In contrast, in Britain the tallymen (and other related forms of doorstep credit providers) were offered a new lease of life in the 1960s and 1970s. This was a period during which British credit providers utilised multiple methods to evade the hire purchase controls put in place by post-war governments. Thus, whilst the British experience was one of fragmented consumer loan types (including the continuation of doorstep credit), the French experience (like elsewhere in Europe) was one of greater consolidation. The paper concludes by reflecting on the role of these developments in the creation of differential experiences of credit inclusion/exclusion in the two nations and the impact of this on financial inequality.

Forced Displacement, Suffering and the Aesthetics of Loss

This article investigates how artists have addressed shocking experiences of displacement in different political contexts. Drawing on the notion of ‘the aesthetics of loss’ (Köstlin, 2010), it examines and compares the different aims, desires and strategies that have shaped the histories and social lives of paintings, memorial statues, installations and other artefacts. The analysis identifies a mode of artistic engagement with the sense of a ‘loss of homeland’ that has been commonly felt amongst Sudeten German expellees, namely the production and framing of visual images as markers of collective trauma. These aesthetics of loss are contrasted with the approach taken by the Dutch artist Sophie Ernst in her project entitled HOME. Working with displaced people from Pakistan, India, Palestine, Israel and Iraq, she created a mnemonic space to stimulate a more individualistic, exploratory engagement with the loss of home, which aimed, in part, to elicit interpersonal empathy. To simply oppose these two modes of aesthetic engagement, however, would ignore the ways in which artefacts are drawn into different discursive, affective and spatial formations. This article argues for the need to expose such dynamic processes of framing and reframing by focusing on the processual aspects of aestheticisation with attention to the perspective of loss.

Educação de infância como tempo fundador: repensar a formação de educadores para uma acção educativa integrada

O estudo Educação de Infância como tempo fundador: Repensar a Formação de Educadores para uma acção educativa integrada inscreve-se no processo de reflexão acerca das finalidades da educação básica e da qualidade da formação e da intervenção dos profissionais de educação de infância. Considerando as condições de instabilidade, crescente insegurança e grande imprevisibilidade que caracterizam as sociedades contemporâneas e, considerando também, os avanços científicos que vêm ocorrendo nas últimas décadas, fundamentando e alertando para a importância decisiva das aprendizagens realizadas na Infância nos processos de desenvolvimento subsequentes, releva-se neste estudo a necessidade de dar continuidade e aprofundar essa reflexão procurando responder, também pela investigação, aos desafios que as mudanças sociais suscitam. Nesta linha e tendo como referente o significado que, em termos de estruturação identitária pessoal e colectiva, é reconhecido à educação de infância, enquanto contexto primeiro de educação básica e complementar da acção educativa da família, o principal objectivo do estudo consiste em aprofundar o conhecimento acerca da natureza e qualidade dos saberes básicos a promover na educação pré-escolar e das competências reconfiguradoras do perfil de desempenho profissional dos educadores de infância para que, em articulação com as famílias das crianças, se tornem facilitadores do seu desenvolvimento, no quadro de uma ampla perspectiva de cidadania e de sucesso para todos. Os eixos investigativos que se cruzam no estudo pressupõem uma dimensão de pesquisa (teórica, documental e empírica) de natureza complexa, na qual, se procura tornar compreensíveis as interacções entre os participantes anteriormente referidos, no sentido de uma possível coerência conceptual e funcional, que regule e sustente a qualidade dos processos de desenvolvimento. Do ponto de vista metodológico, a investigação inscreve-se numa abordagem de natureza qualitativa, de matriz complexa e com características de estudo de caso, centrado nos processos de formação e de intervenção dos educadores de infância em exercício de funções, no distrito de Bragança. No sentido de construir uma visão integrada do objecto de estudo foi desenvolvida uma revisão temática de literatura e de análise documental e, na dimensão empírica do estudo, foram promovidos processos mistos de recolha de dados, com recurso à inquirição por questionário e por entrevista (semi-estruturada). A inquirição por questionário foi feita a 229 educadores de infância e a 1340 pais (ou seus representantes), das crianças que frequentavam a educação pré-escolar e a entrevista a 6 educadoras, que integravam os conselhos executivos dos Agrupamentos de Escolas e, cujas funções de gestão e administração, lhes permitiam ter uma perspectiva mais global das problemáticas em estudo. Os instrumentos de recolha e de análise da informação foram validados de modo a garantir-lhes fiabilidade e credibilidade. Os resultados do estudo podem ser lidos em dois níveis, considerando a sua abrangência e especificidade. Num primeiro plano, numa leitura mais global e transversal às questões em estudo e, num segundo plano, como enfoque mais específico em função de quatro dimensões temáticas decorrentes do quadro de fundamentação teórica e organizadoras do processo de reflexão e de pesquisa. Assim, globalmente, os resultados confirmam a importância que todos os inquiridos reconhecem, quer às aprendizagens ocorridas na Infância, como factor importante no desenvolvimento pessoal e social das crianças ao longo da vida, quer ao papel que, nele, os educadores e respectiva formação (inicial e contínua) devem desempenhar. Com algumas variações, as representações dos educadores de infância e dos pais inquiridos neste estudo, embora diferentes em algumas das questões específicas, apresentam-se maioritariamente coerentes e próximas das perspectivas teóricas mais actuais, que consideram a natureza processual das aprendizagens e a importância que a qualidade dos contextos e das transições, que neles ocorrem, assumem nos processos de desenvolvimento. Ou seja, inscrevem-se na linha das teorias socioconstrutivista e ecológica também subjacentes às orientações curriculares, ao nível nacional e aos quadros teóricos de referência, ao nível internacional. Identificam a aprendizagem da cidadania (ou do aprender a ser em sociedade) como o saber mais estruturante a ser desenvolvido no conjunto da acção educativa e perspectivam-na como processo de responsabilidade partilhada e cooperado. Tratando-se de uma amostra extensa e de um distrito geograficamente marcado pela interioridade, e sem esquecer que os dados se referem a representações expressas ao nível dos discursos, é importante reconhecer os sinais de actualidade das perspectivas e das sugestões apontadas para dar continuidade aos processos de desenvolvimento integrado de todos os participantes no processo educativo. Ainda numa leitura global, as principais diferenças, genericamente observadas entre educadores e pais, evidenciam, da parte destes, uma perspectiva de cidadania mais restrita e, da parte dos educadores, uma visão mais alargada do conceito. Com efeito, são os pais com mais elevada qualificação académica que partilham com os educadores esta perspectiva ampliada e transformadora de cidadania. Numa leitura mais enfocada e mais detalhada, e tal como referido anteriormente, os resultados podem ser lidos no cruzamento de quatro dimensões que interligam as questões de pesquisa: os saberes básicos, as estratégias de intervenção para o seu desenvolvimento; a formação e intervenção dos educadores de infância e a identificação de competências que possam vir a aprofundarem a sua formação. No que se refere aos saberes básicos, e não obstante a ocorrência de variações, quer quanto aos próprios saberes, quer quanto à terminologia usada, são considerados como fundamentais: 1. O aprender a ser na perspectiva do desenvolvimento da identidade; 2. O aprender a exercer a cidadania na linha da aprendizagem e da vivência democrática na relação com o mundo e com o outro; 3. O aprender a aprender como ferramenta indispensável à aprendizagem ao longo da vida; 4. O aprender a desenvolver o pensamento crítico, enquanto possibilidade de criteriosa escolha pessoal entre alternativas possíveis e 5. O aprender a comunicar como condição relacional inalienável nos processos de interacção com os contextos e com as pessoas. A segunda dimensão tem a ver com as estratégias consideradas facilitadoras do desenvolvimento destes saberes e são considerados três níveis da intervenção educativa: a acção dos educadores propriamente dita, a cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças e a interacção da instituição pré-escolar com os pais/família. A acção dos educadores surge, tendencialmente perspectivada como facilitadora do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos, embora em relação a algumas práticas essa perspectiva surgisse pouco evidente e distingue-se quanto ao desenvolvimento da acção e relação educativa, manifestando os educadores mais experientes uma opinião mais favorável. No que se refere à cooperação dos pais no processo de aprendizagem das crianças, os resultados indicam que a maioria dos pais manifesta uma opinião favorável a práticas configuradoras de um clima facilitador do desenvolvimento dos saberes básicos enunciados, mas variando os seus pontos de vista. São os pais de habilitações académicas mais elevadas, de idade intermédia e situados em contexto urbano os que apresentam opiniões mais favoráveis. Por fim, e no que diz respeito à interacção com as famílias, os resultados evidenciam uma opinião positiva com os meios de interacção utilizados, mas deixando perceber a necessidade de melhorar o processo de cooperação, manifestando os pais uma opinião menos positiva do que os educadores sobre esse processo. A terceira dimensão diz respeito às representações sobre a formação e intervenção profissional dos educadores, evidenciando os resultados que a maioria dos educadores atribuiu muita relevância aos contributos do curso de formação inicial para o desenvolvimento da maioria das competências necessárias para o seu desempenho profissional. Permitem ainda verificar que os educadores de formação mais recente manifestaram uma opinião mais favorável desses contributos, quanto ao desenvolvimento de conhecimentos em áreas, tais como a matemática, conhecimento do mundo e expressão musical, o que significa um avanço relativamente ao reconhecimento da necessidade de fazer investimento nessas áreas sugeridas em alguns estudos e projectos. Quanto ao desenvolvimento da actividade profissional, os resultados relevam que a maior preocupação dos educadores se centra em torno do seu desempenho profissional e das condições de exercício da actividade profissional. No que se refere ao início de carreira, esta última dimensão assume maior evidência, sendo ainda possível perceber que a entrada na vida profissional tem vindo a ocorrer, nos últimos anos, através da rede privada. A quarta dimensão tem a ver com as competências profissionais a desenvolver pelos futuros educadores, e não obstante algumas diferenças nas opiniões manifestadas pelos três grupos de participantes, surgem relevadas competências que a literatura e os perfis de desempenho profissional docente apontam como devendo ser promovidas e incluídas nos programas de formação de educadores de infância/professores. Estas podem ser vistas, quer numa dimensão geral relativa ao grupo docente, quer numa dimensão mais específica da intervenção em educação de infância, tal como é especificado ao longo do trabalho.

Working with the complexities of adolescent mental health problems: applying Time‐limited Adolescent Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (TAPP)

This article discusses the application in a CAMHS setting of a distinctive intervention for adolescent mental health difficulties, Time‐limited Adolescent Psychodynamic Psychotherapy (TAPP). TAPP has been developed specifically for working with adolescents and the characteristic developmental and psychosocial complexities they present to mental health services. It is widely recognised that supporting the developmental process in adolescence is central to therapeutic interventions and the therapeutic aim of TAPP is to enable recovery of the capacity to meet developmental challenges. The key factors of TAPP are described, including the formulation and working with a developmental focus, the therapeutic stance, working with transference and counter‐transference, working with time limits, and the emphasis on engagement of adolescents in therapy in TAPP. The experiences of introducing and developing TAPP in the CAMHS service are discussed with two brief and one extended case examples and this leads to a discussion of the kinds of outcomes achieved. It is concluded that TAPP is a key and relevant intervention for adolescents in complex and vulnerable situations; further work will be undertaken to continue its application in these settings and to formally assess outcomes.

Othering, blame and shame when working with people living with HIV

Significant advances in HIV treatment has meant that for the majority of patients with HIV they are able to live a normal lifespan. However, HIV remains a highly stigmatizing disease with the potential to significantly impact on ones social identity and sense of self. This paper draws on data from a qualitative study of interviews with five gay men, to explore the experiences of shame in relation to living with HIV. The paper adopts a psychoanalytic lens to highlight the mechanisms of splitting that may be involved at both a social and individual level, and the experience of shame among the participants. The paper aims to use this research data to supplement our understanding of what may be occurring ‘on the couch’ with patients who are living with HIV.

‘It's been hell.’ Italian and British practice educators’ narratives of working with struggling or failing social work students in practice learning settings

Periods of assessed learning in practice settings are common requirements for social work students world wide. The ‘practice learning opportunity’ as it is known in the UK, and ‘tirocinio di servizio sociale’ as it is referred to in Italy, are important sites of gatekeeping in preventing unsuitable people from becoming social workers. The experience of assessing failing students in practice learning settings however, has been found to be particularly stressful and challenging for practice educators. This article documents findings from two qualitative studies that explored field educators’ experiences of working with struggling or failing social work students in Italy and England. The study finds both similarities and differences in the narratives of the assessors from the two countries Similarities include, unpleasant emotional experience of working with a failing student, internalisation of the students failing as the practice educators’ own failing, perceptions that the universities may hide negative information about students and lack of acknowledgement of the gatekeeping function inherent in the practice educator role. Differences include the level of emotionality experienced by educators, the way students are spoken about and the perceived role and responses of the university. Further comparative European research which focuses on practice education is indicated.

Projective Identification and the Fear of Failing: Making Sense of Practice Educators' Experiences of Failing Social Work Students in Practice Learning Settings

The paper focuses on emotions and processes that may arise for practice educators when working with a struggling or failing student in a practice learning setting.1 The paper firstly documents a previously undertaken thematic review of the literature, which explored why practice educators appeared to find it difficult to fail students in practice learning settings. Secondly, the paper draws on two UK qualitative studies that highlighted the emotional distress experienced by practice educators when working with a marginal or failing student. The paper documents key findings using a case study approach from both studies. We argue that the concept of projective identification offers a plausible and illuminating account of the states of mind experienced by practice educators and in making explicit, unconscious states of mind, our aim is that practice educators will feel confident to make appropriate assessment decisions when required.

Enhancing Student Learning Experiences in Sport Psychology Modules Using Practical Activities

The University of Worcester states in its most recent strategic plan (2013 – 2018) a set of enduring values that guide and direct the activities of the institution. The first listed, and perhaps the most important value is the striving to be “an outstanding university at which to be a student”. This is further supplemented by values such as “to inspire our students to reach their full potential through excellent, innovative teaching, scholarship and research” (University of Worcester 2013: p.4). One of the many ways in which the institution strives to provide this outstanding educational experience is through regular engagement, both formal and informal, with students at a number of points in each semester. Regular experiences of collating formal and informal feedback has led to the identification of a common theme amongst Higher National Diploma (HND) students in the Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences (ISES), where they consistently request ‘more practicals’. The ISES modules however are designed to incorporate a high degree of interaction, practical activities and tasks. This is especially important for those studying at HND level as research suggests differences in learning preferences exist when compared to undergraduate students, the former preferring a more tactile style of learning (Peters et al. 2008). Using an introductory Sport Psychology HND module as an example, practical activities and tasks are fully embedded in the taught sessions to enable contextual links to be made between the learning outcomes and their subsequent use. Examples of these include: a. interviewing athletes to produce a performance profile (Butler & Hardy 1992); b. completing psychometric instruments such as the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) to measure competitive anxiety in sport (Martens et al. 1990) and demonstrate data collection and construct measurement; c. performing relaxation interventions on the students to demonstrate how specific techniques (in this instance, decreasing somatic anxiety) might work in practice; d. demonstrating how observational learning facilitates skill acquisition by creating experimental conditions that the students participate in, in teaching a new skill. Nevertheless owing to the students' previously stated on-going requests for more practical activities, it became evident that assumptions about what students consider an effective means of experiential or active learning in the context of sport-related disciplines of study needed to be investigated. This is where the opportunity to undertake an action research project arose, this being a practical method commonly employed in pedagogical enquiry to aid reflection on teaching and assessment practice for the purposes of working towards continuous improvement.