Washington Irving traducido: Cuentos de la Alhambra

Antonio Garnica Silva; María Losada Friend; Eloy Navarro Domínguez (eds)

O direito humano de acesso à internet

O tema da dissertação é o direito humano de acesso à internet. O primeiro capítulo busca afirmar a existência desse direito e seu caráter essencial. Para isso, são apresentados fundamentos de quatro espécies. O primeiro é de direito internacional dos direitos humanos e baseia-se na análise de três documentos da Organização das Nações Unidas. O segundo é material e procura demonstrar que a internet tornou-se um instrumento indispensável à realização de diversos deveres e direitos, muitos deles humanos. Dessa forma, o acesso deve ser considerado um direito em si, dotado do mesmo status jurídico dos direitos dele dependentes. O terceiro fundamento é filosófico. Ressalta-se o aspecto comunitário da internet e demonstra-se que há um cidadão virtual que é titular de direitos e deveres na rede. Nesse momento, com base na lição de Hannah Arendt, é afirmado que se há uma dimensão digital da cidadania, deve haver um direito a adquiri-la, o que se dá pelo direito de acesso à internet. O quarto fundamento é positivo e direciona-se especificamente ao reconhecimento de um direito fundamental de acesso à internet na ordem constitucional brasileira, decorrente e não escrito. Após, é feito um estudo de direito comparado, analisando-se como a questão tem sido tratada pela lei e pela jurisprudência de diversos países. Ao final do primeiro capítulo, são apresentadas e refutadas as objeções mais comuns ao reconhecimento do direito humano de acesso à internet, incluindo a questão dos custos do direito. Afirmada a existência do direito, o segundo capítulo analisa seu conteúdo e seus limites jurídicos. Inicialmente, o direito é subdividido em uma dimensão de acesso à infraestrutura física e uma dimensão de acesso ao conteúdo. São apresentadas as principais políticas públicas brasileiras que visam a concretizar ambas as dimensões. Em um segundo momento, são estudadas hipóteses de violação do direito. Uma hipótese de lesão é a ausência do serviço em certas localidades. Outra hipótese é a censura virtual, que é dividida em função do método utilizado, se pelo hardware ou pelo software, e em função do agente que a realiza, se estatal ou privado. É analisada a constitucionalidade de penas de desconexão, perpétuas ou temporárias, e de medidas de interrupção total do serviço, em conjunto com a Lei 12.737/2012. São apresentados requisitos para que as filtragens de conteúdo na rede sejam lícitas. Coteja-se o estudado com o Projeto de Lei 2.126/2011, o chamado marco civil da internet. Por fim, é estudada a exigibilidade do direito com relação às duas dimensões.

Entre a arca do sigilo e o tribunal da posteridade: o (não) lugar do presente nas produções do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro

Esta tese investiga, através das produções do Instituto Histórico e Geográfico Brasileiro entre 1838 e 1889, sobretudo o seu periódico, os limites para a escrita da história do presente no século XIX. Os sócios, imbuídos de um discurso que por vezes legitimava essa prática por considerá-la pertinente em uma associação próxima ao imperador D. Pedro II, em geral a desqualificavam em prol de uma concepção moderna de história na qual o afastamento temporal, combinado à imparcialidade, era condição fundamental para se chegar à verdade dos fatos, e de contingências políticas do próprio tempo. Assim, a partir da análise do cotidiano da associação extraiu-se uma sequência de procedimentos que levou à consideração de que a força da censura foi muito maior do que a da permissividade em relação ao tratamento de fatos coetâneos naquele momento. A utilização de outras fontes de pesquisa, como memórias históricas e autobiografias produzidas fora do grêmio, além da análise das produções do Institut Historique de Paris, permitiu a ampliação da problemática e a conclusão de que se não havia um único conjunto de regras a partir do qual o historiador devia se pautar, mesmo no IHGB, fora dele essa diversidade era ainda maior e nisso incluía-se o problema da história contemporânea.

Desferrando nomes: a trajetória político-pedagógica de Paulo Freire (1959-1964)

Sendo um assunto recente à história do país, e que durante vinte um anos fora tolhido a análise dos estudiosos, devido à censura e a repressão do governo ditatorial, o período anterior ao dia 01 de abril de 1964 vem despertando nos meios acadêmicos a necessidade de novas discussões que sejam capazes de trazer respostas à sociedade a respeito daqueles anos, e que possam gerar perspectivas quanto aos problemas estruturais que ainda hoje não foram solucionados. Por isso, este trabalho visa analisar a trajetória política e pedagógica do professor Paulo Freire, entre os anos de 1959 e 1964, tendo como foco a sua atuação na construção de um novo projeto de alfabetização de jovens e adultos no Brasil, em especial, na cidade de Angicos/RN e reconstruir as reflexões do mesmo acerca da democracia brasileira, da educação, da cultura e da política no citado período.

Biografias e liberdade de expressão: critérios legitimadores frente à tutela da personalidade humana

Na presente tese, aborda-se o tema das biografias no Brasil a partir da premissa de que, tanto no plano legislativo quanto no plano jurisprudencial, as decisões nessa matéria não vêm encontrando respaldo na melhor interpretação constitucional em prol da dignidade da pessoa humana. De modo a compatibilizar os valores em conflito nessa espécie narrativa, propõem-se parâmetros decisórios para que escritores, editores, juízes e sociedade saibam, com um grau razoável de segurança, o que conduz uma biografia ao merecimento de tutela no ordenamento jurídico pátrio. Nesse percurso, examinam-se a ilicitude e a licitude na produção de tais registros de vidas, sem perder de vista que os casos mais difíceis se situam equidistantes de tais balizas, ora pendendo para a afirmação da liberdade de expressão, ora para a proteção dos direitos da personalidade. Identificaram-se, neste estudo, que tem como antecedente o afastamento de qualquer abordagem que redunde na funcionalização da pessoa em razão da narrativa histórica ou da criação literária, dois parâmetros: um primeiro parâmetro de qualificação e um segundo parâmetro de legitimação das biografias. Ambos não se limitam à análise das biografias ditas não autorizadas, as quais configuram verdadeira forma de censura prévia na forma como disciplinado no art. 20 do CCb. Construiu-se, assim, inicialmente, uma definição (conceito) de biografia, tendo em conta uma leitura multidisciplinar e uma análise tanto estrutural quanto funcional dessa figura para, em um segundo momento, apresentarem-se os critérios de ponderação para fins de merecimento de tutela de tais obras no contexto da cultura jurídica brasileira.

Deanonymizing Users of the SafeWeb Anonymizing Service

The SafeWeb anonymizing system has been lauded by the press and loved by its users; self-described as "the most widely used online privacy service in the world," it served over 3,000,000 page views per day at its peak. SafeWeb was designed to defeat content blocking by firewalls and to defeat Web server attempts to identify users, all without degrading Web site behavior or requiring users to install specialized software. In this article we describe how these fundamentally incompatible requirements were realized in SafeWeb's architecture, resulting in spectacular failure modes under simple JavaScript attacks. These exploits allow adversaries to turn SafeWeb into a weapon against its users, inflicting more damage on them than would have been possible if they had never relied on SafeWeb technology. By bringing these problems to light, we hope to remind readers of the chasm that continues to separate popular and technical notions of security.

A literary occupation: responses of German writers in service in occupied Europe

This thesis examines the literary output of German servicemen writers writing from the occupied territories of Europe in the period 1940-1944. Whereas literary-biographical studies and appraisals of the more significant individual writers have been written, and also a collective assessment of the Eastern front writers, this thesis addresses in addition the German literary responses in France and Greece, as being then theatres of particular cultural/ideological attention. Original papers of the writer Felix Hartlaub were consulted by the author at the Deutsches Literatur Archiv (DLA) at Marbach. Original imprints of the wartime works of the subject writers are referred to throughout, and citations are from these. As all the published works were written under conditions of wartime censorship and, even where unpublished, for fear of discovery written in oblique terms, the texts were here examined for subliminal authorial intention. The critical focus of the thesis is on literary quality: on aesthetic niveau, on applied literary form, and on integrity of authorial intention. The thesis sought to discover: (1) the extent of the literary output in book-length forms. (2) the auspices and conditions under which this literary output was produced. (3) the publication history and critical reception of the output. The thesis took into account, inter alia: (1) occupation policy as it pertained locally to the writers’ remit; (2) the ethical implications of this for the writers; (3) the writers’ literary stratagems for negotiating the constraints of censorship.

The origins of the control of information in war coverage

The conflict’s coverage, since its inception, has been closely linked to the relationship that both the military and the media have. The freedom they maintained during their first conflicts, although not without problems, though they suffered strict censorship suffered during World War I, and lastly the straitjacket treatment that they have endured during recent wars. The Vietnam War marked a turning point in this relationship, and after the invasion of Grenada, the military would launch new information guidelines, called Department of Defense National Media Pool. The lack of clear guidance of both control and space, has made for a complicated relationship between media and military, so the rules have evolved after every conflict shaping the future of press coverage and thus, war reporting.

The Interview:An Ethnographic Approach

What are new interview methods and practices in our new 'interview society' and how do they relate to traditional social science research? This volume interrogates the interview as understood, used - and under-used - by anthropologists. It puts the interview itself in the hotseat by exploring the nature of the interview, interview techniques, and illustrative cases of interview use.

What is a successful and representative interview? How are interviews best transcribed and integrated into our writing? Is interview knowledge production safe, ethical and representative? And how are interviews used by anthropologists in their ethnographic practice?

This important volume leads the reader from an initial scrutiny of the interview to interview techniques and illustrative case studies. It is experimental, innovative, and covers in detail matters such as awkwardness, silence and censorship in interviews that do not feature in general interview textbooks. It will appeal to social scientists engaged in qualitative research methods in general, and anthropology and sociology students using interviews in their research and writing in particular.

Censoring the 1970s: The BBFC and the Decade that Taste Forgot

This book is a study of the British Board of Film Censors in the 1970s. In permitting and refusing specific material to be shown on cinema screens the BBFC were dictating patterns of taste and helping shape and determine notions of acceptability. Contentious and controversial texts like A Clockwork Orange (1971), Straw Dogs (1971) The Devils (1971) and Life of Brian (1979) have been used to draw attention to the way in which the BBFC operated in the 1970s. While it is true to say that these films encountered major censorship problems, what of the hundreds of other films which were being classified at the same time? Did all films struggle with the British censors in this period, and can these famous examples be fitted into broader patterns of censorship policy and practice?

In studying over 250 film files from the BBFC archive, this work reveals how 1970s films such as Vampire Circus (1971), Confessions of a Window Cleaner (1974) and Carry on Emmannuelle (1978) also ran in to trouble with the film censor. This work explores the complex process of negotiation and compromise which affected all film submissions in the 1970s and the way in which the BBFC actively, and often sympathetically, negotiated with film directors, producers and distributors to assign the correct category to each film. The lack of any defined formal censorship policy in this period allowed the BBFC to work alongside the film industry and push cultural, social and artistic boundaries; however it also left the Board open to accusations of favouritism, subjectivity and personal bias.

This work is not simply a study of controversial films and contentious issues, but rather engages with wider issues of changing permission, legal struggles, the influence of the media and the legislative and governmental controls which both helped and hindered the BBFC in this important post-war decade. The approach used within this work focuses on historical and archival research, making it importantly inter-textual and offering a great deal to scholars from a number of associated disciplines, including history, social policy, media and communications and politics.

Early Cinema and Oklahoma

This article provides the first history of early cinema in the territory and (from 1907) US state of Oklahoma. It covers the origins and proliferation of fiction and nonfiction filmmaking, paying particular attention to the various films produced at the 101 Ranch and the Pawnee Bill Ranch. It also covers the beginnings of newsreel footage in the state. The article also delves into the issues of film exhibition in Oklahoma, ranging from the earliest film screenings to the nickelodeon era, and also provides a history of efforts towards censorship in the pre-1915 era.

Oppositional Political Identity in the Song Culture of the Vormärz and the 1848 Revolution in Germany

Historically political song has often been perceived negatively, as a disturbance of the peace, summed up by the legendary line from Goethe’s Faust: “Politisches Lied – ein garstiges Lied”. In the period in Germany of the Vormärz (from 1815 up to the revolution of March 1848), however, we see how this perception may be changing as it increasingly becomes a means of self-expression in public life. This was the era of restauration, in which broader sections of German society are striving for political emancipation from the princes and kings. A whole host of political themes emerge in the songs (Freiheitslieder) of that period in which a new oppositional political consciousness is reflected. The themes range from freedom of speech, freedom from censorship, and the need for democratic and national self-determination to critiques of injustice and hunger, and parodies of political convention and opportunism. Sources of reception give indications about the social and political milieus in which these songs circulated. Such sources include broadsheets, handwritten manuscripts, song collections, commemoration events, advertisements in political press, memoires, police reports and general literature of the time. In many cases we see how these songs reflect the emerging social and political identities of those who sing them. One also sees the use of well known melodies in the popular dissemination of these songs. An intertextual function of music often becomes apparent in the practice of contrefacture whereby melodies with particular semantic associations are used to either underline the message or parody the subject of the song.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of the survival of feldspathic porcelain veneers over 5 and 10 years

PURPOSE: This systematic review reports on the survival of feldspathic porcelain veneers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (OVID), Embase, Web of Knowledge, selected journals, clinical trials registers, and conference proceedings were searched independently by two reviewers. Academic colleagues were also contacted to identify relevant research. Inclusion criteria were human cohort studies (prospective and retrospective) and controlled trials assessing outcomes of feldspathic porcelain veneers in more than 15 patients and with at least some of the veneers in situ for 5 years. Of 4,294 articles identified, 116 studies underwent full-text screenings and 69 were further reviewed for eligibility. Of these, 11 were included in the qualitative analysis and 6 (5 cohorts) were included in meta-analyses. Estimated cumulative survival and standard error for each study were assessed and used for meta-, sensitivity, and post hoc analyses. The I2 statistic and the Cochran Q test and its associated P value were used to evaluate statistical heterogeneity, with a random-effects meta-analysis used when the P value for heterogeneity was less than .1. Galbraith, forest, and funnel plots explored heterogeneity, publication patterns, and small study biases.

RESULTS: The estimated cumulative survival for feldspathic porcelain veneers was 95.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 92.9% to 98.4%) at 5 years and ranged from 64% to 95% at 10 years across three studies. A post hoc meta-analysis indicated that the 10-year best estimate may approach 95.6% (95% CI: 93.8% to 97.5%). High levels of statistical heterogeneity were found.

CONCLUSIONS: When bonded to enamel substrate, feldspathic porcelain veneers have a very high 10-year survival rate that may approach 95%. Clinical heterogeneity is associated with differences in reported survival rates. Use of clinically relevant survival definitions and careful reporting of tooth characteristics, censorship, clustering, and precise results in future research would improve metaanalytic estimates and aid treatment decisions.

Wilkinson, Joseph Brooke (1870–1948)

Profile and biographical entry of Joseph Brooke Wilkinson, early film Censor

Ghosts and Television

This chapter explores the ghost story on television, and particularly the tensions between the medium and the genre. Television has long been seen as a nearly-supernatural medium, an association that the very term 'medium' enhances. In particular, the very intimacy of television, and its domestic presence, have led to it being considered to be a suitable and effective venue for the ghost story, while at the same time concerns have risen over it being too effective at conveying horror into the home. The ghost story is thus one of the genres where the tensions between the medium's aesthetic possibilities and desire for censorship can be most clearly seen. As such, there is a recurring use of the ghost story in relation to different techniques of special effects and narrative on television, some more effective than others, and the presence of the ghost story on television waxes and wanes as different styles become more or less popular, and different narrative forms, such as single play or serial or series, become more or less dominant. Drawing on examples primarily from a British and US context, this chapter outlines the history of the ghost story on television and demonstrates how the tensions in presentation, narrative and considerations of the viewer have influenced the many changes that have taken place within the genre.