Egregii Euangelicae veritatis enarratoris Simonis de Cassia opus in quatuor Euangelia ...

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Combined arteriovenous fistula and venous aneurysm following knee arthrodesis

We study a case of a 65-year-old woman who developed popliteal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) and venous aneurysm following left knee arthrodesis. Presenting features included left popliteal and calf pain, a tender pulsatile mass posterior to her left knee, popliteal bruit and a thrill at the popliteal fossa and ankle. Left femoral angiography showed an AVF arising from the right tibioperoneal trunk and an aneurysm at the level of the AVF. Findings at open investigation included AVF between the tibioperoneal trunk and the popliteal vein, and a venous aneurysm arising from the popliteal vein opposite the neck of the arteriovenous communication. The aneurysm and fistula were repaired using prolene suture.

Experiences of Internalized and Enacted Stigma among Women with Obstetric Fistula in Tanzania

Background: Obstetric fistula is the development of a necrosis between the bladder and the vagina and/or the bladder and the rectum as a result of prolonged obstructed labor, resulting in urinary or fecal incontinence. In Tanzania surgical repair for obstetric fistula is provided freely by the government but it is estimated that there are over 25,000 women living with an untreated fistula. These women experience high degrees of psycho-social stresses exacerbated by the stigma surrounding their condition. There is a dire need to explore stigma within this population in order to better understand its impact, as stigma affects both treatment seeking behavior as well as long term recovery of those who access surgical repair.

Study Aims: This study aims to understand the experiences of stigma among women with obstetric fistulas by examining both internalized and enacted stigma, and by identifying pertinent correlates of internalized stigma.

Methods: This mixed-methods study utilized both quantitative and qualitative data collected in two related studies at a single hospital in Moshi, Tanzania. All study participants were women receiving surgical repair for an obstetric fistula. In the quantitative portion, cross-sectional survey data were collected from 52 patients. The primary outcome was fistula-related stigma, measured using an adaptation of the HASI-P stigma scale, which included constructs of both internalized and enacted stigma. In the qualitative portion, 45 patients participated in a semi-structured in-depth interview, which explored topics such as stressors caused by the fistula, coping mechanisms, and available support. The transcripts were analyzed using analytic memos and an iterative process of thematic coding using the framework of content analysis.

Results: Expressions of internalized stigma were common in the sample, with a median score of 2.1 on a scale of 0 – 3. Internalized was significantly correlated with negative religious coping, social participation, impact of incontinence and enacted stigma. Qualitative analysis was consistent and demonstrated widespread themes of shame and embarrassment. Experiences of enacted stigma were not as common (median score of 0), although some items, like those pertaining to mockery and blame, were endorsed by up to 25% of the study sample. Themes of anticipated stigma (isolation and non-disclosure due to the possibility of stigmatization) were also evident in the qualitative sample and may explain the low enacted stigma scores observed.

Conclusion: In this sample of women receiving surgical repair for an obstetric fistula, stigma was evident, with internalized stigma resulting in psychological impacts for patients. Experiences of both anticipated and enacted stigma were also observed. There is a need to explore interventions that would decrease stigma while also increasing support for these women, as stigma may be a barrier towards accessing surgical repair and reintegration following surgery.

Keywords: Tanzania, obstetric fistula, stigma, maternal health

Arterial stiffness and arteriovenous fistula failure of maturation

PURPOSE: Increased arterial stiffness is a common finding in patients with end-stage renal disease. Following creation of an arteriovenous fistula (AVF), appropriate dilation of the feeding artery must occur to facilitate AVF maturation. Arterial stiffness may impair the arterial dilation required to facilitate AVF development and contribute to subsequent failure to mature (FTM). The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the association between measurements of central and peripheral arterial stiffness, and AVF FTM.

METHODS: Patients undergoing AVF creation in a single centre (Belfast City Hospital, UK) between January and December 2015 were invited to have their carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV), brachial-radial PWV and augmentation index (AI) measured prior to AVF creation. Subsequent AVF outcomes were identified.

RESULTS: Fifty-nine patients who had an AVF procedure were included in the final analysis (mean age 62 years); 50.8% had diabetes mellitus. The mean pre-operative arterial diameter for all AVFs was 3.9 mm. Average values for carotid-femoral PWV were 9.5 m/s, brachial-radial PWV 7.7 m/s and AI 25.6%. Using logistic regression, these arterial stiffness parameters did not predict AVF FTM: carotid-femoral PWV (P = 0.20), brachial-radial PWV (P = 0.13), AI (P = 0.50).

CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study to date exploring the association between arterial stiffness and AVF FTM. The measured central and peripheral arterial stiffness parameters were not associated with AVF FTM. Further research is needed to define if non-invasive arterial physiological measurements would be clinically useful in the prediction of AVF FTM.

A phase II trial of brivanib in recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer: An NRG oncology/gynecologic oncology group study

PURPOSE Brivanib, an oral, multi-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with activity against vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) was investigated as a single agent in a phase II trial to assess the activity and tolerability in recurrent or persistent endometrial cancer (EMC). PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had persistent or recurrent EMC after receiving one to two prior cytotoxic regimens, measurable disease, and performance status of ≤2. Treatment consisted of brivanib 800 mg orally every day until disease progression or prohibitive toxicity. Primary endpoints were progression-free survival (PFS) at six months and objective tumor response. Expression of multiple angiogenic proteins and FGFR2 mutation status was assessed. RESULTS Forty-five patients were enrolled. Forty-three patients were eligible and evaluable. Median age was 64 years. Twenty-four patients (55.8%) received prior radiation. Median number of cycles was two (range 1-24). No GI perforations but one rectal fistula were seen. Nine patients had grade 3 hypertension, with one experiencing grade 4 confusion. Eight patients (18.6%; 90% CI 9.6%-31.7%) had responses (one CR and seven PRs), and 13 patients (30.2%; 90% CI 18.9%-43.9%) were PFS at six months. Median PFS and overall survival (OS) were 3.3 and 10.7 months, respectively. When modeled jointly, VEGF and angiopoietin-2 expression may diametrically predict PFS. Estrogen receptor-α (ER) expression was positively correlated with OS. CONCLUSION Brivanib is reasonably well tolerated and worthy of further investigation based on PFS at six months in recurrent or persistent EMC.

Esophageal stricture in children: Fiber-optic endoscopy and dilatation under fluoroscopic control

We made a retrospective analysis of the efficacy and complication rate of 268 esophageal dilatation procedures performed under fluoroscopic control using the fiber-optic endoscope in 45 children with esophageal stricture. Antegrade and retrograde stricture dilatation was performed under general anesthetic, mainly as an outpatient procedure. Thirty-six children had an esophageal stricture following tracheoesophageal fistula and/or esophageal atresia repair, and nine children had severe corrosive stricture of the esophagus following lye ingestion. The procedure was well tolerated and effective. © 1992 Raven Press, Ltd., New York.

Interference and management of parthenium: The world's most important invasive weed

Parthenium (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) is one of the most aggressive herbaceous weeds of the Asteraceae family. It is widely distributed, almost across the world and has become the most important invasive weed. Comprehensive information on interference and control of this devastating species is required to facilitate better management decisions. A broad review on the interference and management of this weed is presented here. Inspite of its non-tropical origin, parthenium grows quite successfully under a wide range of environmental conditions. It is spreading rapidly in Australia, Western Africa, Asia, and Caribbean countries, and has become a serious weed of pastures, wastelands, roadsides, railwaysides, water courses, and agricultural crops. The infestations of parthenium have been reported to reduce grain and forage yields by 40–90%. The spread of parthenium has been attributed to its allelopathic activity, strong competitiveness for soil moisture and nutrients, and its capability to exploit natural biodiversity. Allelochemicals released from parthenium has been reported to decrease germination and growth of agronomic crops, vegetables, trees, and many other weed species. Growth promoting effects of parthenium extracts at low concentrations have also been reported in certain crops. Many pre- and post-emergence herbicides have been evaluated for the control of parthenium in cropped and non-cropped areas. The most effective herbicides are clomazone, metribuzin, atrazine, glyphosate, metsulfuron methyl, butachlor, bentazone, dicamba, and metsulfuron methyl. Extracts, residues, and essential oils of many allelopathic herbs (Cassia, Amaranthus, and Xanthium species), grasses (Imperata and Desmostachya species), and trees (Eucalyptus, Azadirachta, Mangifera species, etc.) have demonstrated inhibitory activities on seed germination and seedling growth of parthenium. Metabolites of several fungi, e.g., Fusarium oxysporun and Fusarium monilifonne, exhibit bioherbicidal activity against seeds and seedlings of this weed. Intercropping, displacement by competitive plant species like Cassia species, bisset bluegrass, florgen blugress, buffelgrass, along with the use of biological control agents like Mexican beetle, seed-feeding and stem-boring weevils, stem-galling and leaf-mining moth, and sap-feeding plant hopper, have been reported as possible strategies for the management of parthenium. An appropriate integration of these approaches could help minimize spread of parthenium and provide sustainable weed management with reduced environmental concerns.

Long-term outcomes of esophageal atresia

Esophageal atresia (EA), a common congenital anomaly comprising interrupted esophagus with or without a tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), affects one in 2840 newborns. Over half have associated anomalies. After EA repair in infancy, gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and esophageal dysmotility and respiratory problems are common. As there exist no previous population-based long-term follow-up-studies on EA, its long-term sequelae are unclear. The aims of this study were to assess the cancer incidence (I), esophageal morbidity and function (II), respiratory morbidity (III), and the spinal defects (IV) in adults with repaired EA. All patients treated for EA at the Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, from 1947 to 1985 were identified, and those alive with their native esophagus were contacted, and the first hundred who replied made up the study group. The patients were interviewed, they filled in symptom questionnaires, and they underwent esophageal endoscopy and manometry, pulmonary function tests, and a full orthopedic evaluation was performed with radiographs of the spine. The questionnaire was also sent by mail to adults with repaired EA not attending the clinical study, and to 287 general population-derived controls matched for age, gender, and municipality of residence. Incidence of cancer among the study population was evaluated from the population-based countrywide cancer registry. 169 (72%) adults with repaired EA replied; 101 (42%) (58 male) participated in the clinical studies at a median age of 36 years (range, 22-56). Symptomatic GER occurred in 34% and dysphagia in 85% of the patients and in 8% and 2% of the controls (P<0.001 for both). The main endoscopic findings included hiatal hernia (28%), Barrett´s esophagus (11%), esophagitis (8%), and stenotic anastomosis (8%). Histology revealed esophagitis in 25 individuals, and epithelial metaplasia in another 21. At immunohistochemistry, CDX2-positive columnar epithelial metaplasia was present in all 21 individuals, and 6 of these also demonstrated goblet cells and MUC2 positivity. In all histological groups, GER and dysphagia were equally common (P=ns). Esophageal manometry demonstrated non-propagating peristalsis in most of the patients, and low ineffective pressure of the distal esophageal body in all. The changes were significantly worse in those with epithelial metaplasia (P≤0.022). Anastomotic complications (OR 8.6-24, 95%CI 1.7-260, P=0.011-0.008), age (OR 20, 95%CI 1.3-310, P=0.034), low distal esophageal body pressure (OR 2.6, 95%CI 0.7-10, P=0.002), and defective esophageal peristalsis (OR 2.2, 95%CI 0.4-11, P=0.014) all predicted development of epithelial metaplasia. Despite the high incidence of esophageal metaplasia, none of the EA patients had suffered esophageal cancer, according to the Finnish Cancer Registry. Although three had had cancer (SIR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.20-2.8). The overall cancer incidence among adults with repaired EA did not differ from that of the general Finnish population. Current respiratory symptoms occurred in 11% of the patients and 2% of the controls (P<0.001). Of the patients, 16%, and 6% of the controls had doctor-diagnosed asthma (P<0.001). A total of 56% and 70% of the patients and 20% and 50% of the controls had a history of pneumonia and of bronchitis (P<0.001 for both). Respiratory-related impaired quality of life was observable in 11% of the patients in contrast to 6% of the controls (P<0.001). PFT revealed obstruction in 21 of the patients, restriction in 21, and both in 36. A total of 41 had bronchial hyper-responsiveness (BHR) in HCT, and 15 others had an asthma-like response. Thoracotomy-induced rib fusion (OR 3.4, 95%CI 1.3-8.7, P=0.01) and GER-associated epithelial metaplasia in adulthood (OR 3.0, 95%CI 1.0-8.9, P=0.05) were the most significant risk factors for restrictive ventilatory defect. Vertebral anomalies were evident in 45 patients, predominating in the cervical spine in 38. The most significant risk factor for the occurrence of vertebral anomalies was any additional anomaly (OR 27, 95%C I8-100). Scoliosis (over 10 degrees) was observable in 56 patients, over 20 degrees in 11, and over 45 degrees in one. In the EA patients, risk for scoliosis over 10 degrees was 13-fold (OR 13, 95%CI 8.3-21) and over 20 degrees, 38-fold (OR 38, 95%CI 14-106) when compared to that of the general population. Thoracotomy-induced rib fusion (OR 3.6, 95%CI 0.7-19) and other associated anomalies (OR 2.1, 95%CI 0.9-2.9) were the strongest predictive factors for scoliosis. Significant esophageal morbidity associated with EA extends into adulthood. No association existed between the esophageal symptoms and histological findings. Surgical complications, increasing age, and impaired esophageal motility predicted development of epithelial metaplasia after repair of EA. According to our data, the risk for esophageal cancer is less than 500-fold that of the general population. However, the overall cancer incidence among adults with repaired EA did not differ from that of the general population. Adults with repaired EA have had significantly more respiratory symptoms and infections, as well as more asthma, and allergies than does the general population. Thoracotomy-induced rib fusion and GER-associated columnar epithelial metaplasia were the most significant risk factors for the restrictive ventilatory defect that occurred in over half the patients. Over half the patients with repaired EA are likely to develop scoliosis. Risk for scoliosis is 13-fold after repair of EA in relation to that of the general population. Nearly half the patients had vertebral anomalies. Most of these deformities were diagnosed neither in infancy nor during growth. The natural history of spinal deformities seems, however, rather benign, with spinal surgery rarely indicated.

Identificación y descripción de algunas leguminosas presentes en pastizales del noreste de Chontales

Esta investigación se inició el 26 de Febrero de 1975 y finalizó el 19 de mayo del mismo año. Se recolectaron, identificaron y describieron las especies Leguminosas encontradas en los pastizales de los municipios de Santo Domingo, La Libertad, San Pedro, Santo Tomás y Villa Somoza, pertenecientes al departamento de Chontales. De todas las especies encontradas en los potreros se seleccionaron muestras con tallo, hojas, flores y frutos e inmediatamente se pusieron a secar en prensas portátiles. También se recolectaron muestras similares, que humedecidas se conservaron en bolsas plásticas, para luego hacer medidas de tallos,hojas, flores, vainas y semillas. Se anotaron breves datos de las localidades como son: El tipo de pastizal, la inclinación del terreno, el drenaje, etc. y más tarde se complementaron con datos proporcionados por catastro e inventario de Recursos Naturales. La identificación de las especies se realizó con las claves de Standley y Steyermark, pero la mayor parte comparado con las muestras del Herbario "Paul G. Standley" de la Escuela Agrícola Panamericana de Honduras. Las plantas identificadas se agruparon en 15 géneros, 30 especies y 1 variedad de las cuales la subfamilia Mimosáceas contribuyó con 3 especies: 1 en el género Calliandra y 2 en Mimosa. Las Cesalpináceas con 2 especies de un solo género. Cassia; y de as Papilionáceas se encontraron 25 especies y 1 variedad distribuidas en 12 géneros, las cuales se agruparon en 4 tribus. La tribu Phaseoleas aportó 13 especies: 3 en el género Calopogonium, 2 en Centrosema, 1 en Clitoria, 1 en Galactia, 3 en Phaseolus, 2 en rhychosia y 1 en Teramnus. La tribu Hedysareae contribuyó con 10 especies: 2 en el género Aeschynomene, 7 en Desmodium y 1 en Stylosanthes. En Desmodium se encontró una variedad. La tribu Genisteae aportó 1 especie del género Crotalaria y la tribu Galeageae 1 especie del género Indigofera. Cada una de estas especies fueron descritas detalladamente y se tomaron medidas de: tallo, diferentes partes de la hoja y de la flor, vainas y semillas. El resumen de las descripciones (Apéndice- cuadro2), fue analizado para encontrar diferencias entre subfamilias, géneros y especies. En las especies de las tres subfamilia se encontraron marcadas diferencias en el tipo de hojas, flores y semillas. Para identificar subfamilias basta con recurrir a la disposición, forma y tamaño de las partes de la flor; sin embargo para identificar géneros y especies, además de estas observaciones, se requiere de otros detalles como son: tamaño de estambres, tipo de estilo, forma de cáliz, tamaño y forma de la vaina, forma de la hoja y algunas veces presencia de estipelas y forma de la semilla. Se propones una clave para identificar especies localizadas en la región en que se hizo el estudio. Se incluye (Apéndice - cuadro 3) identificación y descripción de algunas especies leguminosas encontradas fuera de los pastizales.

Un gran recurso: Las plantas ornamentales en Nicaragua. Una guía sobre los arboles y arbustos ornamentales, exóticos, nativos y nativos potenciales

En esta obra se presentan especies de árboles y arbustos de gran belleza escénica, ya sea por sus flores, follaje vistoso o arreglo, muchas de éstas pocas veces observadas por la mayoría de los nicaragüenses (exceptuando los pobladores locales), tal es el caso de especies como: Cassia moschata, Erblichia odorata, Poeppigia procera muy vistosas, las que constituyen un recurso natural de gran potencial que deberían ser promovidas para el ornato de nuestros parques, calles y hogares de nuestro país.

Políticas de currículos e fluxos culturais: sujeito, conhecimento, e diferença

Esta pesquisa analisa como a prática escolar interpreta as Políticas Curriculares, em seus processos macro e micro, a partir dos estudos do sociólogo inglês Stephen Ball (1994). Os argumentos aqui apresentados fazem parte de um estudo analítico para pensar a articulação das políticas educacionais na perspectiva dos cruzamentos que podem ser tecidos no corpo da escola, onde as diferenças culturais ao serem demarcadas, criam um híbrido cultural, para pensar os sujeitos, a diferença e o conhecimento. Articulada a esta ideia, percorro nos estudos de Homi Bhabha (1998), as possibilidades de resignificação do currículo, tendo em vista que o espaço escolar não constitui espaço para fixação de identidades, pois há nele a possibilidade de produção cultural. O argumento central está na perspectiva de pensar criticamente a implantação da política curricular, em negociação com os fluxos contidos no espaço escolar que envolve diretamente o conhecimento, a cultura e a diferença com vistas a inaugurar um espaço onde o estabelecido deixa de ser verdade e que tome lugar à contingência. Para melhor interpretar tais articulações, utilizei-me nesta pesquisa, da experiência de observação numa Escola Municipal do Rio de Janeiro, que atende da Educação Infantil ao Ensino Fundamental, no sentido tanto de compreender os contextos de produção curricular com a teoria do Ball, como de defender a partir dos conceitos de Bhabha, a compreensão da diferença cultural como produção de identidades

Relações de poder, currículo e cultura escolar

Esta dissertação, a partir das lentes teórico-metodológicas de Michel Foucault, lança um olhar sobre aspectos da cultura escolar, suas regras, modos de organização, currículo, avaliações que movimentam o processo de escolarização, problematizando as relações de poder envolvidas na produção de subjetividades dos diferentes sujeitos e permeadas por diferentes verdades sobre esses sujeitos. Nessa perspectiva relacional, o poder é entendido como dinâmico, flexível, estratégico, difícil de ser capturado: o sujeito e suas ações são seus efeitos e agentes. Pretendo entender como algumas forças provenientes de diferentes direções vão construindo os cenários nos quais os sujeitos do cotidiano escolar atuam, produzindo relações de poder muito complexas. Nesse exercício, não cabe descrever os efeitos do poder em termos negativos. O poder produz realidades e rituais de verdade. Assim, busco, neste estudo, olhar para essa articulação de forças, de estratégias, de movimentos que, atravessando as relações de poder, produzem o currículo e as subjetividades num determinado espaço educativo. Esses saberes/verdades, extraídos das práticas de objetivação, possibilitam o investimento em ações e intervenções. É nesse sentido que busco olhar as práticas escolares como espaços de objetivação/subjetivação. Ao analisar essas práticas, destaco que os efeitos, no que diz respeito à produção de subjetividades, não se encontram em uma ou outra forma de agir. Percebi que as práticas escolares articulam-se numa rede disciplinar formada por diferentes dispositivos que se relacionam na produção de sujeitos, agindo sobre seus corpos. Relatórios, registros, observações, classificações, controle das atividades, organização do tempo e do espaço formam uma rede de significações e de normalização dos sujeitos no espaço escolar. E aqueles/as que não se enquadram, que se desviam do caminho, são apanhados mais facilmente pelas redes do poder e objetivados são produzidos em sua subjetividade que tenta fazer com que ele/a se perceba e se compreenda de certo jeito para se autogovernar, para melhor aprender e normalizar-se. Nesse processo de normalização dos sujeitos, não descarto a necessidade de se ter determinadas regras de convivência, de se ter a preocupação com que as crianças aprendam os conhecimentos escolares. O que ressalto é que se reflita sobre que tipo de normas estabelece o que é normal e anormal, que tipo de saberes é valorizado, com que propósito se investe sobre os corpos das crianças, que subjetividades estão sendo produzidas no espaço da escola.