Seroprevalence and seroincidence of Leptospira infection in dogs during a one-year period in an endemic urban area in Southern Brazil

Introduction: Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects both humans and animals. Dogs may serve as sentinels and indicators of environmental contamination as well as potential carriers for Leptospira. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence and seroincidence of leptospirosis infection in dogs in an urban low-income community in southern Brazil where human leptospirosis is endemic. Methods: A prospective cohort study was designed that consisted of sampling at recruitment and four consecutive trimestral follow-up sampling trials. All households in the area were visited, and those that owned dogs were invited to participate in the study. The seroprevalence (MAT titers >= 100) of Leptospira infection in dogs was calculated for each visit, the seroincidence (seroconversion or four-fold increase in serogroup-specific MAT titer) density rate was calculated for each follow-up, and a global seroincidence density rate was calculated for the overall period. Results: A total of 378 dogs and 902.7 dog-trimesters were recruited and followed, respectively. The seroprevalence of infection ranged from 9.3% (95% CI; 6.7 - 12.6) to 19% (14.1 - 25.2), the seroincidence density rate of infection ranged from 6% (3.3 - 10.6) to 15.3% (10.8 - 21.2), and the global seroincidence density rate of infection was 11% (9.1 - 13.2) per dog-trimester. Canicola and Icterohaemorraghiae were the most frequent incident serogroups observed in all follow-ups. Conclusions: Follow-ups with mean trimester intervals were incapable of detecting any increase in seroprevalence due to seroincident cases of canine leptospirosis, suggesting that antibody titers may fall within three months. Further studies on incident infections, disease burden or risk factors for incident Leptospira cases should take into account the detectable lifespan of the antibody.

Interação entre irmãos em situação de cuidados formais

Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as principais características de famílias onde os filhos mais velhos são responsabilizados pela execução das tarefas domésticas e pelo cuidado aos irmãos menores, durante a ausência dos pais. Participaram deste estudo vinte famílias residentes à Vila Paranoá, Distrito Federal, com filhos de um a dezesseis anos de idade. Os dados foram colhidos através de entrevistas e sessões de observação sistemática do comportamento em ambiente natural, realizadas durante o período de almoço. A análise se deteve na organização familiar, desempenho em tarefas domésticas e interação entre irmãos, tendo sido possível classificar as famílias em três grupos qualitativamente distintos. Os resultados são discutidos em termos da necessidade de se considerar fatores de ordem social na análise do grupo familiar.

Grandparents Left with AIDS-orphans; Challenges and Strategies Handling Poverty and Stigma

By 2010 it is estimated that one third of the African children will be orphans as an effect of HIV/AIDS. The crisis is already a fact and most orphans are absorbed by the extended family where the grandparents become the primary caretakers. This qualitative study was carried out in Kenya to explore the situation of these grandparents and to define their current resources and needs. Eight grandparents living in rural village or urban slum caring for their orphaned grandchildren were interviewed. The results showed that these families live under extremely poor conditions lacking food, other vital neccesities and a basic social network. Local churches and support groups emerged as the grandparents main sources to enhance strength and support. Key factors causing the acute poverty is HIV-related stigma and lack of access to land.

Agopuntura Urbana Jaime Lerner e la pianificazione urbanistica di Curitiba

Questa riflessione sulla città contemporanea nasce dall’esigenza di definire delle pratiche d’intervento utili alla gestione di una realtà urbana. Seguendo il pensiero di studiosi delle varie discipline quali la composizione e l’urbanistica, mi assumo la responsabilità di analizzare una pratica urbana utile alla gestione delle realtà conflittuali, senza voler entrare nel merito di burocrazie, a volte caotiche, ma semplicemente seguendo l’aspetto sociale e urbanistico di un intervento. Un riflessione generale su quelle che sono le pratiche urbane contemporanee, alla ricerca di una soluzione che possa infine risolvere le problematiche delle città: Agopuntura Urbana. Durante lo studio delle dinamiche, che portano alla formazione di un tessuto urbano, spesso veniamo a conoscenza di realtà malate frutto della continua evoluzione della città. Il progresso, in ogni suo campo, ha anche determinato un’evoluzione del comportamento sociale: ci troviamo spesso all’interno di una frenetica rete d’idee e di cambiamenti. La strategia dell’Agopuntura Urbana proposta da Jaime Lerner ci fornisce le soluzioni per risolvere il corpo urbano e la sua visione olistica, le analisi, lo studio e le conseguenti soluzioni, le quali, non sono da ricercare nella complessità ma piuttosto nella semplicità degli interventi: un’oculata riqualificazione che metta in primo piano le necessità della collettività. Nell’incontenibile serie di eventi, che hanno caratterizzato l’ultimo secolo, ritroviamo una realtà che ricerca soluzioni: la società vuole soluzioni per migliorare le realtà sociali contemporanee all’interno del proprio panorama urbano. ANDREA FALCO

Ethnographic and epidemiologic approaches for the programming of prenatal and birth services in Mesa los Hornos, Mexico

The investigator conducted an action-oriented investigation of pregnancy and birth among the women of Mesa los Hornos, an urban squatter slum in Mexico City. Three aims guided the project: (1) To obtain information for improving prenatal and maternity service utilization; (2) To examine the utility of rapid ethnographic and epidemiologic assessment methodologies; (3) To cultivate community involvement in health development.^ Viewing service utilization as a culturally-bound decision, the study included a qualitative phase to explore women's cognition of pregnancy and birth, their perceived needs during pregnancy, and their criteria of service acceptability. A probability-based community survey delineated parameters of service utilization and pregnancy health events, and probed reasons for decisions to use medical services, lay midwives, or other sources of prenatal and labor and delivery assistance. Qualitative survey of service providers at relevant clinics, hospitals, and practices contributed information on service availability and access, and on coordination among private, social security, and public assistance health service sectors. The ethnographic approach to exploring the rationale for use or non-use of services provided a necessary complement to conventional barrier-based assessment, to inform planning of culturally appropriate interventions.^ Information collection and interpretation was conducted under the aegis of an advisory committee of community residents and service agency representatives; the residents' committee formulated recommendations for action based on findings, and forwarded the mandate to governmental social and urban development offices. Recommendations were designed to inform and develop community participation in health care decision-making.^ Rapid research methods are powerful tools for achieving community-based empowerment toward investigation and resolution of local health problems. But while ethnography works well in synergy with quantitative assessment approaches to strengthen the validity and richness of short-term field work, the author strongly urges caution in application of Rapid Ethnographic Assessments. An ethnographic sensibility is essential to the research enterprise for the development of an active and cooperative community base, the design and use of quantitative instruments, the appropriate use of qualitative techniques, and the interpretation of culturally-oriented information. However, prescribed and standardized Rapid Ethnographic Assessment techniques are counter-productive if used as research short-cuts before locale- and subject-specific cultural understanding is achieved. ^

Alternativas para el hábitat informal: : análisis de la eficacia de las políticas sobre asentamientos informales : el caso de la provincia de Mendoza (Argentina)

En este artículo se analiza la política sobre asentamientos informales Ilevada a cabo por los distintos gobiernos de la provincia, desde la apertura del proceso democrático hasta la actualidad. Cada uno de los programas analizados se contextualiza en el marco de las transformaciones socioeconómicas que caracterizaron las décadas de los '80, '90, la década actual y en determinadas concepciones de política social. El anáIisis de los programas se efectúa a partir de las siguientes categorías: segregación/integración residencial; potencialidad de los programas para enfrentar situaciones de pobreza; enfoques de los organismos internacionales en tomo a la pobreza; derecho a la vivienda y derecho a la ciudad.

Moralidad, periferias y villas miseria : indagando etnográficamente las representaciones sociales sobre los espacios urbanos relegados en Comodoro Rivadavia

En Argentina, la reflexión académica sobre la cuestión social tomó como prioridad a las villas miseria. Asimismo, el eje centro-periferia resultó clave en la articulación del imaginario social hegemónico sobre las villas. En la asociación entre villas y periferias, las representaciones se organizaron de acuerdo a una distancia física, pero también moral respecto de un centro urbano. Dichas conexiones entre periferia, villas y espacios relegados, suponen una serie de obstáculos epistemológicos. El primero de ellos reside en las dificultades propias de una lectura moral sobre los territorios urbanos relegados. El segundo responde a una lógica sociocéntrica: si la villa fue retratada en función de la realidad histórico-social de las principales urbes industrializadas del país, ¿hasta qué punto es aplicable dicho concepto en ciudades de menor tamaño, con una tradición urbana diferente? Producto de un estudio etnográfico sobre las ocupaciones de tierras y la conformación de asentamientos en Comodoro Rivadavia, el artículo pretende analizar cómo los imaginarios urbanos sobre la “villa" afecta los discursos locales sobre el modo en que la cuestión social se expresa en el territorio. En los relatos sobre los asentamientos, la villa es una categoría que solamente es invocada cuando se pretende evaluar moralmente a determinados espacios urbanos relegados.

Impacto gerado na vida das mulheres removidas das favelas

Interventions that seek to change the areas occupied by squatters have been one of the most common forms of Urban Management Policies, trying revolver one of the major problems of Brazilian metropolises, namely the precarious living conditions of a large part of the population in the city. A Pedreira Prado Lopes, a slum located in the northwestern region of Belo Horizonte, is one of twelve local benefit program by urbanization of slums Vila Viva, a program of structural intervention in Slums at the municipal level. These interventions, which are benefiting 9,000 residents have funds of R$37,4 millions the PAC (Growth Acceleration Program) and were guided by PGE - Specific Global Plan prepared by technicians URBEL (Urbanization Company of Belo Horizonte) in 1998. This project intervention was the creation of a set of housing for former slum housing. The objective of this research is to know how this intervention impacted the lives of residents after settling in condominiums, seeking to describe the changes on the horizon of women who are in most household heads residents of these buildings, as shown by studies of the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), 2011

Impacto gerado na vida das mulheres removidas das favelas

Interventions that seek to change the areas occupied by squatters have been one of the most common forms of Urban Management Policies, trying revolver one of the major problems of Brazilian metropolises, namely the precarious living conditions of a large part of the population in the city. A Pedreira Prado Lopes, a slum located in the northwestern region of Belo Horizonte, is one of twelve local benefit program by urbanization of slums Vila Viva, a program of structural intervention in Slums at the municipal level. These interventions, which are benefiting 9,000 residents have funds of R$37,4 millions the PAC (Growth Acceleration Program) and were guided by PGE - Specific Global Plan prepared by technicians URBEL (Urbanization Company of Belo Horizonte) in 1998. This project intervention was the creation of a set of housing for former slum housing. The objective of this research is to know how this intervention impacted the lives of residents after settling in condominiums, seeking to describe the changes on the horizon of women who are in most household heads residents of these buildings, as shown by studies of the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), 2011

Impacto gerado na vida das mulheres removidas das favelas

Interventions that seek to change the areas occupied by squatters have been one of the most common forms of Urban Management Policies, trying revolver one of the major problems of Brazilian metropolises, namely the precarious living conditions of a large part of the population in the city. A Pedreira Prado Lopes, a slum located in the northwestern region of Belo Horizonte, is one of twelve local benefit program by urbanization of slums Vila Viva, a program of structural intervention in Slums at the municipal level. These interventions, which are benefiting 9,000 residents have funds of R$37,4 millions the PAC (Growth Acceleration Program) and were guided by PGE - Specific Global Plan prepared by technicians URBEL (Urbanization Company of Belo Horizonte) in 1998. This project intervention was the creation of a set of housing for former slum housing. The objective of this research is to know how this intervention impacted the lives of residents after settling in condominiums, seeking to describe the changes on the horizon of women who are in most household heads residents of these buildings, as shown by studies of the IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), 2011

Migration and Wellbeing at the Lower Echelons of the Economy: A Study of Delhi Slums

This paper based on a primary survey of households (2004-05) in the slum clusters of Delhi examines whether migrants are likely to experience upward mobility in their place of destination or alternatively, if they merely transfer their poverty from rural areas to large cities. First, a simple bifurcation of population in terms of poor and non-poor sub-groups is examined along with the incidence of poverty across different categories of occupations and non-workers. Then, an explanation of the variations in per capita expenditure across households is provided, and a binomial logit model (poor/non-poor) is developed identifying the variables which raise (or reduce) the probability of being non-poor (or poor). Next, an estimate of the wellbeing (deprivation) index is derived from factor analysis of a large number of variables including demographic and economic aspects of households. Empirical findings suggest that while duration of migration and the wellbeing index do not have a definite relationship, migrant households who have been in the city for a very long time have a higher wellbeing index on average than those who migrated in the last ten years. This tends to support the view that migrants do not merely transfer rural poverty to urban areas, and further that population mobility yields improvement in the living standard, if only in the very long term. Implementation of "employment-cum-shelter" support schemes in the urban areas may contribute to their wellbeing.

A LITURGIA NO CONTEXTO URBANO: APONTAMENTOS PARA A PRÁXIS PASTORAL NA COMUNIDADE DE HELIÓPOLIS

Esta pesquisa propõe-se a analisar a liturgia no contexto urbano, e a forma como a práxis pode influir e se articular com a liturgia cristã construída na cidade, especialmente em áreas empobrecidas e que experimentam as contradições resultantes de um modelo econômico excludente e concentrador de renda. Assim, a pesquisa busca apontar para o desenvolvimento da práxis pastoral litúrgica, tendo como espaço de referência a área da Comunidade de Heliópolis, São Paulo, a segunda maior favela do Brasil. A práxis é a atividade reflexiva e material do ser humano, isto é, ação transformadora que deve insistir na opção preferencial pelos pobres e excluídos. A pastoral litúrgica que tenha o seu referencial na práxis irá, portanto, criar ações que animem as esperanças do povo que celebra, favorecendo a organização e a sensibilização para as lutas sociais necessárias para a superação da exclusão, devolvendo a dignidade aos seres humanos. A pesquisa se desenvolve em três etapas: primeiramente, buscam-se as conceituações teóricas de práxis e urbanizações; em segundo lugar, se analisa o caminho da ocupação da área de Heliópolis; e por último os apontamentos para a práxis pastoral litúrgica no contexto urbano. O resultado será um conjunto de referenciais gerais históricos e teóricos capazes de sustentar uma pastoral litúrgica que contribua para as esperanças humanas e a criação de um novo paradigma de sociedade fundamentado na justiça e na igualdade.(AU)

A LITURGIA NO CONTEXTO URBANO: APONTAMENTOS PARA A PRÁXIS PASTORAL NA COMUNIDADE DE HELIÓPOLIS

Esta pesquisa propõe-se a analisar a liturgia no contexto urbano, e a forma como a práxis pode influir e se articular com a liturgia cristã construída na cidade, especialmente em áreas empobrecidas e que experimentam as contradições resultantes de um modelo econômico excludente e concentrador de renda. Assim, a pesquisa busca apontar para o desenvolvimento da práxis pastoral litúrgica, tendo como espaço de referência a área da Comunidade de Heliópolis, São Paulo, a segunda maior favela do Brasil. A práxis é a atividade reflexiva e material do ser humano, isto é, ação transformadora que deve insistir na opção preferencial pelos pobres e excluídos. A pastoral litúrgica que tenha o seu referencial na práxis irá, portanto, criar ações que animem as esperanças do povo que celebra, favorecendo a organização e a sensibilização para as lutas sociais necessárias para a superação da exclusão, devolvendo a dignidade aos seres humanos. A pesquisa se desenvolve em três etapas: primeiramente, buscam-se as conceituações teóricas de práxis e urbanizações; em segundo lugar, se analisa o caminho da ocupação da área de Heliópolis; e por último os apontamentos para a práxis pastoral litúrgica no contexto urbano. O resultado será um conjunto de referenciais gerais históricos e teóricos capazes de sustentar uma pastoral litúrgica que contribua para as esperanças humanas e a criação de um novo paradigma de sociedade fundamentado na justiça e na igualdade.(AU)

A ADESÃO PENTECOSTAL DE BANDIDOS E EX-BANDIDOS – UM ESTUDO SOBRE RELIGIÃO E PERIFERIA NA FAVELA DO JARDIM SÃO JORGE EM CIDADE ADEMAR - SP

A dissertação preocupou-se em analisar as relações de bandidos e ex-bandidos com o pentecostalismo na Assembleia de Deus Fortificada em Cristo (ADFEC), situada na favela Jardim São Jorge, periferia da Cidade Ademar, região Sul da capital de São Paulo. Interessou-nos compreender as interações desses agentes e de qual maneira a igreja desempenhou seu trabalho em um espaço pentecostal. A pesquisa, teve como objetivo fundamental, examinar as aproximações da criminalidade e o pentecostalismo indicando suas rupturas e características peculiares. O trabalho de campo se dedicou em coletar dados que comprovassem atuação da ADFEC juntos aos agentes do crime, e em que medida a filiação religiosa dos agentes ganhava importância. Por fim, buscamos refletir sobre a adesão de bandidos e ex-bandidos ao pentecostalismo e a influência dessa adesão no cotidiano da comunidade.

Give me a shilling [videorecording]: phenomenon of the street children

Pictures of the Watoto wa Lwanga project, the efforts of the Brothers of St. Charles Lwanga not only to rehabilitate Nairobi's street children, but to prevent slum children from ending up in the streets. Features life in the slums, the situation of the street children, the efforts of the social workers to involve the children's parents, the various reception centers, the vocational school, the Boy's Town Ruai Residential School, the community of the Brothers of St. Charles Lwanga as well as interviews with former street children and with various directors and benefactors of the project.