HIV-1 Capture and Transmission by Dendritic Cells: The Role of Viral Glycolipids and the Cellular Receptor Siglec-1

Dendritic cells (DCs) are essential in order to combat invading viruses and trigger antiviral responses. Paradoxically, in the case of HIV-1, DCs might contribute to viral pathogenesis through trans-infection, a mechanism that promotes viral capture and transmission to target cells, especially after DC maturation. In this review, we highlight recent evidence identifying sialyllactose-containing gangliosides in the viral membrane and the cellular lectin Siglec-1 as critical determinants for HIV-1 capture and storage by mature DCs and for DC-mediated trans-infection of T cells. In contrast, DC-SIGN, long considered to be the main receptor for DC capture of HIV-1, plays a minor role in mature DC-mediated HIV-1 capture and trans-infection.

Viral metagenomic analysis of feces of wild small carnivores

Background: Recent studies have clearly demonstrated the enormous virus diversity that exists among wild animals. This exemplifies the required expansion of our knowledge of the virus diversity present in wildlife, as well as the potential transmission of these viruses to domestic animals or humans. Methods: In the present study we evaluated the viral diversity of fecal samples (n = 42) collected from 10 different species of wild small carnivores inhabiting the northern part of Spain using random PCR in combination with next-generation sequencing. Samples were collected from American mink (Neovison vison), European mink (Mustela lutreola), European polecat (Mustela putorius), European pine marten (Martes martes), stone marten (Martes foina), Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) and Eurasian badger (Meles meles) of the family of Mustelidae; common genet (Genetta genetta) of the family of Viverridae; red fox (Vulpes vulpes) of the family of Canidae and European wild cat (Felis silvestris) of the family of Felidae. Results: A number of sequences of possible novel viruses or virus variants were detected, including a theilovirus, phleboviruses, an amdovirus, a kobuvirus and picobirnaviruses. Conclusions: Using random PCR in combination with next generation sequencing, sequences of various novel viruses or virus variants were detected in fecal samples collected from Spanish carnivores. Detected novel viruses highlight the viral diversity that is present in fecal material of wild carnivores.

La igualdad de género en el seguro de enfermedad

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo estudiar la relevancia del uso del sexo a la hora de tarificar y calcular prestaciones en el seguro de salud en base a la promulgación de la Directiva 2004/113/CE, que prohíbe su utilización al considerarlo discriminatorio. Se analiza el valor de la variable sexo como indicador del perfil de riesgo de los consumidores en el seguro de enfermedad, haciendo hincapié en el ámbito del gasto obstétrico, en las primas de las mujeres en edad de embarazo y en el empleo de factores alternativos razonables que determinen el riesgo. Se estudian a su vez los efectos y consecuencias de la Directiva 2004/113/CE y la sentencia Test-Achats en el ámbito asegurador, así como el impacto producido concretamente en la tarificación y suscripción de los seguros de salud en España, analizando la evolución del sector durante el periodo de implantación de dichos documentos.

Lipid Nanoparticles as Carriers for RNAi against Viral Infections: Current Status and Future Perspectives

The efforts made to develop RNAi-based therapies have led to productive research in the field of infections in humans, such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), herpetic keratitis, human papillomavirus, or influenza virus. Naked RNAi molecules are rapidly digested by nucleases in the serum, and due to their negative surface charge, entry into the cell cytoplasm is also hampered, which makes necessary the use of delivery systems to exploit the full potential of RNAi therapeutics. Lipid nanoparticles (LNP) represent one of the most widely used delivery systems for in vivo application of RNAi due to their relative safety and simplicity of production, joint with the enhanced payload and protection of encapsulated RNAs. Moreover, LNP may be functionalized to reach target cells, and they may be used to combine RNAi molecules with conventional drug substances to reduce resistance or improve efficiency. This review features the current application of LNP in RNAi mediated therapy against viral infections and aims to explore possible future lines of action in this field.

Características neuropsicológicas de pacientes con Enfermedad de Parkinson y portadores asintomáticos de la mutación R1441G en el gen LRRK2

238 p.

Otimização do ciclo de liofilização de uma vacina viral

A liofilização - ou secagem a frio (freeze drying em inglês) - é um complexo processo multiestágios, onde o produto é primeiramente congelado e sua secagem feita através de sublimação. Devido a esta forma de secagem a liofilização se torna um processo atrativo particularmente importante para a estabilização de componentes orgânicos hidratados e lábeis, de origem biológica. O processo de liofilização é amplamente empregado na indústria farmacêutica, porém em termos de gestão de processo, deve-se evitar a liofilização a todo custo, pois o processo possui diversas desvantagens como: equipamentos de alto investimento, alta demanda energética, processo que demanda tempos longos e produtos com facilidade de hidratar e frágeis, necessitando ser cuidadosamente embalados e armazenados. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a diminuição do ciclo de liofilização de uma vacina viral e analisar a possibilidade de carregamento desse produto no liofilizador a temperaturas negativas, de forma a possibilitar o aumento de produtividade. Para tal, foram realizados três experimentos com ciclos de liofilização com 17 e 20h a menos que o ciclo de liofilização da vacina comercial. Os experimentos foram realizados com a mesma formulação do lote comercial e utilizando um liofilizador piloto. As modificações foram realizadas nas propriedades físicas do ciclo de liofilização atual (temperatura, pressão e tempo) e na temperatura de carga do produto, sem alteração na formulação da vacina ou embalagem primária. Amostras do produto liofilizado experimental foram analisadas quanto ao seu aspecto, desempenho, umidade residual, potência e termoestabilidade acelerada segundo os Mínimos Requerimentos da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Todos os resultados analisados estiveram dentro das especificações e próximos ou melhores quando comparados aos lotes comerciais de origem

Nuevos criterios diagnósticos de la enfermedad celiaca: valoración de los marcadores genéticos e inmunológicos

166 p.

Gen LPP : Avances en el conocimiento de uno de los genes candidato de la enfermedad celíaca

[ES] La enfermedad celíaca (EC) es una enteropatía autoinmune de predisposición genética, producida por la ingestión en la dieta de péptidos derivados de cereales como el trigo o la cebada. Aunque se creía que afectaba casi de forma exclusiva a los individuos europeos (1%), actualmente se conocen casos en todo el mundo. El modelo patogénico se centra en los mecanismos de la inmunidad adaptativa dependientes de la estimulación de linfocitos T CD4+ reactivos, pero existe además un efecto tóxico directo del gluten sobre el epitelio intestinal, dependiente de la inmunidad innata. La participación de la Genética en la susceptibilidad a la enfermedad es conocida desde hace tiempo, siendo el locus HLA el que explica aproximadamente el 40% del componente genético de la enfermedad. Para tratar de identificar otros genes con susceptibilidad, se han venido realizando múltiples esfuerzos durante los últimos años. Uno de los últimos, llevado a cabo en 2011, fue el Proyecto Immunochip. En él, se analizaron más de 200.000 variantes y se descubrieron 13 nuevos loci de riesgo para la EC, que junto con los descubiertos en anteriores trabajos y el locus HLA, daban un total de 40 loci de riesgo. Entre ellos, se encontraba la región que ocupa el gen LPP . Localizado en el cromosoma 3, un estudio reciente lo vincula con los procesos de adhesión celular en el intestino. En el presente trabajo, se ha estudiado el efecto de la gliadina sobre la expresión del gen de interés (LPP ) y el posible efecto de un silenciamiento del mismo sobre dos genes relacionados con las uniones celulares (ACTB y TJP1). En el caso de la gliadina, no se halló un cambio significativo en la expresión del gen. Mientras, los resultados del efecto del silenciamiento fueron dispares, no siendo concluyentes para el gen ACTB, pero encontrando una posible asociación entre los genes LPP y TJP1.

Silenciamiento de PTPRK, un gen candidato de la enfermedad celíaca

La enfermedad celíaca, también conocida como enteropatía sensible al gluten, es un trastorno autoinmune crónico causada por la intolerancia a la ingesta de gluten y desarrollada por personas genéticamente predispuestas cuyo único tratamiento consiste en una dieta estricta libre de gluten. El desarrollo de dicha enfermedad está relacionada con una gran variedad de genes entre los que se encuentra PTPRK. Este trabajo desarrolla un estudio de la expresión de dicho gen así como un protocolo de silenciamiento del mismo.

White spot viral disease in penaeid shrimp: a review

The white spot viral disease in penaeid shrimp affects the development of the global shrimp industry. This paper reviews the viruses that cause the disease, the transmission of the virus, diagnosis and preventive measures.

Toll-like receptor 3 regulates Mx expression in rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus after viral infection

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) plays a key role in activating immune responses during viral infection. To study the genes involved in the regulatory function of TLR3 in the rare minnow Gobiocypris rarus after viral infection, a full-length cDNA of TLR3 (GrTLR3) with a splice variant (GrTLR3s) was identified by homologous cloning and RACE techniques. The antiviral effector molecule Mx gene was cloned and partially sequenced. The mRNA expression levels of GrTLR3, GrTLR3s, and Mx were studied in different tissues before and after virus infection by real-time quantitative RT-PCR. The transcripts of all three genes in liver were significantly increased following GCRV infection (P<0.05). The mRNA levels in liver were upregulated at 24 h post-injection for GrTLR3 and GrTLR3s, and at 12 h for Mx. The upregulated expression levels were several folds for GrTLR3s, tens of folds for GrTLR3, and hundreds of folds for Mx. By semi-quantitative RT-PCR, GrTLR3 and Mx expressed at all the developmental stages, whereas GrTLR3s could only be detected at later developmental stages. Using RNAi and transgenic techniques, GrTLR3 mediated Mx expression but GrTLR3s did not. The time-dependent upregulation of receptor and effector, and the Mx over-expression dependent on TLR3, indicated that GrTLR3 regulated Mx expression in viral infection through a configuration change in rare minnow, and its splice variant did not contribute to the process.

Layer-by-layer assembly of viral capsid for cell adhesion

Cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV)-based thin films are biologically active for cell culture. Using layer-by-layer assembly of CPMV and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), quantitatively scalable biomolecular surfaces were constructed, which were well characterized using quartz crystal microbalance, UV-vis and atomic force microscopy. The surface coverage of CPMV nanoparticles depended on the adsorption time and pH of the virus solution, with a greater amount of CPMV adsorption occurring near its isoelectric point. It was found that the adhesion and proliferation of NIH-3T3 fibroblasts can be controlled by the coverage of viral particles using this multilayer technique.

Four viral proteins of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) that attach to shrimp cell membranes

White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major shrimp pathogen that has a widespread negative affect on shrimp production in Asia and the Americas. It is known that WSSV infects shrimp cells through viral attachment proteins (VAP) that bind with shrimp cell receptors. However, the identity of both WSSV VAP and shrimp cell receptors remains unclear. We used digoxigenin (DIG)labeled shrimp hemocyte and gill cell membranes to bind to WSSV proteins immobilized on nitrocellulose membranes, and 4 putative WSSV VAP (37 kDa, 39 kDa and 2 above 97 kDa) were identified. Mass spectrometric analysis identified the 37 kDa putative VAP as the product of WSSV gene VP281.

Physiological and immune responses of zhikong scallop Chlamys farreri to the acute viral necrobiotic virus infection

The Zhikong Scallop, Chlamys farreri, is one of the most Important bivalve mollusks cultured in northern China However, mass mortality of the cultured C farreri has posed a serious threat to the maricultural Industry in recent years. Acute Viral Necrobiotic Virus (AVNV) is believed as an important etiological agent causing the scallop mass mortalities To understand the mechanism behind the AVNV associated scallop disease and mortality, we assessed the physiological and immune responses of C farreri to the virus infection using oxygen consumption rate, ammonium-nitrogen excretion rate, hemocyte copper, zinc superoxide dismutase gene expression, and plasma superoxide dismutase activity and alkaline phosphatase activity as indicators Scallops challenged by AVNV at 25 C developed typical disease signs 2 days after virus injection Before the disease manifested, scallop oxygen consumption and NH4+-N excretion rates rose and then fell back. Real-time PCR revealed that the hemocyte cytosol Cu, Zn SOD gene expression was upregulated followed by recovery The plasma SOD activity, however, augmented consistently following virus injection Moreover, plasma AKP activity first lowered and then elevated gradually to the highest level at 24 h post virus injection Scallops challenged by AVNV at 17 degrees C neither developed notable disease nor showed obvious responses that could be associated with the virus infection. While the results suggested a correlation between the elevated seawater temperature and the AVNV infection associated C farreri mortalities, they also indicated that the viral infection provoked multiple physiological and immune responses in the host scallops (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd All rights reserved

Cabras mestiças: opção para a produção de leite no Nordeste do Brasil.

2004