983 resultados para BG
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Three enrichment broths and six plating media were compared for efficiency of detection Salmonella in the presence of numbers of Coliforms (10super(5)/ml) and proteus (10super(3)/ml) from artificially inoculated fish samples. Recovery experiments Salmonella anatum, S. typhimurium and S. enteritidis indicated that the two enrichment broths Dulcitol Selinite (DSE) and Selinite Cystine (SC) were equally efficient. Further, the viability of Salmonella, inoculated into fish muscle and kept at 4°C for 48 hours, was found to be not affected by the low temperature storage. Selective plating media like Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar (XLD), Brilliant Green Sulphadiazine agar (BGS) and Brilliant Green agar (BG) were found to be superior in performance to Salmonella-Shigella agar: (SS) and Bismuth Sui phite agar (BiS).
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雨季来临时,干藻重新吸收水分,光合活性恢复,迅速生长。微鞘藻(Microcoleus vaginatus)藻体在失水过程中,光合活性降低;而干藻接种到流沙后,恢复生长,在生长后期,生物量可达27μg/cm2土壤。在重吸水中,离子对光合活性的恢复具有重要作用,相对于去离子水来说,BG-11培养液处理后活性恢复较高;K+和Mg2+的缺失,对光合活性有抑制作用,而Ca2+的缺失,造成光合活性恢复的延缓;较高浓度的胞外多糖(Extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)和热水溶性多
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用不同浓度(0、0.1、0.2、0.4 m o l.L-1)的N aC l处理BG 110培养的发菜细胞,结果显示,发菜光合速率与叶绿素荧光强度随N aC l浓度的升高先增加后降低,当N aC l浓度为0.1 m o l.L-1时光合速率与叶绿素荧光具有最大值,表明发菜细胞培养物能耐受一定浓度的盐胁迫.以BG 110+0.4 m o l.L-1N aC l为对照,在BG 11+0.4m o l.L-1N aC l的胁迫实验中,光合速率与叶绿素荧光强度下降较慢;丙二醛、脯氨酸含量较低;类胡萝卜素含量较高,表
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比较了红球藻HB748株在MCM,BBM及BG-11.3种培养基中的生长.结果表明:HB748在这3种培养基中前4d的平均生长速率分别为0.97d-1,0.77d-1和0.63d-1,存在显著差异;然而,在BBM和BG-11中添加MCM中所含等量VB12后,748株在3种培养基中的生长速率趋于一致,表明VB12,是HB748维持较好的前期生长的必需成分;在VB12的需求满足后.3种培养基无机组分的差异对HB748前期生长影响甚微.
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海生单细胞蓝藻,阿格门氏藻,(Agmenellum quadruplicatum strain BG-1)BG-1显示至少含有两种氢酶:吸氢酶——只催化需氧的氢吸收;可逆性氢酶——既催化需光的氢吸收,又催化以还原甲,基紫精为电子供体的氢释放,但活性大不相同。后者为前者的3—5倍。两种氢酶的表达均依赖于藻细胞生长培养基中的镍离子的存在。放氢活性受HgCl_2的强烈抑制,但不受DCMU(敌草隆,后同)和KCN的影响,表明氢酶的氢基团参与催化作用,而该反应既不涉及光合作用的系统Ⅱ,也不涉及呼吸作用的末端电子传递
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The effects of temperature and light on the growth and geosmin production of Lyngbya kuetzingii were determined. Of the three temperatures tested, 10, 25 and 35A degrees C, the maximal geosmin concentration and geosmin productivity were yielded at 10A degrees C, while the highest chl a production was observed at 25A degrees C. In the studies on light intensity, the maximal geosmin concentration and geosmin productivity were observed at 10 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), while the highest chl a production was at 20 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). It was suggested that more geosmin was synthesized with lower chl a demand. Meanwhile, the relative amounts of extra- and intracellular geosmin were investigated. Under optimum growth conditions (20 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), 25A degrees C; BG-11 medium), the amounts of extracellular geosmin increased as the growth progressed and reached the maximum in the stationary phase, while the intracellular geosmin reached its maximum value in the late exponential phase, and then began to decline. However, under the low temperature (10A degrees C) or light (10 mu mol m(-2) s(-1)) conditions, more intracellular geosmin was synthesized and mainly accumulated in the cells. The proportions of extracellular geosmin were high, to 33.33 and 32.27%, respectively, during the stationary phase at 35A degrees C and 20 mu mol m(-2) s(-1). It was indicated that low temperature or light could stimulate geosmin production and favor the accumulation of geosmin in cells, while more intracellular geosmin may be released into the medium at higher temperatures or optimum light intensity.
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Scytonema javanicum (Kutz.) Born et Flah (cyanobacterium) is one of the species distributed widely in the crust of desert soils regularly subjected to severe water stress. To investigate the response of the species to salt stress, many physiological and biochemical parameters, including growth rate, ratio of variable fluorescence to maximum fluorescence (Fv/Fm), reactive oxidative species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined in culture. The results showed that 50 mM NaCl inhibited growth and Fv/Fm in the medium BG-110, and that the inhibition was maximum after 1-2 days' exposure to salt stress; 50 mM NaCl also increased the contents of ROS and MDA in treated cells, which suggests that salt stress may lead to oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation in the alga. Further, changes in the antioxidative enzymes SOD and CAT in the treated alga were consistent with changes in ROS and MDA at certain extent. These observations suggest that oxidative stress resulting from salt stress in S. javanicum could result in the production of antioxidative enzymes to counteract the oxidative damage, and the enzymes may contribute to the ability of S. javanicum to survive the adverse desert environment. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Microcoleus vaginatus isolated from a desert algal crust of Shapotou was cultured in BG-11 medium containing 0.2mol l(-1) NaCl or 0.2mol l(-1) NaCl plus 100mg l(-1) sucrose, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) or hot water-soluble polysaccharides (HWP), respectively. Photosynthetic oxygen evolution rates, photosystem 11 activity (Fv/Fm) and dark respiration of NaCl-stressed cells were enhanced significantly by the added sucrose or EPS under salt stress conditions (0.2mol l(-1) NaCl). Compared with cells treated with salt alone, sodium contents in cells reduced significantly; the content of cellular total carbohydrate did not change, and intracellular sucrose, water-soluble sugar increased significantly following the addition of exogenous carbohydrates. Sucrose synthase (SS) activity of NaCl-stressed cells increased following the addition of sucrose, and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity of NaCl-stressed cells increased following the addition of exogenous sucrose, EPS or HWP compared with cells stressed with NaCl only. The results suggested that the extruded EPS might be re-absorbed by cells of M. vaginatus as carbon source, they could increase salt tolerance of M. vaginatus through the changes of carbohydrate metabolism and the selective uptake of sodium ions. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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High Curie temperature of 900 K has been reported in Cr-doped AlN diluted magnetic semiconductors prepared by various methods, which is exciting for spintronic applications. It is believed that N defects play important roles in achieving the high-temperature ferromagnetism in good samples. Motivated by these experimental advances, we use a full-potential density-functional-theory method and supercell approach to investigate N defects and their effects on ferromagnetism of (Al,Cr)N with N vacancies (V-N). We investigate the structural and electronic properties of V-N, single Cr atom, Cr-Cr atom pairs, Cr-V-N pairs, and so on. In each case, the most stable structure is obtained by comparing different atomic configurations optimized in terms of the total energy and the force on every atom, and then it is used to calculate the defect formation energy and study the electronic structures. Our total-energy calculations show that the nearest substitutional Cr-Cr pair with the two spins in parallel is the most favorable and the nearest Cr-V-N pair makes a stable complex. Our formation energies indicate that V-N regions can be formed spontaneously under N-poor condition because the minimal V-N formation energy equals -0.23 eV or Cr-doped regions with high enough concentrations can be formed under N-rich condition because the Cr formation energy equals 0.04 eV, and hence real Cr-doped AlN samples are formed by forming some Cr-doped regions and separated V-N regions and through subsequent atomic relaxation during annealing. Both of the single Cr atom and the N vacancy create filled electronic states in the semiconductor gap of AlN. N vacancies enhance the ferromagnetism by adding mu(B) to the Cr moment each but reduce the ferromagnetic exchange constants between the spins in the nearest Cr-Cr pairs. These calculated results are in agreement with experimental observations and facts of real Cr-doped AlN samples and their synthesis. Our first-principles results are useful to elucidate the mechanism for the ferromagnetism and to explore high-performance Cr-doped AlN diluted magnetic semiconductors.
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本文用加拿大国立研究院(National Research Council of Canada) Fuhrer等人编制的FORTRAN语言程序(以下简称NRCC程序),对两个冠醚类化合物进行了简正坐标分析,这两个化合物分子是二氧六环(C_4H_8O_2)和12-冠-4(C_8H_(16)O_4)。作者用Synder和Zerbi提出的一般价力场,计算了二氧六环的36个简正振动频率,精化四次后的结果误差为14.04 cm~(-1),得到了二氧六环的精化力场和势能分析矩阵;做了12-冠-4-的中红外光谱(3200-5000cm~(-1))。远红外光谱(500-70cm~(-1))和拉曼光谱(3200-50 cm~(-1),从而归属出12-冠-4的78个简正振动频率实验值;利用二氧六环的精化力场作为初始力场,计算了12-冠-4的简正振动频率,对78个简正振动频率进行了精化计算,精化三次后的结果误差为13.99 cm~(-1),精化后得到12-冠-4的精化力场和势能分布矩阵;将NRCC程序以BASIC语言移至TRS-80微型机上,对二氧六环进行了计算,结果良好,首次给出二氧六环一般价力场的势能分布。一、对二氧六环的处理 二氧六环分子式C_4H_8O_2,合14个原子,有3N-6=36个简正振动频率。分子结构系由二个乙氧基(-CH_2-CH_2-O-)单元组成的含有四个碳,两个氧的六元环,平衡态分子为椅式构象,属于C_(2h)点群,36个简正振动频率分为四个对称类Ag、Au、Bg和Bu,分布是:Ag 10个,Bg 8个,Au 9个,Bu9个。二氧六环的分子结构及坐标示意图见28而图5,定义了14个伸缩内坐标,26个弯曲内坐标,6个扭曲内坐标,共46个,C-C键长1.54A,C-O键长1.41 A,C-H键长1.096A,键角都用109°28'。用CART程序(NRCC程序之一)计算二氧六环14个原子的笛卡尔坐标,用GMAT程序(NRCC程序之二)计算其B矩阵和G矩阵,用FPERT程序(NRCC程序之三)计算其简正振动频率、精化力场,计算用一般价力场,引入V矩阵对称化,将46个坐标化为46个(内)对称坐标,10个多余坐标在FPERT程序计算中除去。二、对12-冠-4的处理 12-冠-4分子式C_8H_(16)O_4,含28个原子,共3N-6=78个简正振动频率,分子结构为四个乙氧基(-CH_2-CH_2-O-)单元组成的含八个碳、四个氧的12元环,自由分子的12-冠-4属于C点群。结构数据引自Groth的X光衍射分数和坐标,自己编制了BASIC语言程度将分数坐标化为笛卡尔坐标,用GMAT程序计算B矩阵和G矩阵,FPERT程序计算78个简正振动频率、精化力场、计算势能分布矩阵,引入U矩阵将92个内坐标化为92个对称坐标,14个多余坐标在FPERT程序中自动除去。三、结果 势能分布矩阵给出分子的振动归属,对这两个冠醚类分子的3N-6个简正振动频率,可以划分为五个振动区域。1.C-H伸缩振动区(3000-2800 cm~(-1)) 在该区中,二氧六环有八个值:2974、2966、2854和2867 cm~(-1)各两个,12-冠-4有16个值:2935、2923、2915和2907 cm~(-1)各两个,2860 cm~(-1)8个,高于2900 cm~(-1)者为反对称伸缩振动,低于2900 cm~(-1)者为对称伸缩振动。2.亚甲基弯曲振动之一(1500-1400 cm~(-1)) 该区的主要振动是亚甲基剪式振动(Scissor),其它振动小于10%二氧六环在该区有四个频率:1443、1461、1451和1457 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有八个频率:1466、1450、1450和1405 cm~(-1)各两个。3.亚甲基弯曲振动区二(1400-1200 cm~(-1))该区的主要振动模式为亚甲基的颤动(wag)、卷曲(twist)和摆动(rock)振动,其它振动小于13%。二氧六环在该区有八个频率:1334、1303、1396、1216、1367、1264、1377和1296 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有十六个频率:1388、1363、……1229 cm~(-1)(其中1288、1307cm~(-1)非简并,其余皆两重简并)。4.环的骨架伸缩振动区(1200-600 cm~(-1))该区振动模式复杂,除环的骨架伸缩振动外,还有亚甲基的wag、twist、rock以及环的骨架弯曲振动,而且这些振动的势能分布值都不小。二氧六环在该区有十一个频率,从1127至610 cm~(-1),12-冠-4有二十个频率,从1135至184 cm~(-1)且大都是二重简并的。5.低频区(600-50cm~(-1))这两个分子在低频区的势能分布略有差别。二氧六环在该区有五个频率:503、486、427、276和224 cm~(-1),主要振动模式为骨架弯曲振动和扭曲振动,C-O、C-C的扭曲振动在三个最低频率中分布占10-30%。12-冠-4在该区有18个频率,除570和547cm~(-1)处,都是二重简并的,六个最低频率的振动模式完全属于C-O、C-C键的扭曲振动,其它振动小于10%,所以200 cm~(-1)以下可称为12-冠-4的扭曲振动区,在600-200cm~(-1)之间的12个频率主要是骨架的弯曲振动,也有一定量的亚甲基wag、twist、rock振动。12-冠-4的简正坐标分析尚未有人做过。二氧六环的计算结果与Snyder和Zerbi的分析相吻合,12-冠-4和二氧六环两分子势能分布的相对一致性证明了对12-冠-4的简正坐标分析基本是正确的。本文比较了二分子的力常数和振动频率,探讨了环的大小对振动光谱的影响。四、NRCC程序简介 NRCC程序由CART、GMAT和FPERT三个程序组成,即可联一起运用,亦可分开独立进行运算。该程序功能强,所占内存大,适于大、中型计算机使用。CART程序之名字取自Cartisian Co-or-dinates的前四个字母,功能系由分子结构参数(键长、键角)计算分子内各原子的笛卡尔坐标。GMAT程序之名字取自G matrix的前四个字母,功能系由分子内各原子的笛卡尔坐标,原子质量和内坐标定义计算分子内各原子的坐标交换矩阵B和Wilson振动动能矩阵G。FPERT程序之名字取自F Perturbation的前五个字母,功能系由分子振动功能矩阵G、势能常数即力常数矩阵F计算分子的简正振动频率和势能分布矩阵,再通过实验频率精化势能矩阵F。NRCC程序可对含30个原子、60个内坐标的分子进行简正坐标分析,扩充后容量增大一倍。该程序可选用一般价力场(General Valence Force Field, 简称GVFF)和UBS力场(Urey-Bradley-Shimanouchi Force Field),简称UBSFF或UBFF)。可选用对称化U矩阵,可自行决定力场精化次数和阻尼常数以限制精化结果的收敛性。五、NRCC程序在TRS-80微型机上移植试尝(该部分曾在第三届长春夏季化学讨论会上宣读)针对NRCC程序占内存空间大、难以在微型机上实现的情况,作者将NRCC程序改编为BASIC语言,改变程序的原来结构,形成一组BASIC语言程序:CART/BAS、GMAT/BAS和VIFR/BAS,改编后的BASIC程序在TRS-80微型机调试通过,TRS-80机字长8位,New Dos系统内存32K。改写后的程序只保持了原程序的基本原理,在内存,语句上改动很大,以适于微型机使用。数据在程序中直接嵌入,利于修改替换,且BASIC语言简单易学,便于操作。CART/BAS程序可计算含30个原子以内的分子的笛卡尔坐标,GMAT/BAS程序可计算含20个原子、45个内坐标的分子的G矩阵,VIFR/BAS程序可计算含15个原子的分子的简正振动频率。利用这组程序,作者以二氧六环分子为例做了一些试尝运算,误差14.4 cm~(-1),相对误差1.8%,结果较理想。
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本论文工作主要集中于薄层光谱电化学池的设计、表征、应用以及微电极显微红外光谱电化学方法的建立和应用。在光谱电化学研究中,光谱电化学池的设计制作是一项很重要的工作,我们设计制作了两种结构简单且有多种用途的紫外-可见长光程光谱电化学池。这两种电解池直接以石英管池壁作为光窗,采用插入式电极体结构,不使用任何粘接剂,适用于多种溶剂体系,可用于紫外-可见光谱电化学、表面吸附以及荧光光谱电化学研究,红外光谱电化学可从分子水平上提供反应体系的结构信息,在溶液过程的红外光谱电化学研究中,透射式红外光谱电化学方法则更为方便、有利。但溶剂和支持电解质对红外光的强吸收,使该方法的发展受到了很大的限制。如何设计制作出具有较小的薄层厚度同时又具有良好的电化学性能的透射式红外光谱电化学池,一直是光谱电化学工作者比较关心的问题。本论文所设计制作的透射式红外光谱电化学池,只有30μm的薄层厚度,而它的电化学性能也很好。在电位扫速为2mV/s时,峰峰电位差可达0mV。可以说该池的性能是目前已有的此类电解池中最好的。红外光谱电化学方法在电化学体系性质研究中是一个很有力的手段,但对于一些特殊体系的研究,常规红外光谱电化学方法却无能为力。我们率先将显微红外光谱技术应用于微电极电化学过程的研究,建立了显微红外光谱电化学方法。该方法可进行微小区域的现场红外光谱电化学研究,可实现快速而准确的电位响应,能在较低电导的各种介质中工作,它为一些有赖于微电极技术的特殊体系的电化学研究提供了有效的方法。我们设计制作了微电极显微红外光谱电化学池,应用显微红外光谱电化学方法对高分子固体电解质中的电化学过程、化学修饰电极以及非水溶剂中的电化学行为进行了研究,首次实现了对高分子固体电解质(Nafion和PEG/LiClO_4)中电化学过程的现场红外光谱检测。首次真正做到了普鲁士兰(PB)修饰电极的现场红外光谱检测。发现在PB→BG、PB→ES反应过程中,都伴随有红外光谱的变化,对于PB→ES这一过程,前人曾认为红外光谱不会有变化,而我们的实验结果提示我们应重新考虑PB→ES过程发生的配位变化。对于四氰代二甲基苯醌(TCNQ)和对苯醌(BQ)在PEG/LiClO_4高分子固体电解质中的电化学还原过程进行现场显微红外光谱电化学研究发现:该体系中,TCNQ在还原为TCNQ~(2-)时,会和Li~+形成离子对;而BQ在还原为BQ~-时,会和Li~+发生反应。以现场显微红外光谱电化学方法对乙酸四苯基镓卟啉(TPPGaOAc)在CH_2Cl_2/TBAP中电化学氧化还原过程进行了研究。在更宽的波数范围内,观察到了各步反应的红外光谱变化,为判断金属卟啉的环氧化还原机理提供了新的证据。在对双二茂铁(Fc-CH_2-Fc)在CH_2Cl_2/TBAP中的现场显微红外光谱电化学研究中,观察到了环上C-H及亚甲基桥上的C-H振动光谱变化,说明在Fc-CH_2-Fc的氧化过程中,亚甲基桥上的电子云密度也有所变化。
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980nm InGaAs/InGaAsP/AlGaAs strained quantum well lasers,vitta novel large optical cavity and asymmetrical claddings was fabricated bg MOCVD. Very high differential quantum efficiency elf 90% (1.15W/A) and low vertical divergence angle of 24 degrees at long cavity length were obtained for 100 mu m stripe lasers. The differential quantum efficiency is up to 94% (1.20) at cavity length of 500 mu m.
Resumo:
The reduced velocity correlation functions of the Intermediate Mass Fragments (IMFs) were measured in the reactions of Ar-36+ Sn-112,Sn-124 at 35MeV/u. The anti-correlation at small reduced velocities is more pronounced in Ar-36+ Sn-124 system than that in Ar-36+ Sn-112 system. The difference of the correlation functions between the two reactions is mainly contributed by the particle pairs with high momenta. A three-body Coulomb repulsive trajectory code (MENEKA) is employed to calculate the emission time scale of IMFs for-the both systems. The time scale is 150fm/c in the Ar-36+ Sn-112 system and 120fm/c in the Ar-36+ Sn-124 system, respectively. A calculation based on an Isospin dependence Quantum Molecular Dynamics code (IQMD) reveals that the emission time spectrum of IMFs is shifted slightly leftwards in Ar-36+ Sn-124 compared with that in the Ar-16+ Sn-112 system, indicating a shorter emission time scale. Correspondingly, the central density of the hot nuclei decreases faster in Ar-36+ Sn-124 than in Ar-36+ Sn-112
Resumo:
Novel bioactive glass (13G) nanoparticles/poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) composites were prepared as promising bone-repairing materials. The BG nanoparticles (Si:P:Ca = 29:13:58 weight ratio) of about 40 run diameter were prepared via the sol-gel method. In order to improve the phase compatibility between the polymer and the inorganic phase, PLLA (M-n = 9700 Da) was linked to the surface of the BG particles by diisocyanate. The grafting ratio of PLLA was in the vicinity of 20 wt.%. The grafting modification could improve the tensile strength, tensile modulus and impact energy of the composites by increasing the phase compatibility.