Recognition And Top-Down Generation Of Beta-Acyclic Database Schemes

Database schemes can be viewed as hypergraphs with individual relation schemes corresponding to the edges of a hypergraph. Under this setting, a new class of "acyclic" database schemes was recently introduced and was shown to have a claim to a number of desirable properties. However, unlike the case of ordinary undirected graphs, there are several unequivalent notions of acyclicity of hypergraphs. Of special interest among these are agr-, beta-, and gamma-, degrees of acyclicity, each characterizing an equivalence class of desirable properties for database schemes, represented as hypergraphs. In this paper, two complementary approaches to designing beta-acyclic database schemes have been presented. For the first part, a new notion called "independent cycle" is introduced. Based on this, a criterion for beta-acyclicity is developed and is shown equivalent to the existing definitions of beta-acyclicity. From this and the concept of the dual of a hypergraph, an efficient algorithm for testing beta-acyclicity is developed. As for the second part, a procedure is evolved for top-down generation of beta-acyclic schemes and its correctness is established. Finally, extensions and applications of ideas are described.

Latent TGF-beta Binding Proteins : Adhesive functions and matrix association of LTBP-2 and potential functions of LTBP-1 and LTBP-3 in mesothelioma

Latent transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) binding proteins (LTBPs) -1, -3 and -4 are ECM components whose major function is to augment the secretion and matrix targeting of TGF-beta, a multipotent cytokine. LTBP-2 does not bind small latent TGF-beta but has suggested functions as a structural protein in ECM microfibrils. In the current work we focused on analyzing possible adhesive functions of LTBP-2 as well as on characterizing the kinetics and regulation of LTBP-2 secretion and ECM deposition. We also explored the role of TGF-beta binding LTBPs in endothelial cells activated to mimic angiogenesis as well as in malignant mesothelioma. We found that, unlike most adherent cells, several melanoma cell lines efficiently adhered to purified recombinant LTBP-2. Further characterization revealed that the adhesion was mediated by alpha3beta1 and alpha6beta1 integrins. Heparin also inhibited the melanoma cell adhesion suggesting a role for heparan sulphate proteoglycans. LTBP-2 was also identified as a haptotactic substrate for melanoma cell migration. We used cultured human embryonic lung fibroblasts to analyze the temporal and spatial association of LTBP-2 into ECM. By We found that LTBP-2 was efficiently assembled to the ECM only in confluent cultures following the deposition of fibronectin (FN) and fibrillin-1. In early, subconfluent cultures it remained primarily in soluble form after secretion. LTBP-2 colocalized transiently with FN and fibrillin-1. Silencing of fibrillin-1 expression by lentiviral shRNAs profoundly disrupted the deposition of LTBP-2 indicating that the ECM association of LTBP-2 depends on a pre-formed fibrillin-1 network. Considering the established role of TGF-beta as a regulator of angiogenesis we induced morphological activation of endothelial cells by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and followed the fate of LTBP-1 in the endothelial ECM. This resulted in profound proteolytic processing of LTBP-1 and release of latent TGF-beta complexes from the ECM. The processing was coupled with increased activation of MT-MMPs and specific upregulation of MT1-MMP. The major role of MT1-MMP in the proteolysis of LTBP-1 was confirmed by suppressing the expression with lentivirally induced short-hairpin RNAs as well as by various metalloproteinases inhibitors. TGF-beta can promote tumorigenesis of malignant mesothelioma (MM), which is an aggressive tumor of the pleura with poor prognosis. TGF-beta activity was analyzed in a panel of MM tumors by immunohistochemical staining of phosphorylated Smad-2 (P-Smad2). The tumor cells were strongly positive for P-Smad2 whereas LTBP-1 immunoreactivity was abundant in the stroma, and there was a negative correlation between LTBP-1 and P-Smad2 staining. In addition, the high P-Smad2 immunoreactivity correlated with shorter survival of patients. mRNA analysis revealed that TGF-beta1 was the most highly expressed isoform in both normal human pleura and MM tissue. LTBP-1 and LTBP-3 were both abundantly expressed. LTBP-1 was the predominant isoform in established MM cell lines whereas the expression of LTBP-3 was high in control cells. Suppression of LTBP-3 expression by siRNAs resulted in increased TGF-beta activity in MM cell lines accompanied by decreased proliferation. Our results suggest that decreased expression of LTBP-3 in MM could alter the targeting of TGF-beta to the ECM and lead to its increased activation. The current work emphasizes the coordinated process of the assembly and appropriate targeting of LTBPs with distinct adhesive or cytokine harboring properties into the ECM. The hierarchical assembly may have implications in the modulation of signaling events during morphogenesis and tissue remodeling.

Electrophilic Addition of Phenylisocyanate at gamma-CH of Thio-beta-diketonates of Some Transition Metals

The quasi-aromatic property of metal chelates of thio-beta-diketones has been studied by reacting them with phenylisocyanate, where addition takes place at the gamma-CH in a stepwise manner. Mono-thiodiketonates of Ni(II), Pd(II), cu(II) and Co(III) and the dithio-acetylacetonate of Ni(II) react with phenylisocyanate to produce mono-, di- and triphenylamido [with cobalt (III) only] substituted derivatives. In the case of tris (ethylthioacetoacetato) cobalt (III), it is found that the reaction with phenylisocyanate gives two isomers, a chocolate coloured isomer in which the phenylamido carbonyl is not coordinated while the green coloured isomer has bonding through phenylemido carbonyl oxygen. The reactions of the thiodiketonates have been compared with those of beta-diketonates and beta-ketoiminates. The reaction products have been characterised by elemental analyses, magnetic moments, and electronic, IR and 1H NMR spectral studies.

Interfacial structure and crystallographic studies of transformations in betat' and beta Cu---Zn alloys-II. martensitic formation of alpha1' plates in beta'

A TEM study of the interphase boundary structure of 9R orthorhombic alpha1' martensite formed in beta' Cu---Zn alloys shows that it consists of a single array of dislocations with Burgers vector parallel to left angle bracket110right-pointing angle beta and spaced about 3.5 nm apart. This Burgers vector lies out of the interface plane; hence the interface dislocations are glissile. Unexpectedly, though, the Burgers vectors of these dislocations are not parallel when referenced to the matrix and the martensite lattices. This finding is rationalized on published hard sphere models as a consequence of relaxation of a resultant of the Bain strain and lattice invariant shear displacements within the matrix phase.

Theoretical studies on Beta-lactam antibiotics VI: Conformational analysis and structure-activity relationships of penicillin sulfoxides and cephalosporins

Conformational energy calculations were carried out on penicillin α-and Β-sulfoxides and δ2- and δ3-cephalosporins, in order to identify the structural features governing their biological activity. Results on penicillin Β-sulfoxide indicated that in its favoured conformation, the orientation of the aminoacyl group was different from the one required for biological activity. Penicillin α sulfoxide, like penicillin sulfide, favoured two conformations of nearly equal energies, but separated by a much higher energy barrier. The reduced activity of the sulfoxides despite the nonplanarity of their lactam peptide indicated that the orientations of the aminoacyl and carboxyl groups might also govern biological activity. δ3-cephalosporins favoured two conformations of nearly equal energies, whereas δ2-cephalosporins favoured only one conformation. The lactam peptide was moderately nonplanÄr in the former, but nearly planar in the latter. The differences in the.preferred orientations of the carboxyl group between penicillins and cephalosporins were correlated with the resistance of cephalosporins to penicillinases.

Structure, energetics and diffusion properties of isomers of trimethyl benzene in beta zeolite: Uptake and Monte Carlo simulation study

A Monte Carlo study along with experimental uptake measurements of 1,2,3-trimethyl benzene, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene and 1,3,5-trimethyl benzene (TMB) in beta zeolite is reported. The TraPPE potential has been employed for hydrocarbon interaction and harmonic potential of Demontis for modeling framework of the zeolite. Structure, energetics and dynamics of TMB in zeolite beta from Monte Carlo runs reveal interesting information about the diameter, properties of these isomers on confinement. Of the three isomers, 135TMB is supposed to have the largest diameter. It is seen TraPPE with Demontis potential predicts a restricted motion of 135TMB in the channels of zeolite beta.Experimentally, 135TMB has the highest transport diffusivity whereas MID results suggest this has the lowest self diffusivity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. Ail rights reserved.

Exploiting the beta distribution-based reputation model in recommender system

Reputation systems are employed to measure the quality of items on the Web. Incorporating accurate reputation scores in recommender systems is useful to provide more accurate recommendations as recommenders are agnostic to reputation. The ratings aggregation process is a vital component of a reputation system. Reputation models available do not consider statistical data in the rating aggregation process. This limitation can reduce the accuracy of generated reputation scores. In this paper, we propose a new reputation model that considers previously ignored statistical data. We compare our proposed model against state-of the-art models using top-N recommender system experiment.

Influence of interleukin-1 beta on platelet-poor plasma clot formation: A potential impact on early bone healing

Objectives Hematoma quality (especially the fibrin matrix) plays an important role in the bone healing process. Here, we investigated the effect of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) on fibrin clot formation from platelet-poor plasma (PPP). Methods Five-milliliter of rat whole-blood samples were collected from the hepatic portal vein. All blood samples were firstly standardized via a thrombelastograph (TEG), blood cell count, and the measurement of fibrinogen concentration. PPP was prepared by collecting the top two-fifths of the plasma after centrifugation under 400 × g for 10min at 20°C. The effects of IL-1β cytokines on artificial fibrin clot formation from PPP solutions were determined by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), confocal microscopy (CM), turbidity, and clot lysis assays. Results The lag time for protofibril formation was markedly shortened in the IL-1β treatment groups (243.8 ± 76.85 in the 50 pg/mL of IL-1β and 97.5 ± 19.36 in the 500 pg/mL of IL-1β) compared to the control group without IL-1β (543.8 ± 205.8). Maximal turbidity was observed in the control group. IL-1β (500 pg/mL) treatment significantly decreased fiber diameters resulting in smaller pore sizes and increased density of the fibrin clot structure formed from PPP (P < 0.05). The clot lysis assay revealed that 500 pg/mL IL-1β induced a lower susceptibility to dissolution due to the formation of thinner and denser fibers. Conclusion IL-1β can significantly influence PPP fibrin clot structure, which may affect the early bone healing process.

Facile Synthesis of beta-Amino Disulfides, Cystines, and Their Direct Incorporation into Peptides

Herein, we report a simple and efficient methodology for the synthesis of beta-amino disulfides by regioselective ring opening of sulfamidates with benzyltriethylammonium tetrathiomolybdate [BnNEt3](2)MoS4. Stability and reactivity of different protecting groups under the reaction conditions have been discussed. This methodology has also been extended to serine and threonine derived sulfamidates to furnish cystine and 3,3'-dimethyl cystine derivatives.

Effect of beta-n-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid on glutamate uptake by synaptosomes

THE unusual amino acid beta-N-oxalyl-L-alpha, beta-diaminopropionic acid (ODAP), isolated from the seeds of Lathyrus sativus is a potent neurotoxin1−3. It produces biochemical changes in the brain typical of an excitant amino acid and is implicated in the aetiology of human neurolathyrism caused by eating the seeds of L. sativus 4−6. It may act as a glutamate antagonist: ODAP inhibits glutamate oxidation7 possibly by inhibiting glutamate uptake in bovine brain mitochondria; it also acts as a competitive inhibitor of glutamate uptake in certain strains of yeast8, and a similar process might occur at the synaptic level. Any effect of ODAP on glutamate uptake at synapses is significant in view of the neurotransmitter function of glutamate, which seems to be neuroexcitory as well as neurotoxic9−12. But Balcar and Johnston13 have shown with rat brain slices that ODAP does not inhibit the glutamate uptake by the high affinity system.

Studies on the relative biopotencies and intestinal absorption of different apo-beta-carotenoids in rats and chickens.

1. The biopotencies relative to beta-carotene of several apocarotenoids, such as 8'-, 10'- and 12'-apo-beta-carotenal and methyl 8'-apo-beta-carotenoate, were investigated in rats, on a molar basis, by both curative-growth assay and liver-storage tests. 2. In the curative-growth assays, on a molar basis the biopotencies of 8'-, 10'- and 12'-apo-beta-carotenal and methyl 8'-apo-beta-carotenoate were 72, 78, 72 and 53% respectively, whereas on a weight basis the corresponding values were 93, 111, 111 and 63%, with respect to beta-carotene taken as 100%. In terms of yield of vitamin A, these values were much lower in the liver-storage tests. 3. When 8'-apo-beta-carotenal was fed, the unchanged aldehyde together with small amounts of the corresponding alcohol and larger proportions of the acid rapidly appeared in the tissues of both rats and chickens. The 8'-apocarotenol, 8'-apocarotenoic acid and its methyl ester were absorbed unchanged. The free acid disappeared most rapidly from the tissues, but its methyl ester persisted in the tissues longest. 4. On the basis of these observations it is suggested that most of an apocarotenal is oxidized to the corresponding acid, which, in turn, is mostly degraded to retinoic acid, with small proportions of it being attacked by the dioxygenase system giving retinal.