Contribuição das concentrações de nitrogênio em bulbilhos de alho tratados com doses de N em cobertura

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

In vitro antibacterial activity of medicinal plant extracts against Escherichia coli strains from human clinical specimens and interactions with antimicrobial drugs

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The effects of pre-planting refrigeration on bulbs over the development and yield of garlic 'Chines', 'Contestado' and 'Quiteria'

The objective of this research uas to evaluate the effect of five pre-planting refrigeration periods previously to the cloves planting (0,10,20, 30 and 40 days at a temperature of 4.0 ± 1° C and three garlic cultivars ('Chines', 'Contestado' and 'Quiteria') uere used. According to the obtained results it was observed that the best preplanting refrigeration period was dependent upon the cultivar behavior. For the 'Chines' well adapted to the region, there was no effect of the pre-planting refrigeration period up to 30 days after treatment on the plant height, bulb weight, and total bulb production. 'Contestado' the best pre-planting refrigeration period was 40 days however, there was no statistical difference among 30 and 40, days for the 'Quiteria'. For both cultivars pre-planting refrigeration periods under 20 days, there was no clove's formation.

Controle de Guignardia citricarpa e Penicillium digitatum em laranja com óleos essenciais e agentes de biocontrole

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Épocas de consórcio de alho com cenoura em três sistemas de manejo de plantas daninhas em Jaboticabal-SP

This work was carried out using intercropped cultivation of garlic (Allium sativum) and carrot (Daucus carota) in Jaboticabal, SP - Brazil. Four seeding timings for carrot (0, 15, 30 and 45 days after garlic planting) and three weed management systems (herbicide, frequent manual weed control and no weed control) were tested. The effects of this intercropped system on weed control, efficient land use and productivity were determined. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with split-plots and four replications, with carrot seeding timings being the plots and the weed management systems, the sub-plots. The herbicide oxadiazon at 750 g ha-1 did not cause toxicity in the garlic, nor in the carrot plants. Regandress of the timing for the intercropping establishment the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) values were greater than one. Garlic-carrot intercropping profitability was greater than that of monocultures of garlic crop, mainly under weed management systems, using the herbicide oxadiazon and frequent manual weeding.

Identification and sequence analysis of five allexiviruses species infecting garlic crops in Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relações entre fósforo extraído por resina e respostas da cultura do alho vernalizado à adubação fosfatada em cinco solos com e sem adubação orgânica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Investigação das atividades alelopática, fitotóxica e antioxidante de extratos e frações de Tridax procumbens L. (Asteraceae). e Ouratea spectabilis (mart. ex engl.) engl. (Ochnaceae)

Pós-graduação em Biociências - FCLAS

Avaliação da citotoxicidade e atividade antioxidante de plantas condimentares

Pós-graduação em Biociências - FCLAS

Capacidade antioxidante e compostos bioativos em hortaliças analisadas em dois períodos de cultivo

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Genotoxic potential of the latex from cotton-leaf physicnut (Jatropha gossypiifolia L.)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Soil N2O emissions under N2-fixing legumes and N-fertilised canola: A reappraisal of emissions factor calculations

Introducing nitrogen (N)-fixing legumes into cereal-based crop rotations reduces synthetic fertiliser-N use and may mitigate soil emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O). Current IPCC calculations assume 100% of legume biomass N as the anthropogenic N input and use 1% of this as an emission factor (EF)—the percentage of input N emitted as N2O. However, legumes also utilise soil inorganic N, so legume-fixed N is typically less than 100% of legume biomass N. In two field experiments, we measured soil N2O emissions from a black Vertosol in sub-tropical Australia for 12 months after sowing of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), faba bean (Vicia faba L.), and field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Cumulative N2O emissions from N-fertilised canola (624 g N2O-N ha−1) greatly exceeded those from chickpea (127 g N2O-N ha−1) in Experiment 1. Similarly, N2O emitted from canola (385 g N2O-N ha−1) in Experiment 2 was significantly greater than chickpea (166 g N2O-N ha−1), faba bean (166 g N2O-N ha−1) or field pea (135 g N2O-N ha−1). Highest losses from canola were recorded during the growing season, whereas 75% of the annual N2O losses from the legumes occurred post-harvest. Legume N2-fixation provided 37–43% (chickpea), 54% (field pea) and 64% (faba bean) of total plant biomass N. Using only fixed-N inputs, we calculated EFs for chickpea (0.13–0.31%), field pea (0.18%) and faba bean (0.04%) that were significantly less than N-fertilised canola (0.48–0.78%) (P < 0.05), suggesting legume-fixed N is a less emissive form of N input to the soil than fertiliser N. Inputs of legume-fixed N should be more accurately quantified to properly gauge the potential for legumes to mitigate soil N2O emissions. EF’s from legume crops need to be revised and should include a factor for the proportion of the legume’s N derived from the atmosphere.

Evaluating legume species as alternative trap crops to chickpea for management of Helicoverpa spp. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in central Queensland cotton cropping systems

Mounting levels of insecticide resistance within Australian Helicoverpa spp. populations have resulted in the adoption of non-chemical IPM control practices such as trap cropping with chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.). However, a new leaf blight disease affecting chickpea in Australia has the potential to limit its use as a trap crop. Therefore this paper evaluates the potential of a variety of winter-active legume crops for use as an alternative spring trap crop to chickpea as part of an effort to improve the area-wide management strategy for Helicoverpa spp. in central Queensland’s cotton production region. The densities of Helicoverpa eggs and larvae were compared over three seasons on replicated plantings of chickpea, Cicer arietinum (L.), field pea Pisum sativum (L), vetch, Vicia sativa (L.) and faba bean, Vicia faba (L.). Of these treatments, field pea was found to harbour the highest densities of eggs. A partial life table study of the fate of eggs oviposited on field pea and chickpea suggested that large proportions of the eggs laid on field pea suffered mortality due to dislodgment from the plants after oviposition. Plantings of field pea as a replacement trap crop for chickpea under commercial conditions confirmed the high level of attractiveness of this crop to ovipositing moths. The use of field pea as a trap crop as part of an areawide management programme for Helicoverpa spp. is discussed.

Evaluación de productos naturales para el manejo del gorgojo del frijol (Acanthoscelides obtectus say) y el gorgojo del maiz (Sitophilus zeamais M)

El trabajo se realizó en el laboratorio del Programa Nacional de Postcosecha / INTA , de Junio de 1997 a Diciembre de 1997. El objetivo fue generar información sobre los productos botánicos; Paraíso (Melia Azederach L ), Zorrillo (Petiveria Alliceae L), Tabaco (Nicotiana tabacum,L), Amarguito (Tecoma stan L), Ajo (Alium sativum L) y el producto natural ceniza de diferentes especies de madera, para el control de plagas en granos almacenados. Para ejecutar el estudio se utilizó una población de gorgojos de frijol y maíz existente en el laboratorio del Programa Nacional de Postcosecha /INTA. El frijol y el maíz previo a ser utilizado para el cultivo y bioensayo se fumigó en un silo metálico de un quintal de capacidad con fosfamina siguiendo las recomendaciones del Programa Nacional de Postcosecha. La forma de utilización de los productos fue; Paraíso (5%), semilla seca a la sombra y molida, Zorrillo (5%), raices seca a la sombra y molida, Tabaco (5%),venas seca a la sombra y molida, Amarguito (5%), hojas seca a la sombra y molida, Ajo (4%), bulbo seco a la sombra y molido y ceniza (25%) de diferentes especies de madera, la cual fue recolectada de diferentes de productores, se utilizó el producto Actellic 2% como testigo comparativo. Se utilizó frascos pl��stico de dos litros de volumen como unidad experimental en las cuales se introdujeron 1500 granos de maíz y frijol, se utilizaron tres repeticiones por tratamiento. Se utilizaron gorgojos de dos semana de edad. En el bioensayo del frijol el mejor tratamiento de los productos evaluados fue el Paraíso (5%), presentando un porcentaje de daño final del 46% y un porcentaje de pérdida de peso final de 9%, los productos que mostraron menor infestación inicial fue la ceniza y el Amarguito presentando una infestación inicial de 6 y 25 insectos respectivamente. En el bioensayo del maíz el mejor de los tratamientos evaluados fue la ceniza 25%, la cual presentó un porcentaje de daño final de 1.33%, un porcentaje de pérdida de peso final de 0.21%, los tratamientos donde hubo menor infestación inicial fue en el Amarguito y el Tabaco con 15 y 18 insectos respectivamente.

大蒜重金属抗性基因的克隆及其功能分析

金属硫蛋白（metallothionein，MT）和植物络合素（phytochelatin，PC）是植物中能够与金属离子结合的两大类多肽。二者均富含Cys，但前者是mRNA的编码产物，后者是酶促反应的产物，植物络合素合酶（PCS）则是合成PC的关键酶之一。目前已发现许多植物同时存在金属硫蛋白基因和植物络合素合酶基因。研究重金属胁迫下这两类基因的表达对了解植物的重金属抗性的分子机制具有重要意义，同时还可以为培育能用于植物修复的品种提供新思路。 本论文从大蒜中克隆了一个type 2 MT基因，命名为AsMT2a，将其在大蒜中的表达模式与大蒜的植物络合素合酶基因（AsPCS1）进行了比较，并对二者的过表达转基因拟南芥的重金属抗性进行研究。其主要结果如下： 1． AsMT2a基因全长525 bp，编码79个氨基酸，其中有14个Cys 残基。 推测的氨基酸序列分析表明其Cys的位置和数目与来自其它植物的type 2 MT蛋白的完全一致。 2． RT-PCR的结果显示，大蒜根部AsPCS1的表达在Cd处理的短期（1 hr）内迅速增强，同时PCs含量也大幅度增加。但AsMT2a的表达在Cd处理10 hr后才有明显的增加。说明AsPCS1可能在植物对重金属的急性解毒方面起主要作用，而AsMT2a则在植物对重金属长久耐性中的离子平衡方面起更大作用。暗示在大蒜暴露于Cd胁迫的不同时期AsPCS1和AsMT2a基因可以互相协调而对重金属胁迫作出反应。此外，在不同胁迫条件下，AsPCS1和AsMT2a的表达模式不同，其中Cd、As和热激可以促进根中AsPCS1的表达和PCs的积累。 3．将AsPCS1和AsMT2a转入对砷和镉敏感的酵母菌株 FD236-6A中，RT-PCR的结果显示这两个基因均可在酵母中稳定表达，对转化子的重金属抗性实验表明这两个基因均可提高转化子对砷和镉的抗性。 4．将AsPCS1和AsMT2a 置于 CaMV 35S启动子下转入拟南芥中，RT-PCR结果表明，这两个基因均可在拟南芥中表达。有趣的是，AsPCS1在拟南芥中存在两个转录本，且二者均具有完整的ORF，其推测的氨基酸序列相差38个氨基酸。说明部分AsPCS1在拟南芥中经过了精确的剪切和拼接过程，但其机制尚不清楚。 5．在Cd 胁迫下，AsPCS1的超表达拟南芥的生长好于野生型植株，主要表现在转基因拟南芥的根较长，根数目较多;但在As胁迫下AsPCS1转基因植株与野生型植株没有明显的差别。与此不同的是将AsMT2a转入拟南芥后，转基因植株的As抗性明显增强，同样表现在根长度和根数目上。进一步将AsPCS1和AsMT2a同时转入拟南芥进行超表达，在Cd胁迫下，转基因植株的生长好于野生型植株，且种子萌发率也较高。 6．Cd和As胁迫下，AsPCS1过表达植株的PCs含量增加，同时Cd和As的积累量也明显增加，其中Cd胁迫下Cd含量增加最多，平均比野生型对照增加4倍;而As胁迫下As含量比野生型对照增加1.2倍。在Cd和As胁迫下，AsMT2a过表达植株的Cd和As积累量与野生型相比分别增加1.4倍和0.8 倍。双价基因AsMT2a +AsPCS1过表达植株的 Cd 积累量是野生型的5.8倍，是AsMT2a过表达植株的2.4 倍，是AsPCS1过表达植株的1.2倍。 在克隆AsMT2a的同时，我们还从大蒜中克隆到了一个金属硫蛋白基因家族的新成员，命名为AsMT2b，并对其功能进行了初步探讨。主要结果如下： 1．AsMT2b 全长520 bp，其开读框架为243 bp，编码80个氨基酸，其中含有15个Cys 残基。对推测的氨基酸序列分析表明AsMT2b的N端和C端domain内，Cys的数目和排列方式与其它type 2 MT蛋白明显不同。 其N 端domain内的结构为CXXC——CXC——CXC——CXCC，C端domain 内的结构为CXXC——CXC——CXC。暗示AsMT2b 可能具有与其它MT不同的生物学功能。 2．在较低浓度Cd（200 µM）胁迫下，AsMT2b的表达量随着处理时间（24 hr内）的延长而降低，但随着处理浓度的升高（500 µM）和处理时间延长（48 hr），其表达量又逐步增强，说明AsMT2b可能在胁迫强度增大到一定值时方起作用。 3． 将AsMT2b转入对Cd和As敏感的酵母菌株FD236-6A中，发现AsMT2b对酵母As抗性的提高贡献不大，但可明显提高酵母对Cd的抗性。 4．对AsMT2b的超表达拟南芥的重金属抗性分析表明，与野生型植株比较，转基因植株具有较强的Cd抗性，表现在Cd胁迫下，种子的萌发率较高，根较长，侧根数较多。但在As胁迫下，转基因植株的生长和野生型没有明显差异。可以看出，转AsMT2b的拟南芥对重金属的抗性不同于转AsMT2a的植株，前者的抗Cd性较强，而后者的抗As性较强。 5． Cd胁迫下，AsMT2b过表达拟南芥的Cd含量明显增加，平均比野生型对照植株增加70％，但各个株系的增加幅度不一致。 另外，我们还对CdCl2胁迫下，大蒜幼苗中镉的积累及氧化胁迫和抗氧化能力的变化进行了研究。结果表明在CdCl2 胁迫下，大多数Cd在根部积累，而只有少量的Cd积累于叶片中。5 mM 和10 mM CdCl2 抑制SOD和CAT的活性，但随着处理时间的延长，二者的活性回复到对照水平或高于对照。在CdCl2胁迫下，POD的活性明显增强，同时脂质过氧化产物积累。这些结果说明镉胁迫下，植物细胞中氧化胁迫加剧，而抗氧化酶活性的增强是植物对次生氧化胁迫的一种适应策略。 综上所述，在重金属胁迫下， AsPCS1和AsMT2a之间及AsMT2a和AsMT2b之间均表现出明显的协调反应。这种协调反应可能是植物维持细胞内离子稳态的机制之一。而重金属胁迫下，过表达AsPCS1，AsMT2a或AsPCS1+AsMT2a的拟南芥体内的重金属含量明显增加，表明这些基因可望用于重金属污染土壤的植物修复中。