Financial Engineering Instruments and their Assessment Under EU State Aid Rules. Bruges European Economic Policy (BEEP) Briefing 26/2013

Financial engineering instruments such as guarantees, loans and equity are increasingly used in public funding of enterprises. These instruments have three attractive features: they are repayable, they “leverage” private involvement, and they have a multiplier effect because they generate new income. At the same time, however, they are technically complex and they are subject to state aid rules. Their assessment under EU state aid rules creates two additional problems. First, under certain conditions financial instruments may not contain state aid. This is when public authorities act as “private investors”. This means that state aid cannot be presumed to exist in all financial instruments. It must first be established through market analysis. Second, when state aid is found to be present it is not always possible to quantify it. For this reason the state aid rules that apply to financial instruments differ significantly from other rules. This paper reviews how financial instruments have been assessed by the European Commission and under which conditions the state aid they may contain can be considered to be compatible with the internal market. The paper finds that by and large Member States have succeeded to design measures that have all been approved by the Commission.

Development of methods and techniques for final treatment of combined municipal and textile wastewater, including sludge utilization and disposal /

Issued Dec. 1979.

Concepts and techniques of machine safeguarding.

Shipping list no.: 92-486-P.

Occupational employment survey booklet of definitions : instruments and related industries.

"Approval expires: 3-31-93."

The Star collection of instrumental music; arranged for wind and string instruments, and for the use of small bands and orchestras.

Contains arrangements of songs, selections from operas, dances, etc.

Concertos for stringed or wind instruments and orchestra. [music] /

[v.1.] B flat major, K. 207; D major, K. 211; G major, K. 216; D major, K. 218 -- [v.2.] Concerto, A major, K. 219; Adagio for violin, K. 261; Rondo concertante, K. 269; Rondo, K. 373; Concertante for 2 solo violins, K. 186e (190).

Principles and techniques of drug recognition expert training. The DRE Instructor Training School teacher-trainer manual.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Principles and techniques of drug recognition expert training. The DRE Instructor Training School student-instructor manual.

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, D.C.

Potential means of cost reduction in grade crossings motorist-warning control equipment. Volume II: comparison of solid state and relay devices and techniques. Final report.

Transportation Systems Center, Cambridge, Mass.

Academic research instruments and instrumentation needs, 1992 /

Mode of access: Internet.

Disposal systems and techniques for oil and hazardous chemicals recovered from marine spills /

Final report, February 1979.

Vacuum equipment and techniques.

"Contract No. AT(30-1)-1192."