土壤中重金属形态分析及其环境学意义

介绍了土壤重金属的形态及各种分析方法,重点说明了土壤中重金属形态分布及影响因素;讨论了影响土壤环境中重金属形态转化的因素,重金属形态与重金属在土壤中的迁移性、可给性、活性的关系,重金属污染土壤修复与重金属形态分布的关系。形态分析在一定程度上反映自然与人为作用对土壤中重金属来源的贡献,并反映重金属的生物毒性。重金属可以因形态中某一个或几个方面不同而表现出不同的毒性和环境行为。

携带叠氮和氨侧基的脂肪族聚酯的合成和表征

含有功能侧基生物降解聚合物的制备在近几年中受到广大研究者的极大关注[1,2].目前已经通过环状碳酸酯与丙交酯(LA)和ε-己内酯(CL)等共聚的方法合成了带有羧基[3~5]和羟基[6,7]等的脂肪族聚酯,并在靶向载体、药物控释及组织工程方面得到了应用[2,8].但有关含侧链氨基的聚合物研究的报道很少,且主要集中在氨基酸NCA单体与LA的嵌段共聚方面[9,10],很少得到侧链氨基的无规共聚物.本文通过丙交酯(LA)与环状碳酸酯单体共聚的方法制备了一种侧链带有溴原子的脂肪族聚酯,并将溴原子用叠氮基团取代,通过Cu(Ⅰ)催化的Click反应将其氨基化,得到了侧链带有氨基的脂肪族聚酯.

Tm3+ and/or Dy3+ doped LaOCl nanocrystalline phosphors for field emission displays

Blue, yellow and white light emissive LaOCl:Tm3+, LaOCl:Dy3+ and LaOCl: Tm3+, Dy3+ nanocrystalline phosphors were synthesized through the Pechini-type sol-gel process. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), photoluminescence (PL) and cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra were used to characterize the samples. Under UV radiation (229 nm) and low-voltage electron beam (0.5-5 kV) excitation, the Tm3+-doped LaOCl phosphor shows a very strong blue emission corresponding to the characteristic transitions of Tm3+ (D-1(2), (1)G(4) -> F-3(4), H-3(6)) with the strongest emission at 458 nm. The cathodoluminescent color of LaOCl:Tm3+ is blue to the naked eye with CIE coordinates of x = 0.1492, y = 0.0684. This phosphor has better CIE coordinates and higher emission intensity than the commercial product Y2SiO5:Ce3+.

Direct measurement of plowing friction and wear of a polymer thin film using the atomic force microscope

Nanometer-scale plowing friction and wear of a polycarbonate thin film were directly measured using an atomic force microscope (AFM) with nanoscratching capabilities. During the nanoscratch tests, lateral forces caused discrepancies between the maximum forces for the initial loadings prior to the scratch and the unloading after the scratch. In the case of a nanoscratch test performed parallel to the cantilever probe axis, the plowing friction added another component to the moment acting at the cantilevered end compared to the case of nanoindentation, resulting in an increased deflection of the cantilever. Using free-body diagrams for the cases of nanoindentation and nanoscratch testing, the AFM force curves were analyzed to determine the plowing friction during nanoscratch testing. From the results of this analysis, the plowing friction was found to be proportional to the applied contact force, and the coefficient of plowing friction was measured to be 0.56 +/- 0.02. Also, by the combination of nanoscratch and nanoindentation testing, the energetic wear rate of the polycarbonate thin film was measured to be 0.94 +/- 0.05 mm(3)/(N m).

金属离子对鞘磷脂脂双层极性头构象的影响

稀土毒理学以及稀土离子作为钙离子的探针的研究受到普遍关注,人们对稀土离子的生物化学性质进行了广泛研究.作者曾报到了金属离子对DPPC脂质体的极性头构象的影响.鞘磷脂是神经组织细胞膜的重要磷脂组分,和DPPC有相似的极性头.本文利用核磁共振结合Raman光谱研究了金属离子对鞘磷脂脂双层的极性头构象的影响.1 材料和方法

Comparison of photobioreactors and optimal light regime for rapid vegetative propagation of transgenic Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes

BACKGROUND: Previously, tachyplesin gene (tac) has been successfully transferred into Undaria pinnatifida gametophytes using the method of microprojectile bombardment transformation. The objectives of this study were to compare and evaluate the performance of bubble-column and airlift bioreactors to determine a preferred configuration of bioreactor for vegetative propagation of transgenic U. pinnatifida gametophytes, and to then investigate the influence of light on vegetative propagation of these gametophytes, including incident light intensity, photoperiod and light quality to resolve the problems of rapid vegetative propagation within the selected bioreactor. RESULTS: Experimental results showed that final dry cell density in the airlift bioreactor was 12.7% higher than that in the bubble-column bioreactor under the optimal aeration rate of 1.2 L air min(-1) L-1 culture. And a maximum final dry cell density of 2830 mg L-1 was obtained within the airlift bioreactor using blue light at 40 mu mol m(-2) s(-1) with a light/dark cycle of 14/10 (h). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis indicated that genes (bar and tac) were not lost during rapid vegetative propagation within the airlift bioreactor. CONCLUSION: The airlift bioreactor was shown to be much more suitable for rapid vegetative propagation of transgenic U. pinnatifida gametophytes than the bubble-column bioreactor in the laboratory. The use of blue light allows improvement of vegetative propagation of transgenic U. pinnatifida gametophytes. (C) 2009 Society of Chemical Industry

末次冰盛期以来黑潮流域的古环境演化

2005年6月，中法国际合作在西太平洋海域执行IMAGES XII-MD147 Micro Polo1航次科学考察时，由法国极地研究所R/V Marine Dufresne极地考察船利用Calypso重力取样器于冲绳海槽南部钻取了34.2米长MD05-2908柱状样。本文利用AMS14C测年数据建立了该孔的年代模型，对该孔的浮游有孔虫动物群落进行了分析，并利用FP-12E浮游有孔虫转换函数和Q型因子分析方法对该孔浮游有孔虫数据进行了研究，对全新世以来的黑潮流系演化和古环境记录进行了讨论。 结果表明，中晚全新世存在着5次洪水爆发期，洪水爆发期与当时温暖气候相对应，而高海平面对洪水的爆发也产生了影响。进入全新世以来的6790～4000a B.P.期间，黑潮流一直有稳步增强的趋势，黑潮流始终位于冲绳海槽内；4000～3000a B.P.期间，黑潮强度减弱或者发生明显东偏，冲淡水影响增强；3000a B.P.以后黑潮强度逐渐增强，1650～0a B.P.为中晚全新世以来黑潮活动最强的时期,在600a B.P.和140a B.P.左右存在低值，黑潮强度短暂减弱。普林虫低值事件在MD05-2908孔中有很好的体现，对该事件进行了进一步定年，其发生时间为3900～2800a B.P.，持续时间为1100a，该事件的发生可能与东亚冬季风加强有关。 冲绳海槽中晚全新世气候变化可以分为四个阶段： 6790～4800a B.P.低温阶段，4800～4100a B.P.高温阶段，4100～2400a B.P.低温阶段，2400～0a B.P.波动高温阶段。通过与中国及世界其它地方对比可以识别出6.3～5.9、5.5、4.6～4.2、3.6～3.0、2.9～2.4、1.3～1.0、0.5～0.1ka B.P.六个降温事件，为全新世气候波动在深海高分辨率沉积记录中的响应提供了有力支持。该孔SST频谱分析结果显示，存在着3008a、1061a这种千年尺度的周期，以及215a、123a、103～107a、81～78a以及73～71a等周期，表明该孔SST变化与太阳活动强度是密切相关的。 中晚全新世以来，黑潮流在冲绳海槽逐步加强，到4000aB.P.左右达到最大，然后4000～3000a B.P.期间，黑潮强度明显减弱或者发生东偏，3000aB.P.以后，黑潮强度持续增强，在近1000aB.P.波动较大。 对冲绳海槽地区14个柱状样氧同位素以及P.obliquiloculata丰度进行研究，发现LGM以来，黑潮流可能仍然在冲绳海槽地区活动，并没有移出海槽外，但是由于其强度减弱，其流径发生了很大变化。

大别山高压-超高压带片麻岩锆石的研究

The zircons from gneisses in high and ultrahigh pressure (HP-UHP) metamorphic zones of the Dabie Mountains have been studied on three aspects in this paper, including (1) radiation damage of zircon using Laser Raman spectrum; (2) genesis determination of zircons based on geochemistry; (3) temperature estimate of the HP-UHP metamorphism using Ti-in-zircon thermometer. The zircons have the full widths at half-maximum less than 15 cm-1 at the 1008 cm-1 peak, suggesting that they are well crystallized to moderately damaged. The early inherited zircons from gneisses had undergone significant annealing and recrystallization during the HP-UHP metamorphic event. The α-doses that zircons suffered were accumulated from about 200Ma, indicating that HP-UHP metamorphic rocks have been exhumed to the surface of the earth at this time. The studies from the CL images, mineral inclusions, U-Pb ages and trace elements reveal that metamorphic zircons were formed as two kinds of mechanisms: metamorphic growth and recrystallization. The zircons of metamorphic growth and recrystallization zircons that were completely equilibrated during the HP-UHP metamorphic event have been chosen to carry out for temperature estimate using the Ti-in-zircon thermometer. The result shows that the HP-UHP terrain of the Dabie Mountains can be divided into five zones with temperature gaps, suggesting that the terrain consists of tectonic slices with different metamorphic history.

高温高压和不同氧逸度控制下单晶橄榄石电导率的实验研究

在1．0—4．0GPa，1123—1473K和控制氧逸度（Ni＋NiO，Fe＋Fe3O4，Fe＋FeO和Mo＋MoO2等4种氧缓冲剂）的条件下，借助YJ-3000t紧装式六面顶高温高压设备和Sarhron-1260阻抗／增益-相位分析仪，就位测定了橄榄石的电导率．实验结果表明：（1）在测定的频率范围（10^3-10^6Hz），样品的电导率对频率具有很强的依赖性；（2）随着温度（T）升高，电导率（σ）增大，lgσ与1／T之间符合Arrhenius关系；（3）在Fe＋Fe3O4氧缓冲条件下，随着压力升高，电导率降低，而活化焓和指前因子增大，并给出样品的活化能和活化体积分别为（1．25±0．08）eV和（0．105±0．025）cm^3·mol；（4）在给定的压力和温度下，随着氧逸度增加，电导率增大，活化焓降低；（5）小极化子导电机制可为橄榄石在高温高压下的导电行为提供合理的解释.

光解水制氢半导体光催化材料的研究进展

自从Fujishima-Honda效应发现以来,科学研究者一直努力试图利用半导体光催化剂光分解水来获得既可储存而又清洁的化学能--氢能.近一二十年来,光催化材料的研究经历了从简单氧化物、复合氧化物、层状化合物到能响应可见光的光催化材料.本文重点描述了这些光催化材料的结构和光催化特性,阐述了该课题的意义和今后的研究方向.[

Logging and Recovery in a Highly Concurrent Database

This report addresses the problem of fault tolerance to system failures for database systems that are to run on highly concurrent computers. It assumes that, in general, an application may have a wide distribution in the lifetimes of its transactions. Logging remains the method of choice for ensuring fault tolerance. Generational garbage collection techniques manage the limited disk space reserved for log information; this technique does not require periodic checkpoints and is well suited for applications with a broad range of transaction lifetimes. An arbitrarily large collection of parallel log streams provide the necessary disk bandwidth.