Spallation analysis with a closed trans-scale formulation damage evolution

A closed, trans-scale formulation of damage evolution based on the statistical microdamage mechanics is summarized in this paper. The dynamic function of damage bridges the mesoscopic and macroscopic evolution of damage. The spallation in an aluminium plate is studied with this formulation. It is found that the damage evolution is governed by several dimensionless parameters, i.e., imposed Deborah numbers De* and De, Mach number M and damage number S. In particular, the most critical mode of the macroscopic damage evolution, i.e., the damage localization, is deter-mined by Deborah number De+. Deborah number De* reflects the coupling and competition between the macroscopic loading and the microdamage growth. Therefore, our results reveal the multi-scale nature of spallation. In fact, the damage localization results from the nonlinearity of the microdamage growth. In addition, the dependence of the damage rate on imposed Deborah numbers De* and De, Mach number M and damage number S is discussed.

Microdamage Evolution, Energy Dissipation and Their Trans-Scale Effects on Macroscopic Failure

The process of damage evolution concerns various scales, from micro- to macroscopic. How to characterize the trans-scale nature of the process is on the challenging frontiers of solid mechanics. In this paper, a closed trans-scale formulation of damage evolution based on statistical microdamage mechanics is presented. As a case study, the damage evolution in spallation is analyzed with the formulation. Scaling of the formulation reveals that the following dimensionless numbers: reduced Mach number M, damage number S, stress wave Fourier number P, intrinsic Deborah number D*, and the imposed Deborah number De*, govern the whole process of deformation and damage evolution. The evaluation of P and the estimation of temperature increase show that the energy equation can be ignored as the first approximation in the case of spallation. Hence, apart from the two conventional macroscopic parameters: the reduced Mach number M and damage number S, the damage evolution in spallation is mainly governed by two microdamage-relevant parameters: the Deborah numbers D* and De*. Higher nucleation and growth rates of microdamage accelerate damage evolution, and result in higher damage in the target plate. In addition, the mere variation in nucleation rate does not change the spatial distribution of damage or form localized rupture, while the increase of microdamage growth rate localizes the damage distribution in the target plate, which can be characterized by the imposed Deborah number De*.

Las Sergas de Esplandi��n como trans-formaci��n amadisiana

Integran este n��mero de la revista ponencias presentadas en Studia Hispanica Medievalia VIII: Actas de las IX Jornadas Internacionales de Literatura Espa��ola Medieval, 2008, y de Homenaje al Quinto Centenario de Amadis de Gaula

Critical Sensitivity and Trans-Scale Fluctuations in Catastrophic Rupture

Rupture in the heterogeneous crust appears to be a catastrophe transition. Catastrophic rupture sensitively depends on the details of heterogeneity and stress transfer on multiple scales. These are difficult to identify and deal with. As a result, the threshold of earthquake-like rupture presents uncertainty. This may be the root of the difficulty of earthquake prediction. Based on a coupled pattern mapping model, we represent critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations associated with catastrophic rupture. Critical sensitivity means that a system may become significantly sensitive near catastrophe transition. Trans-scale fluctuations mean that the level of stress fluctuations increases strongly and the spatial scale of stress and damage fluctuations evolves from the mesoscopic heterogeneity scale to the macroscopic scale as the catastrophe regime is approached. The underlying mechanism behind critical sensitivity and trans-scale fluctuations is the coupling effect between heterogeneity and dynamical nonlinearity. Such features may provide clues for prediction of catastrophic rupture, like material failure and great earthquakes. Critical sensitivity may be the physical mechanism underlying a promising earthquake forecasting method, the load-unload response ratio (LURR).

Trans-Scale Mechanics: Looking For The Missing Links Between Continuum And Micro/Nanoscopic Reality

Problems involving coupled multiple space and time scales offer a real challenge for conventional frameworks of either particle or continuum mechanics. In this paper, four cases studies (shear band formation in bulk metallic glasses, spallation resulting from stress wave, interaction between a probe tip and sample, the simulation of nanoindentation with molecular statistical thermodynamics) are provided to illustrate the three levels of trans-scale problems (problems due to various physical mechanisms at macro-level, problems due to micro-structural evolution at macro/micro-level, problems due to the coupling of atoms/molecules and a finite size body at micro/nano-level) and their formulations. Accordingly, non-equilibrium statistical mechanics, coupled trans-scale equations and simultaneous solutions, and trans-scale algorithms based on atomic/molecular interaction are suggested as the three possible modes of trans-scale mechanics.

La apariencia como trans-parencia : una situaci��n existencial del homo poeticus

Resumen: Dostoevskij atribuye a la belleza una funci��n salv��fica (���la belleza salvar�� al mundo���), poni��ndola as�� en relaci��n con el campo afectivo, salvaci��n significa en efecto vida plena; para Matisse ���Todo arte digno de tal nombre es religioso���, es decir, posee una funci��n de ���mediaci��n-uni��n��� entre ��rdenes diversos. La noci��n de ���visi��n interior���, es la que mejor fundamenta estas convicciones. Ella atraviesa el tiempo y el espacio: est�� presente en la antigua cultura china, as�� como en la Grecia cl��sica y en la Antig��edad Tard��a y permanece impl��cita durante todo el Medioevo; se la vuelve a encontrar en alguno de los m��ximos pintores modernos (Kandinsky, Chagal). Todos los testimonios de los artistas concuerdan en indicar que para alcanzarla es necesario una especie de ascesis: ��sta consiste en una revelaci��n, experimentada como un don, del Sentido oculto en lo sensible; por el hecho de dar inicio al pasaje de un nivel ontol��gico a otro (valencia re-ligiosa o syn-bolica) y de consistir en una experiencia de plenitud de vida, le pertenece adem��s un efecto transformante (valencia afectiva). Esta v��a propiamente humana de la ���visi��n interior���, por la cual la apariencia (lo sensible) se vuelve trans-parencia de lo invisible, se presenta como la m��s adecuada al arte cristiano para el culto.

Threshold diversity and trans-scales sensitivity in a finite nonlinear evolution model of materials failure

We present a slice-sampling method and study the ensemble evolution of a large finite nonlinear system in order to model materials failure. There is a transitional region of failure probability. Its size effect is expressed by a slowly decaying scaling law. In a meso-macroscopic range (similar to 10(5)) in realistic failure, the diversity cannot be ignored. Sensitivity to mesoscopic details governs the phenomena. (C) 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Classifica����o de documentos sigilosos e regulamenta����o da liberdade de informa����o

Faz uma an��lise sobre a classifica����o e utiliza����o da informa����o sigilosa na Su��cia, Finl��ndia, Norugega, Dinamarca, Gr��-Bretanha e Estados Unidos.

Liberdade de imprensa e democracia : a atua����o da C��mara dos Deputados

This dissertation aims at examining the arguments put forward by federal deputies of Brazil's low chamber regarding media regulation, with a special focus on the debates surrounding the proposal for the Federal Council of Journalism (2004) and the creation of Brazil's Public TV (2007/2008). The arguments used on those occasions fit two conceptions of media democratization: deliberative and liberal-pluralistic. My research shows that deputies tended to follow this latter conception, although I think that their positions in the debate suffered from the lack of debate and information.

Alvar�� com for��a de Lei, por que Vossa Magestade he servido ordenar, que a liberdade, que havia concedido aos indios do Maranh��o para as suas pessoas, bens, e commercio, pelos Alvar��s de seis, e sete de junho de mil setecentos cincoenta e cinco, se estenda na mesma f��rma aos indios, que habit��o em todo o continente do Brasil, sem restric��a��, interpreta��a��, ou modifica��a�� alguma, na f��rma, que nelle se declara : para Vossa Magestade ver

Cole����o Marcio Moreira Alves.

Ley porque V. Magestade ha porbem restituir aos indios do Gr��o Par��, e Maranh��o a liberdade das suas pessoas, bens, e comercio na f��rma que nella se declara : para V. Magestade ver

Cole����o Marcio Moreira Alves.

Subcutaneous fat composition of youthful and mature Canadian beef: emphasis on individual conjugated linoleic acid and trans-18:1 isomers

[EN]A comprehensive evaluation of the fatty acid composition of subcutaneous adipose tissue from beef cattle produced in western Canada was undertaken to determine if the current Canadian grading system is able to distinguish classes of animals with value added potential due to their fatty acid composition. Grades included youthful Canadian Yield Grade 1 A/AA beef, under (YUTM) and over (YOTM) 30 mo of age and the four mature grades (D1, D2, D2 and D4). Subcutaneous fat between the 12th and 13th ribs over the longissimus muscle was obtained from 18_21 animals per grade. Fatty acids were analyzed using a combination of silver-ion HPLC and GC with a highly polar 100 m column. There were no differences in total trans-18:1 content amongst grades, but adipose tissue from grade D1, D2 and D4 had more 11t-18:1 than YUTM (PB0.05), whereas adipose tissue from YUTM carcasses had more 10t-18:1 than all other grades (PB0.05). Adipose tissue from YUTM carcasses also had less total CLA (PB0.05) than the D grades, mainly due to a lower level of 9c,11t-CLA, but they had slightly more 7t,9c-CLA and 10t,12c-CLA (PB0.05). Adipose tissue from YOTM and D grades contained more n-3 fatty acids relative to YUTM (0.56% vs. 0.29%; PB0.05) and lower n-6:n-3 ratios (PB0.05). Overall, older animals (YOTM and D grades) had adipose tissue compositions with higher levels of fatty acids with reported health benefits. Taken together, these higher levels may provide opportunities for value added marketing if regulatory authorities allow claims for their enrichment based on demonstrated health benefits. Higher concentrations of beneficial fatty acids, however, need to be considered within the context of the complete fatty acid profile and it would be important to demonstrate their advantages in the presence of relatively high levels of saturated fatty acids.

Dietary vitamin E inhibits the trans 10-18:1 shift in beef backfat

[EN]Forty feedlot steers were fed a barleygrain-based finishing diet typical for western Canada, with two levels of supplementary vitamin E (468 or 1068 IU head_1 d_1) and the effect on backfat trans-18:1 isomeric profile was determined. Feeding 1068 IU vitamin E reduced the total trans-18:1 content in backfat (P<0.01), as well as the percentage of trans 10-18:1 (P<0.001), which are related to an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, trans 11-18:1 (vaccenic acid) the precursor for cis 9,trans 11- 18:2 (rumenic acid), which have several purported health benefits, increased (P<0.01). Vitamin E could, therefore, be used to decrease trans-18:1 in beef and improve its isomeric profile.

Review: Trans-forming beef to provide healthier fatty acid profiles

[EN]Trans fatty acids are found naturally in foods, particularly in those derived from ruminant animals, such as beef and dairy cattle. Over the past few decades, human consumption of trans fatty acids has increased, but this has been mainly from products containing partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. The correlation of trans fatty acid consumption with diseases such as coronary heart disease has been cause for concern, and led to recommendations to reduce their consumption. Trans fatty acids, however, have differing effects on human health. Therefore, in foods produced from ruminant animals, it is important to know their trans fatty acid composition, and how to enrich or deplete fatty acids that have positive or negative health effects. This review will cover the analysis of trans fatty acids in beef, their origin, how to manipulate their concentrations, and give a brief overview of their health effects.