Mulchs de papelão em plantios de restauração ecológica.

2015

Determinação da composição nutricional e sais minerais de frutos de juçara (Euterpe Edulis) coletados na região de Curitiba, PR.

2015

Daily foraging activity of Acromyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) leaf-cutting ants.

Leaf-cutting ants are well-known insects due to their remarkable activity as herbivores and the considerable economic damage they cause to many crops. The identification of season and time of day when leaf-cutting ants are most active is an important tool, not just to understand the foraging ecology of these ants, but also to optimize their control in plantation areas where they are pests. Thus, the aims of this study are to evaluate the daily foraging activity of leafcutting ant species of the genus Acromyrmex, which occur in forest plantations in Southern Brazil. Foraging activity of Acromyrmex crassispinus (Forel) and Acromyrmex subterraneus subterraneus (Forel) were correlated with weather conditions, and it was more intense during spring and summer. Workers that forage at night are significantly heavier than workers that forage during the day. This study showed that A. crassispinus and A. subterraneus subterraneus did not forage at temperatures below 10-11°C. Then, the use of granulated baits to control these leaf-cutting ants species where they are pests should be done just under favorable conditions of temperature for Acromyrmex foraging activity (over 12°C), to ensure maximum collection of baits by ants and the least left-over baits.

Predictive ability of Genomic Estimated Family Values (GEFV).

Genomic selection (GS) has been used to compute genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) of individuals; however, it has only been applied to animal and major plant crops due to high costs. Besides, breeding and selection is performed at the family level in some crops. We aimed to study the implementation of genome-wide family selection (GWFS) in two loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) populations: i) the breeding population CCLONES composed of 63 families (5-20 individuals per family), phenotyped for four traits (stem diameter, stem rust susceptibility, tree stiffness and lignin content) and genotyped using an Illumina Infinium assay with 4740 polymorphic SNPs, and ii) a simulated population that reproduced the same pedigree as CCLONES, 5000 polymorphic loci and two traits (oligogenic and polygenic). In both populations, phenotypic and genotypic data was pooled at the family level in silico. Phenotypes were averaged across replicates for all the individuals and allele frequency was computed for each SNP. Marker effects were estimated at the individual (GEBV) and family (GEFV) levels with Bayes-B using the package BGLR in R and models were validated using 10-fold cross validations. Predicted ability, computed by correlating phenotypes with GEBV and GEFV, was always higher for GEFV in both populations, even after standardizing GEFV predictions to be comparable to GEBV. Results revealed great potential for using GWFS in breeding programs that select families, such as most outbreeding forage species. A significant drop in genotyping costs as one sample per family is needed would allow the application of GWFS in minor crops.

Fungos ectomicorrízicos em áreas de Mata Atlântica do Nordeste do Brasil

Ectomycorrhizal associations are poorly known from tropical lowlands of South America. Recent field trips to the reserve Parque Estadual das Dunas in Natal, in Rio Grande do Norte state, Brazil, revealed a undocumented community of ectomycorrhizal fungi. This type of Mycorrhizal association is frequently in the north hemisphere in temperate and boreal forests. The aim of this work is to analyze the occurrence of ectotrophic areas in atlantic rainforest. Collections along and around the trails in the reserve revealed six genera of putatively ECM fungi which belong to the basidiomycete, Amanitaceae, Boletaceae, Russulaceae, Entolomataceae, and Sclerodermataceae family which are poorly documented in Brazil. Plants belonging to Myrtaceae, Polygonaceae, Leguminosae/Caesalpinioideae, Erythroxylaceae, Malphigiaceae, Bromeliaceae, Loganiaceae, Sapotaceae e Celastraceae were found living next to the species of fungi analized. Our results suggest that the area studied is an ectotrophic environment which shows high diversity of putatively ECM fungi and some plants probably host ECM. The tropical lands are a potential focus to study reinforced by the new records of Scleroderma in Brazil and Northwest of Brazil

A rede de marcação e recaptura: o caso de borboletas do gênero heliconius

(The Mark and Recapture Network: a Heliconius case study). The current pace of habitat destruction, especially in tropical landscapes, has increased the need for understanding minimum patch requirements and patch distance as tools for conserving species in forest remnants. Mark recapture and tagging studies have been instrumental in providing parameters for functional models. Because of their popularity, ease of manipulation and well known biology, butterflies have become model in studies of spatial structure. Yet, most studies on butterflies movement have focused on temperate species that live in open habitats, in which forest patches are barrier to movement. This study aimed to view and review data from mark-recapture as a network in two species of butterfly (Heliconius erato and Heliconius melpomene). A work of marking and recapture of the species was carried out in an Atlantic forest reserve located about 20km from the city of Natal (RN). Mark recapture studies were conducted in 3 weekly visits during January-February and July-August in 2007 and 2008. Captures were more common in two sections of the dirt road, with minimal collection in the forest trail. The spatial spread of captures was similar in the two species. Yet, distances between recaptures seem to be greater for Heliconius erato than for Heliconius melpomene. In addition, the erato network is more disconnected, suggesting that this specie has shorter traveling patches. Moving on to the network, both species have similar number of links (N) and unweighed vertices (L). However, melpomene has a weighed network 50% more connections than erato. These network metrics suggest that erato has more compartmentalized network and restricted movement than melpomene. Thus, erato has a larger number of disconnected components, nC, in the network, and a smaller network diameter. The frequency distribution of network connectivity for both species was better explained by a Power-law than by a random, Poissom distribution, showing that the Power-law provides a better fit than the Poisson for both species. Moreover, the Powerlaw erato is much better adjusted than in melpomene, which should be linked to the small movements that erato makes in the network

Inventário Nacional de Mortalidade de Azinheira na Fotografia Aérea Digital de 2004/2006

O presente estudo completa o 1.º inventário de árvores mortas e de grau de coberto na fotografia aérea digital de 2004-2006 para o sobreiro (Ribeiro e Surový, 2008) e azinheira para a área abrangida pela NUTS III: Alentejo Central; Alto Alentejo, Baixo Alentejo, Alentejo Litoral, Algarve, Médio Tejo, Lezíria do Tejo, Beira Baixa e Área Metropolitana de Lisboa. Os resultados deste estudo sincrónico são de particular utilidade para o conhecimento não só da distribuição como da intensidade dos eventos de declínio e, se repetido para outro conjunto de fotografias aéreas de anos posteriores, poderá fornecer informações relevantes e precisas não só da dinâmica do declínio, como do grau de coberto, permitindo uma definição de políticas florestais com um grau de eficiência espacial muito elevado. As metodologias e as aplicações informáticas desenvolvidas, se sistematizadas, podem servir para construir um sistema de monitorização em tempo real de grande utilidade para a avaliação e planeamento dos recursos florestais como da eficiência das políticas florestais. Finalmente, é importante referir que este estudo não teria sido possível de realizar sem a iniciativa do Instituto da Conservação da Natureza e das Florestas que através da visão estratégica do Eng.º Francisco Lopes e do Eng.º Fernando Coucelo identificaram as competências instaladas na Universidade de Évora e iniciaram os procedimentos de financiamento do inventário da mortalidade para o sobreiro e mais tarde para a azinheira.

A Agricultura Itinerante no Distrito de Bobonaro em Timor-Leste no Período Pós-Independência

A agricultura itinerante é um tipo de sistema agrícola primitivo, adotado historicamente nos ecossistemas de florestas tropicais, em que o ser humano faz o corte da floresta, queimando os resíduos como preparação da terra para a cultura. A produção de alimentos é feita por 2 a 3 anos e, posteriormente, a área é abandonada, tornando-se improdutiva. Muitas vezes, nos terrenos abandonados estabelece-se a floresta secundária, podendo voltar a ser utilizados para o cultivo cerca de dez a vinte anos depois. Em Timor-Leste, a agricultura itinerante ainda é praticada como forma de agricultura de subsistência. Com este trabalho pretendemos caracterizar a agricultura itinerante em Timor-Leste e relevar a sua importância socioeconômica para as populações rurais do território, identificar os seus impactos na sustentabilidade ambiental dos ecossistemas e referir as soluções para minorar os seus efeitos negativos. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se na recolha de informação bibliográfica relevante sobre o tema e na realização de um inquérito por questionário a agricultores itinerantes do subdistrito de Atabae, distrito de Bobonaro. Este questionário caracterizou a agricultura itinerante e ouviu a opinião dos agricultores sobre os efeitos da mesma. A agricultura itinerante de hoje em Timor-Leste destinase essencialmente às culturas de horta. Os materiais resultantes do derrube e corte da floresta são usados para lenha, vedações e materiais de construção. Os impactos negativos sobre os bens e serviços produzidos por florestas são sentidos através das mudanças na precipitação, erosão, mudanças climáticas, diminuição do número de animais selvagens, e das plantas e produtos colhidos nas florestas.

Effect of silicon application to Eucalyptus camaldulensis on the population of Glycaspis brimblecombei (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae).

O uso do silício na área florestal tem aumentado recentemente, pois o elemento está relacionado a uma melhoria na resistência a insetos pragas. O psilídeo de concha, Glycaspis brimblecombei é encontrado em todas as regiões produtoras de eucalipto no Brasil. O efeito do silício aplicado em Eucalyptus camaldulensis, na população do psilídeo, foi estudado em dois ensaios. No primeiro experimento, as aplicações foram via solo (silicato de cálcio) e foliar (silicato de potássio) em uma plantação de nove meses. No segundo experimento, este mineral foi aplicado em mudas de eucalipto, no substrato ou sobre as folhas. Mensalmente, durante 24 meses, ovos e imaturos de G. brimblecombei foram amostrados nas folhas. A altura das plantas foi medida com 9, 12, 16 e 24 meses (experimento 1) e, aos 4, 8, 12 e 24 meses (experimento 2) após a aplicação dos tratamentos. O número de ovos e de imaturos foram menores nos períodos de maior precipitação, indicando menos ataque dos psilídeos durante a estação chuvosa. A população psilídeo foi menor nos tratamentos com aplicação de silício tanto foliar como via solo. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi encontrada na altura de plantas de E. camaldulensis.

Climate seasonality limits leaf carbon assimilation and wood productivity in tropical forests.

The seasonal climate drivers of the carbon cy- cle in tropical forests remain poorly known, although these forests account for more carbon assimilation and storage than any other terrestrial ecosystem. Based on a unique combina- tion of seasonal pan-tropical data sets from 89 experimental sites (68 include aboveground wood productivity measure- ments and 35 litter productivity measurements), their asso- ciated canopy photosynthetic capacity (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) and climate, we ask how carbon assimilation and aboveground allocation are related to climate seasonal- ity in tropical forests and how they interact in the seasonal carbon cycle. We found that canopy photosynthetic capacity seasonality responds positively to precipitation when rain- fall is < 2000 mm yr-1 (water-limited forests) and to radia- tion otherwise (light-limited forests). On the other hand, in- dependent of climate limitations, wood productivity and lit- terfall are driven by seasonal variation in precipitation and evapotranspiration, respectively. Consequently, light-limited forests present an asynchronism between canopy photosyn- thetic capacity and wood productivity. First-order control by precipitation likely indicates a decrease in tropical forest pro- ductivity in a drier climate in water-limited forest, and in cur- rent light-limited forest with future rainfall < 2000 mm yr-1.