Isolamento, seleção e cultivo de leveduras com potencia biotecnológico para a produção de endo-xilaneses

Xilanases são enzimas que catalisam a hidrólise das xilanas e têm sido em grande parte, obtidas a partir de bolores e bactérias. No entanto poucos estudos têm sido relatados sobre a produção destas enzimas por leveduras. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo isolar leveduras de diferentes fontes vegetais visando à produção de xilanases, além de maximizar sua produção, estudar o uso de diferentes fontes de nitrogênio e cultivar as leveduras em meios contendo coprodutos agroindustriais. As amostras de alimentos e resíduos foram enriquecidas em caldo extrato de malte e levedura e isoladas em Ágar Nutriente Wallerstein, as leveduras isoladas foram, a seguir, avaliadas quanto à capacidade de degradar xilana presente no meio e produzir halos de hidrólise, os quais foram visualizados através do uso do corante vermelho congo. Os micro-organismos selecionados como potenciais produtores de xilanase foram crescidos em meio complexo líquido e as atividades enzimáticas de endoxilanase, β-xilosidase, carboximetilcelulase, celulase total, pH e concentração de biomassa foram avaliadas ao longo de 96 h de cultivo. Dentre as leveduras isoladas, sete foram selecionadas, e a 18Y foi a que apresentou a maior atividade de endo- xilanase (2,7 U.mL-1 ), sendo esta isolada de chicória e identificada como Cryptococcus laurentii. Esta estirpe apresentou capacidade de produzir xilanase com baixos níveis de celulase, sendo assim selecionada neste trabalho. A maximização de endo-xilanase foi avaliada fazendo uso de planejamento experimental onde primeiramente foi realizado um planejamento fracionário 2 6-2 para verificar os efeitos do pH inicial e as concentrações de xilana, peptona, (NH4)2SO4, extrato de levedura e KH2PO4 sobre a atividade enzimática. Após selecionar as variáveis xilana, peptona, pH e extrato de levedura foi realizado um delineamento composto central rotacional (24 ) onde todos os cultivos foram mantidos a 30°C, 150 rpm durante 96 h sendo retiradas alíquotas para determinação das atividades, pH e biomassa. A produção máxima foi de 6,9 U.mL-1 usando 10,0 g.L-1 de extrato de levedura, 10,0 g.L-1 de peptona, 10,0 g.L-1 de xilana, 1,0 g.L-1 de (NH4)2SO4 em pH 6,5 o que permitiu um incremento de mais de 250% sobre a atividade. Posteriormente foram realizados ensaios avaliando diferentes fontes e concentrações de nitrogênio orgânico e inorgânico. A presença de NH4NO3 e (NH₄)₂SO₄ usados na concentração de 3% proporcionaram as maiores atividades de endo-xilanase (6,2 e 6,0 U.mL-1 respectivamente). O sulfato de amônio foi selecionado e fixado em 1 g.L-1 e logo após um planejamento completo 22 foi realizado onde as variáveis xilana e extrato de levedura foram estudadas e as demais fixadas. As condições ótimas estabelecidas para a produção da enzima foram: concentração de xilana de 18,6 g.L-1 , concentração de extrato de levedura de 10 g.L-1 atingindo 14 U.mL-1 . Após a maximização enzimática estudou-se o crescimento de Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-1603 e Cryptococcus laurentti em cinco substratos agroindustriais visando a possibilidade estes substratos substituírem a xilana em cultivos para a produção de endo-xilanase. Os ensaios foram realizados utilizando os subtratos pré-tratados com NaOH 4% e não tratados. Para inserção dos mesmos aos meios de cultivo, estes foram moídos e adicionados na concentração de 2%. O pré-tratamento para todos as fontes de hemicelulose foi eficiente e promoveu aumento nas atividades produzidas. Cryptococcus laurentti apresentou maior atividade enzimática (8,7 U.mL-1 ) em farelo de arroz desengordurado e pré- tratado enquanto que a levedura Pichia pastoris NRRL Y-1603 apresentou sua melhor condição para produção de endo-xilanase quando cultivada em meio contendo casca de aveia e o farelo de arroz pré-tratados, alcançando atividades máximas de 7,6 e 7,5 U.mL-1 .

Aspectos estruturais, farmacológicos e biológicos de fucanas da alga marrom sargassum vulgare

The present study examines the chemical composition and their effects on free radicals, inflammation, angiogenesis, coagulation, VEGF effects and cellular proliferation of a polysaccharides from alga Sargassum vulgare. The sulfated polysaccharide was extracted from brown seaweed by proteolysis with enzymes maxataze. The presence of proteins and sugars were observed in crude polysaccharides. Fractionation of this crude extract was made with growing concentration of acetone (0.3-1.5 v) and produced four groups of polysaccharides. Anionic polysaccharides from brown seaweed Sargassum vulgare, SV1and PSV1 were fractionated (SV1) and purified (PSV1), and displayed with high total sugars and sulfate content and very low level of protein. This fucan SV1 contains low levels of protein and high carbohydrate and sulfate content. This polysaccharides prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) at 50 μg (>240 s). SV1 was found to have no effect on prothrombin time (PT), corresponding to the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. SV1 exhibits high antithrombotic action in vivo, with a concentration ten times higher than heparin. Polysaccharides from S. vulgare promoted direct inhibition enzymatic activity of thrombin and stimulated enzymatic activity of FXa. SV1 showed optimal inhibitory activity of thrombin (50.2±0.28%) at a concentration of 25 μg/mL. Its antioxidant action on scavenging radicals by DPPH was (22%), indicating the polymer has no cytotoxic action (hemolytic) on ABO and Rh blood types in different erythrocyte groups and displays strong anti-inflammatory action on all concentrations tested in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, demonstrated by reduced edema and cellular infiltration. Angiogenesis is a dynamic process of proliferation and differentiation. It requires endothelial proliferation, migration, and tube formation. In this context, endothelial cells are a preferred target for several studies and therapies. The antiangiogenic efficacy of polysaccharides was examined in vivo in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model by using fertilized eggs. Decreases in the density of the capillaries were assessed and scored. The results showed that SV1 and PSV1 have an inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. These results were also confirmed by inhibition tubulogenesis in rabbit aorta endothelial cell (RAEC) in matrigel. These compounds were assessed in Apoptosis assay (Annexin V - FITC / PI) and cell viability by MTT assay of RAEC. These polysaccharides do not affect the viability and do not have apoptotic or necrotic action. RAEC cell when incubated with SV1 and PSV1showed inhibition of VEGF secretion, observed when compounds were incubated at 25, 50 and 100 μg/μL. The VEGF secretion with the RAEC cell line for 24 h, was more effective for PSV1 at 50 μg/μL(71.4%) than SV1 100 μg/μL (75.9%). SV1 and PSV1 had an antiproliferative action (47%) against tumor cell line HeLa. Our results indicate that these sulfated polysaccharides have antiangiogenic and antitumoral actions

Caracterização físico-química e efeitos de frações polissacarídicas da alga amansia multifida na coagulação, inflamação, radicais livres e viabilidade celular

Galactans are polysaccharides sulfated present in the cell wall of red algae. Carrageenans are galactans well known in the food industry as gelling polysaccharides and for induce inflammatory process in rodents as animal model. The extraction of polysaccharides from A. multifida has been carried out by proteolysis and precipitation in different volumes of acetone, which produced three fractions (F1, F2, and FT). Chemical and physical analyses revealed that these fractions are sulfated galactan predominantly. Results of the antioxidant activity assays showed that all of these fractions have antioxidant activity and that was associated with sulfate content of the analysis of reducing power and total antioxidant capacity. However, these fractions were not effective against lipid peroxidation. The fraction FT presented higher activity on the APTT test at 200 μg (> 240 s). The assessment of the hemolytic activity showed that the FT fraction has the best activity, increasing lyses by the complement system to 42.3% (50 μg) (p< 0,001). The fraction FT showed the best yield, anticoagulant and hemolytic activity between the three fractions and therefore it was choose for the in vivo studies. The Inflammation assessment using the FT fraction (50 mg / kg MB) showed that the cellular migration and the IL-6 production increased 670.1% (p< 0,001) and 531.8% (p< 0,001), respectively. These results confirmed its use as an inflammation inducer in animal model. Cytotoxicity assay results showed that all fractions have toxic effects on 3T3 and HeLa cells after exposition of 48 hours, except when 100 μg for both F1 and FT were used. These results arise the discussion whether these polysaccharides it should be used as additive in foods, cosmetics and medicines.

Atividades anticoagulante e antioxidante de extratos brutos ricos em polissacarídeos sulfatados das macroalgas marinhas marrons Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Dictyota mertensii e Dictyopteris delicatula e de Heterofucanas de Canistrocarpus cervicornis

In the present study, extracts rich-sulfated polysaccharides were obtained from three different species of Dictyotales (a class of brown macroalgae): Canistrocarpus cervicornis, Dictyota mertensii and Dictyopteris delicatula and their anticoagulant and antioxidant activities were evaluated. All extracts showed anticoagulant activity on aPTT assay, but not on PT assay. Extracts also exhibited total antioxidant activity, superoxide radical scavenging capacity and ferric chelating property. The extract from C. cervicornis showed the best results and was choose to have their sulfated polysaccharides fractioned and subsequently analysed. Thus, six fractions (CC-0.3, CC-0.5, CC-0.7, CC-1.0, CC-1.2 and CC-2.0) were obtained by proteolysis followed by sequential acetone precipitation. Agarose gel eletrophoresis stained with blue toluidine, confirmed the presence of sulfated polysaccharides in all fractions. Chemical analyses showed that all fractions presented heterofucans mainly constitued by fucose, galactose, glucuronic acid and sulfate. Any fraction changed the PT. However, all fractions were able to double the aPTT on a dose-dependent manner. CC- 0.3, CC-0.5, CC-0.7 and CC-1.0 needed only 0.100 mg/mL to double the aPTT, result only 1.25 times higher than the Clexane® (0.080 mg/mL), a commercial low molecular heparin. The heterofucans presented appreciable total antioxidant capacity, low capacity on scavenging hydroxyl radical and good efficiency on scavenging superoxide radicals (except CC-1.0). CC-1.2 showed 43.1 % on superoxide radical scavenging. This result was higher than that showed by the same concentration of gallic acid (41.8 %), a known antioxidant. Furthermore, the heterofucans showed excelent activity on ferrous chelating activity (except CC-0.3). CC-0.5, CC-0.7 and CC-1.0 showed the highest activities with 47.0 % of ferrous chelating activity, a result 2.0 times lesser than that exhibited by the same concentration of EDTA. These results clearly indicated the beneficial effects of heterofucans extracted from C. cervicornis as potential anticoagulant and antioxidant agents. However additional steps of purification, structural studies, besides in vivo experiments are needed for these fucans may be used as therapeutic agents

Avaliação das atividades anti-inflamatória, anticoagulante e antiproliferativa do inibidor de quimotripsina das sementes de erythrina velutina (EvCI)

Studies indicate that several components were isolated from medicinal plants, which have antibacterial, antifungal, antitumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Sepsis is characterized by a systemic inflammation which leads to the production of inflammatory mediators exacerbated by excessive activation of inflammatory cells and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), in which the human neutrophil elastase plays an important role in its pathogenesis. Several epidemiological studies suggest that components of plants, especially legumes, can play a beneficial role in reducing the incidence of different cancers. A chymotrypsin inhibitor of Kunitz (Varela, 2010) was purified from seeds of Erythrina velutina (Mulungu) by fractionation with ammonium sulfate, affinity chromatography on Trypsin-Sepharose, Chymotrypsin-Sepharose and ion exchange chromatography on Resource Q 1 ml (GE Healthcare) in system FPLC / AKTA. The inhibitor, called EvCI, had a molecular mass of 17 kDa determined by SDS-PAGE. The purified protein was able to inhibit human neutrophil elastase (HNE), with an IC50 of 3.12 nM. The EvCI was able to inhibit both pathways of HNE release stimulated by PAF and fMLP (75.6% and 65% respectively). The inhibitor also inhibited leukocyte migration in septic mice about 87% and prolonged the time of coagulation and inhibition factor Xa. EvCI showed neither hemolytic activity nor cytotoxicity. EvCI showed a selective antiproliferative effect to HepG2 cell lines with IC50 of 0.5 micrograms per milliliter. These results suggest EvCI as a molecule antagonist of PAF / fMLP and a potential use in fighting inflammation related disorders, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and cancer

Fucana ativa via das Map quinases e inibe a proliferação de células de ovário de hamster chinês (CHO)

Fucan is a term used to denominate L-fucose rich sulfated polysaccharides. The fucans have been studied due their pharmacological activities like antithrombotic, antiproliferative and antioxidant. We have extracted three fucan fractions from the brown seaweed Spatoglossum schröederi. These fucans were denominated Fuc B 1, Fuc B 1.5 and Fuc B 2. The chemical analyzes show that the fucans have very similar composition as demonstrated by agarose electrophoresis gel, sugar and sulfate content. The antiproliferative effect was determined by MTT and BrdU methodologies in CHO cells. The inhibition of proliferation effect of the three fractions was about 40%. Therefore this we proceed just with the Fuc B 2 due the higher yield. There is no apoptosis indication using the anexin V/propidium iodide test. We found a cell cycle phase G1 arrest. The western blotting show that the PKC; pFAK; pERK 1/2 are activated when the cells were treated with fucans. The treatement with inhibitor of MAPK PD98059 extinguished the fucan effect. These results indicates that fucan act by the ERK pathway inducing the cell death.

Diferentes niveles de fósforo en maíz (Zea mays), para evaluación de dos clases de disponibilidad del fósforo en el Campo Experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas.

El presente trabajo se hizo con el objeto de evaluar la disponibilidad de fósforo en un suelo bajo en dicho elemento (8 ppm), el cual está ubicado en un área de la Estación Experimental y de Prácticas de la Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas. Como planta indicadora de la fertilidad natural del suelo se utilizó el maíz híbrido H-3. El diseño experimental utilizado fue un Factorial en Bloques al Azar, con los factores de variación siguientes: Niveles de fósforo y 4 secuencias de aplicación (estas se reúnen en 2 para 1976 y 1977). Se emplearon 6 niveles de fósforo: 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 y 100 Kg. De P205/ha. La fuente de fósforo utilizada fue el Superfosfato Simple (20%P205) y se hizo una aplicación general de Sulfato de Amonio (21% N). En un nivel de 100 Kg. N / Ha. Las épocas de aplicación se describe de la siguiente manera: para cada nivel de fósforo se distribuyen 4 parcelas que reciben su tratamiento respectivo de L1, L2, L3, L4. En el primer año se aplican los 4 tratamientos. En el 2º. año solo reciben fertilizante las parcelas bajo el sistema L1 y L3 (efecto acumulativo) y quedan L2 y L4 sin aplicación (efecto residual). En el 3er año parcelas con sistema L2 y L3 son fertilizados (efecto acumulativo) y L1 y L4 no reciben fertilizante. En el 4to. Año sólo L3 es fertilizado (efecto acumulativo) y el resto queda sin fertilización. En el presente estudio sólo se describen resultados de dos años. Se efectuaron dos muestreos de suelo en cada año de investigación: Uno a la siembra y el otro después de la cosecha, observándose en el análisis un aumento en el nivel de fósforo de acuerdo a las dosis aplicadas. Los datos que se tomaron fueron: Alturas de plantas y rendimiento de maíz. Las alturas mostraron una diferencia significativa a las aplicaciones de Fósforo, siendo testigo menos a los niveles del elemento fertilizante, pero no existió variabilidad significativa en entre los niveles. El efecto de los niveles en el rendimiento fue significativo, al igual que las alturas el testigo absorbió toda la variabilidad del fósforo. Sin embargo en los promedios de producción existió un ligero incremento en el rendimiento al aumentar el nivel de fósforo, pero dicho incremento no fue significativo. La secuencia de aplicación de fósforo, hizo manifiesta su significación en el efecto acumulativo y residual, siendo el primer efecto superior al segundo. La interacción Fósforo x época de aplicación no manifestó variabilidad significativa. Sólo el desglose en sus grados de libertad el testigo absorbió el efecto de la interacción. Los análisis del suelo correlacionado con los rendimientos obtenidos demostraron que los suelos bajos en fósforo responden a las aplicaciones de fertilizantes fosforados.

Propriedades antioxidante, anti-hemostástica e antiproliferativa de galactanas sulfatadas da alga vermelha hypnea musciformis (wulfen) j. V. Lamouroux

Marine algae are one of the major sources of biologic compounds. In extracellular matrix of these organisms there are sulfated polysaccharides that functions as structural components and provides protection against dehydration. The fraction 1.0 (F1.0) rich in sulfated galactans obtained from red seaweed Hypnea musciformis was physicochemical characterized and evaluated for pharmacologic activity through antioxidant activity, cytotoxic action on erythrocytes, anticoagulant, stimulatory action under antithrombotic heparan sulfate synthesis and their effects on cell proliferation and cycle cell progression. The main components of F1.0 were carbohydrates (49.70 ± 0.10%) and sulfate (44.59 ± 0.015%), presenting phenolic compounds (4.79 ± 0.016%) and low protein contamination (0.92 ± 0.001%). Fraction 1.0 showed polidisperse profile and signs in infrared analysis in 1262, 1074 and 930, 900 and 850 attributed to sulfate esters S=O bond, presence of a 3,6- anidrogalactose C-O bond, non-sulfated β-D-galactose and a C-O-SO4 bond in galactose C4, respectively. The fraction rich in sulfated galactans exhibited strong antioxidant action under lipid peroxidation assay with IC50 of 0.003 mg/mL. Besides the inhibition of hemolysis induced by H2O2 in erythrocytes treated with F1.0, this fraction did not promote significant cytotoxity under erythrocytes membranes. F1.0 exhibited low anticoagulant activity causing moderate direct inhibition of enzimatic activity of thrombin. This fraction promoted stimulation around of 4.6 times on this synthesis of heparan sulfate (HS) by rabbit aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) in culture when was compared with non treated cells. The fraction of this algae displayed antiproliferative action under RAEC cells causing incresing on cell number on S fase, blocking the cycle cell progression. Thus F1.0 presented cytostatic and no cytotoxic action under this cell lineage. These results suggest that F1.0 from H. musciformis have antioxidant potential which is a great effect for a compound used as food and in food industry which could be an alternative to food industry to prevent quality decay of lipid containing food due to lipid peroxidation. These polysaccharides prevent the lipid peroxidation once the fraction in study exhibited strong inhibitory action of this process. Furthermore that F1.0 present strong antithrombotic action promoting the stimulation of antithrombotic HS synthesis by endothelial cells, being important for thrombosis preventing, by its inhibitory action under reactive oxygen species (ROS) in some in vitro methods, being involved in promotion of hypercoagulability state.

Um novo inibidor de tripsina multifuncional de sementes de Erythrina velutina: caracterizacao e propriedades farmacologicas

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