Caracterización de agricultores/as beneficiarios de las escuelas de campo y análisis de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional en San José de Cusmapa (Nicaragua)

San José de Cusmapa es uno de los municipios más pobres de Nicaragua con un índice de desarrollo humano (IDH) de 0,517 (FAO, 2010). Se clasifica como un municipio de “Pobreza severa” (el 69% de sus hogares se encuentran bajo el umbral de “Pobreza extrema”, usando el método de las Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas, NBI, según el Mapa de Pobreza de Nicaragua más reciente). Su población rural es de 7072 habitantes de los cuales 3474 con mujeres, está distribuida en 26 comunidades. Su población se caracteriza por una elevada tasa de analfabetismo, 26% en mujeres y 29% en hombres (INIDE, 2008) y con una vulnerabilidad alimentaria registrada en un 58% y 27% de tasa de desnutrición crónica y desnutrición crónica severa (SICA, 2011). El tipo de clima y el relieve condiciona tanto la agricultura como las vías de comunicación, viéndose limitado el acceso a servicios básicos. Lo que junto con las condiciones poco favorables de producción de alimentos, la sobreexplotación del terreno y la degradación de los recursos naturales hacen que tengan una alimentación deficiente y una precaria economía familiar, aumentando la vulnerabilidad de los campesinos, que dificulta la diversificación de sus fuentes de ingreso y el acceso a nuevos mercados. Para mejorar las crisis alimentarias y capacitar a la población para su desarrollo humano, la ONG nicaragüense INSFOP-UNICAM (Instituto de Formación Permanente – Universidad Campesina) junto con los Grupos de Cooperación de la UPM: AgSystems y Planificación y gestión sostenible de desarrollo rural-local (GCPGSDRL), están llevando a cabo desde 2007 el proyecto llamado “Reducción de la vulnerabilidad de las familias rurales en San José de Cusmapa (Nicaragua)”, donde a través de los talleres formativos, cooperativistas y de asistencia técnica de “Escuelas de campo” (ECAs), tiene como propósito la consecución de una soberanía alimentaria de las familias rurales de dicha localidad. El objetivo es comprobar si ha habido una mejoría en las familias rurales después de la intervención de la ONG y la UPM. Además, mostrar la metodología usada en la toma de datos y obtención de información in situ, sobre la situación agrícola y socio-económica de las familias beneficiarias de los proyectos de ECAs. Así como presentar los primeros resultados de la evaluación de la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional

Ta2O5/SiO2 insulating acoustic mirrors for AlN-based X-band BAW resonators

This work describes the performance of AlN-based bulk acoustic wave resonators built on top of insulating acoustic reflectors and operating at around 8 GHz. The acoustic reflectors are composed of alternate layers of amorphous Ta2O5and SiO2 deposited at room temperature by pulsed-DC reactive sputtering in Ar/O2 atmospheres. SiO2 layers have a porous structure that provides a low acoustic impedance of only 9.5 MRayl. Ta2O5 films exhibit an acoustic impedance of around 39.5 MRayl that was assessed by the picoseconds acoustic technique These values allow to design acoustic mirrors with transmission coefficients in the centre of the band lower than -40 dB (99.998 % of reflectance) with only seven layers. The resonators were fabricated by depositing a very thin AlN film onto an iridium bottom electrode 180 nm-thick and by using Ir or Mo layers as top electrode. Resonators with effective electromechanical coupling factors of 5.7% and quality factors at the antiresonant frequency around 600 are achieved.

Growth of AlN oriented films on insulating substrates.

This work describes the structural and piezoelectric assessment of aluminum nitride (AlN) thin films deposited by pulsed-DC reactive sputtering on insulating substrates. We investigate the effect of different insulating seed layers on AlN properties (crystallinity, residual stress and piezoelectric activity). The seed layers investigated, silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicon dioxide (SiO2), amorphous tantalum oxide (Ta2O5), and amorphous or nano-crystalline titanium oxide (TiO2) are deposited on glass plates to a thickness lower than 100 nm. Before AlN films deposition, their surface is pre-treated with a soft ionic cleaning, either with argon or nitrogen ions. Only AlN films grown of TiO2 seed layers exhibit a significant piezoelectric activity to be used in acoustic device applications. Pure c-axis oriented films, with FWHM of rocking curve of 6º, stress below 500 MPa, and electromechanical coupling factors measured in SAW devices of 1.25% are obtained. The best AlN films are achieved on amorphous TiO2 seed layers deposited at high target power and low sputtering pressure. On the other hand, AlN films deposited on Si3N4, SiO2 and TaOx exhibit a mixed orientation, high stress and very low piezoelectric activity, which invalidate their use in acoustic devices.

Fabrication of high frequency SAW resonators using AlN/Diamond/Si technology

The synthesis of AlN on diamond is a great challenge, not only because of the between an AlN/diamond interface, but also because of the high surface roughness of the diamond layers [8, 9]. In the case of microcrystalline diamond, the last problem was solved by polishing. However, polishing nanocrystalline diamond is not straightforward. For the diamond synthesis by CVD, silicon was used as a substrate. The diamond/Si interface presents a smoother diamond than the diamond/air interface. This paper reports on the fabrication of high frequency SAW resonators using AlN/Diamond/Si technology.

Environmental analysis of residential building facades through energy consumption, GHG emissions and costs

This paper provides some results on the potential to minimize environmental impacts in residential buildings life cycle, through façade design strategies, analyzing also their impact on costs from a lifecycle perspective. On one hand, it assesses the environmental damage produced by the materials of the building envelope, and on the other, the benefits they offer in terms of habitability and liveability in the use phase. The analysis includes several design parameters used both for rehabilitation of existing facades, as for new facades, trying to cover various determinants and proposing project alternatives. With this study we intended to contribute to address the energy challenges for the coming years, trying also to propose pathways for innovative solutions for the building envelope.

Study of the effect of blurriness in image acquisition for Hand Biometrics in Mobile Devices

This paper presents a study on the effect of blurred images in hand biometrics. Blurred images simulates out-of-focus effects in hand image acquisition, a common consequence of unconstrained, contact-less and platform-free hand biometrics in mobile devices. The proposed biometric system presents a hand image segmentation based on multiscale aggregation, a segmentation method invariant to different changes like noise or blurriness, together with an innovative feature extraction and a template creation, oriented to obtain an invariant performance against blurring effects. The results highlight that the proposed system is invariant to some low degrees of blurriness, requiring an image quality control to detect and correct those images with a high degree of blurriness. The evaluation has considered a synthetic database created based on a publicly available database with 120 individuals. In addition, several biometric techniques could benefit from the approach proposed in this paper, since blurriness is a very common effect in biometric techniques involving image acquisition.

Time series distances measures to analyze in-air signatures to authenticate users on mobile phones

Improving the security of mobile phones is one of the crucial points required to assure the personal information and the operations that can be performed from them. This article presents an authentication procedure consisting of verifying the identity of people by making a signature in the air while holding the mobile phone. Different temporal distance algorithms have been proposed and evaluated through a database of 50 people making their signatures in the air and 6 people trying to forge each of them by studying their records. Approaches based on DTW have obtained better EER results than those based on LCS (2.80% against 3.34%). Besides, different signal normalization methods have been evaluated not finding any with better EER results that when no normalization has carried out.

Secure access control by means of human stress detection

This paper proposes a stress detection system based on fuzzy logic and the physiological signals heart rate and galvanic skin response. The main contribution of this method relies on the creation of a stress template, collecting the behaviour of previous signals under situations with a different level of stress in each individual. The creation of this template provides an accuracy of 99.5% in stress detection, improving the results obtained by current pattern recognition techniques like GMM, k-NN, SVM or Fisher Linear Discriminant. In addition, this system can be embedded in security systems to detect critical situations in accesses as cross-border control. Furthermore, its applications can be extended to other fields as vehicle driver state-of-mind management, medicine or sport training.

Optical and structural properties of InAlN/GaN Bragg reflectors examined by transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy

Molecular beam epitaxy growth of ten-period lattice-matched InAlN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) with peak reflectivity centered around 400nm is reported including optical and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements [1]. Good periodicity heterostructures with crack-free surfaces were confirmed, but, also a significant residual optical absorption below the bandgap was measured. The TEM characterization ascribes the origin of this problem to polymorfism and planar defects in the GaN layers and to the existence of an In-rich layer at the InAlN/GaN interfaces. In this work, several TEM based techniques have been combined.